Bøger udgivet af Willford Press

The study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture is referred to as archaeology. It can be considered as both a social science and a branch of the humanities. The archaeological records consist of biofacts, artifacts, architecture and cultural landscapes. Archaeology can be sub-divided into a number of academic sub-disciplines such as historical archaeology, ethnoarchaeology, experimental archaeology and archaeometry. The discipline of archaeology includes surveying, excavation and the analysis of data that is collected to learn more about the past. It is a vast discipline that draws upon various fields including history, anthropology, geography, literary history, sociology, semiology, information sciences, paleography, paleozoology, statistics, etc. Some of the most important methods that are used in archaeology are remote sensing, field survey, excavation, computational and virtual archaeology. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of archaeology. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of this field. This book is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this discipline.

The study of the fundamental questions related to knowledge, existence, mind, language and reason is known as philosophy. There are numerous methods used within this field such as critical discussion, questioning, rational arguments and systematic presentation. Some of the major subfields within this discipline are metaphysics, ethics, epistemology and logic. Metaphysics studies the basic features of reality such as time, objects and existence, along with their properties. The field of enquiry which deals with good and bad conduct, right and wrong values, and good and evil, is known as ethics. The study of the putative sources of knowledge such as intuition, memory and perceptual knowledge is called epistemology. Logic refers to the study of reasoning and argument. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of philosophy and the recent researches in this field. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in this field. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Counseling psychology is applied in various domains such as the counseling process and its outcome, career development, supervision, training, and prevention and health. It also focuses on various themes including assets and strengths, interactions between a person and their environment, and on intact personalities. Counseling psychology focuses on several research questions about the process of counseling and its outcomes. The counseling process suggests how and why counseling happens and progresses. Counseling outcomes are used to analyze if the counseling is effective and the conditions which make it effective. It also explains what outcomes should be considered as effective such as symptom reduction, behavior change and quality of life improvement. This book outlines the processes and applications of counseling psychology in detail. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Applied physics deals with the application of the principles of physics for solving practical and technological problems. It is also involved in the application of physics to other areas of science. Applied physics seeks to develop new technologies and solve engineering problems. Some of its branches are accelerator physics, biophysics, communication physics, experimental physics and microfluidics. There are numerous fields where applied physics is used for developing technologies such as stealth technology, sonar, lidar, computational physics, quantum technology and semiconductors. It also plays a key role in improving practical investigations such as in experimental nuclear physics and experimental particle physics. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of applied physics. It explores all the important aspects of this field in the present day scenario. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

The branch of science which deals with the handling and processing of particles and powders is termed as particle technology. It deals with the production, modification, handling and usage of a broad range of particulate materials. These particles can be wet or dry, as well as vary in size from nanometers to centimeters. Some of the major areas of study associated with particle technology are the behavior of solids in bulk, separation of particles through the processes such as tabling, magnetic separation and sieving, and particle size analysis. It is also closely related to the field of mineral processing and petrochemical industry. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of particle technology which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of this field. This book will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up.

The study of the nature of particles that constitute matter and radiation is known as particle physics. This discipline examines the smallest detectable particles and also studies the basic interactions which are necessary to explain particle's behavior. Some of the subatomic particles studied in this field are electrons, protons and neutrons. The dynamics of these particles are studied using quantum mechanics since they exhibit wave-particle duality. Particle physics investigates the standard model and its extensions. Standard model is a theory that describes fundamental particles and fields with their dynamics. Principles and concepts from particle physics are applied in a wide range of fields such as medicine, computing, national security, etc. This book explores all the important aspects of particle physics in the present day scenario. It explains the complex concepts and applications of particle physics in an easy manner. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this discipline will get benefit alike from this book.

The mathematical discipline that is concerned with the collection, analysis, organization, interpretation and presentation of data is referred to as statistics. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics are the main statistical methods that are used in data analysis. Descriptive analysis uses indexes such as mean and standard deviation to summarize data from a sample. Distribution and dispersion are the two most important sets of properties of descriptive statistics. Inferential statistics uses data analysis to conclude the properties of the fundamental probability distribution. The topics included in this book on statistics are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Mathematical physics is concerned with developing mathematical methods to apply to problems in physics. It is a broad field that is distinguished by the blending of physics and pure mathematics. Its primary focus is on the expansion and explanation of physical theories. There are various branches of mathematical physics such as classical mechanics, partial differential equations, quantum theory, relativity, quantum relativistic theories and statistical mechanics. Fields like dynamical systems and Hamiltonian mechanics also belong to mathematical physics. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of mathematical physics. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Calculus refers to the mathematical study of continuous change. The major branches of calculus are differential calculus and integral calculus. Differential calculus is concerned with the immediate rate of change and the slopes of curves. Integral calculus focuses on the accumulation of quantities and the areas under and between curves. Both branches are connected by the fundamental theorem of calculus. They utilize the fundamental concepts of convergence of infinite sequences and infinite series to a well-defined limit. Calculus is used in various branches of physical sciences, computer science, statistics, engineering, economics, business, actuarial science and demography. It is also used in various other fields where a problem is capable of being mathematically modeled and where an optimal solution is required. This textbook outlines the processes and applications of calculus in detail. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. The book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

The application of mathematical methods by different fields such as engineering, science, business, industry and computer science is referred to as applied mathematics. It is a combination of mathematical science and specialized knowledge. Applied mathematics is also a professional speciality where the mathematical models are studied and formulated to work on practical problems. Some of the mathematical sciences which are closely related to applied mathematics are scientific computing, statistics, actuarial science, operations research and management science, mathematical economics, and applicable mathematics. The key theories and concepts used within this field are differential equations, approximation theory and applied probability. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of applied mathematics. It traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Mathematics is a discipline which includes the study of various topics such as quantity, space, change and structure. It is classified into two primary areas- pure mathematics and applied mathematics. Pure mathematics studies only the concepts of mathematics. It does not delve into any applications of such concepts. Applied mathematics focuses on the use of mathematical concepts in diverse fields such as computer science, engineering and business. Some of the important areas of mathematics are algebra, number theory, geometry, mathematical analysis, arithmetic, etc. It plays an important role in many fields such as natural science, engineering, social sciences, medicine and finance. Advancements in applied mathematics resulted in the development of new mathematical disciplines such as statistics and game theory. This textbook elucidates the fundamental concepts of mathematics. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for those interested in mathematics.

Cement is a substance that is used for construction to set and harden other materials and to bind them together. It is usually mixed with aggregate to produce mortar for masonry and with gravel and sand to produce concrete. The two main forms of cement are geopolymer cement and portland cement. Geopolymer cement is made up of the mixture of water-soluble alkali metal silicates along with aluminosilicate mineral powders like metakaolin and fly ash. Portland cement is produced by heating limestone with other materials in a process known as calcination. On the basis of their hardening and setting mechanisms, the cement materials are classified into two categories - hydraulic and non-hydraulic cements. The setting and hardening of hydraulic cements include hydration reactions and require water. While, non-hydraulic cements are able to directly set under air as they react with carbon dioxide in the air. The topics included in this book on cement are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the applications of cement. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

A material made from two or more constituent materials is known as composite material. The physical and chemical properties of the constituent materials are generally significantly different. The characteristics of the resultant material are also different from the source materials. Composites are different from mixtures and solid solutions due to the individual components remaining separate and distinct within the resultant structure. The new material can be lighter, stronger or less expensive compared to the constituent materials. A few examples of engineered composite materials are composite wood, reinforced concrete and metal matrix composites. Composite materials are mostly used in building bridges, buildings, cultured marble sinks and racing car bodies. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of composite materials. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

The natural process which leads to the conversion of a refined metal to a form that is more chemically-stable like sulfide, hydroxide and oxide is known as corrosion. It includes the chemical and electrochemical reaction of materials with their environment. The field which is concerned with the control and prevention of corrosion is referred to as corrosion engineering. The two main types of corrosion that are central to corrosion engineering are external and internal corrosion. Underwater external corrosion, microbial corrosion, high temperature corrosion, underwater soil side corrosion, atmospheric corrosion and pitting corrosion are a few types of external corrosion. A few examples of internal corrosion are water pipe corrosion, oil pipe corrosion, water tank reservoir corrosion and gas pipe corrosion. This book outlines the processes and applications of corrosion engineering in detail. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this field will benefit alike from this book.

Mechanical engineering is the branch of engineering which involves the design, production and operation of machinery. It includes the application of various other disciplines such as engineering, physics, materials science and engineering mathematics to manufacture, analyze and maintain mechanical systems. It requires in-depth knowledge of areas such as thermodynamics, mechanics, structural analysis, dynamics and electricity. Mechanical engineering utilizes various tools like computer-aided design, product life cycle management and computer-aided manufacturing. This branch of engineering is used to design and analyze industrial equipment, manufacturing plants, heating and cooling systems, transport systems, robotics, aircraft, watercraft, and weapons. The topics included in this book on mechanical engineering are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. This textbook will serve as a valuable source of reference for those interested in this field.

WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. It is a set of wireless broadband communication standards which are based on IEEE 802.16. It provides media access control and multiple physical layer options. WiMAX 2+ is the latest version and it is a backwards-compatible transition from previous generations. Subscriber stations are the devices that provide connectivity to WiMAX network. It is a long-range system as it covers many kilometers. It uses a QoS mechanism that is based on connections between user device and the base station. WiMAX provides portable mobile broadband connectivity through various devices. It acts a wireless alternative to digital subscriber line and cable. It makes triple-play service offerings possible. Network of WiMAX can be accessed through USB when connected to dongle. WiMAX is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide an in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of WiMAX. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this textbook.

The discipline of engineering which focuses on the design, operation and construction of rail transport systems is known as railway engineering. It is an umbrella field which encompasses principles of several other engineering disciplines such as computer engineering, civil engineering, industrial engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and production engineering. The most important sub-fields of railway engineering are railway signaling and systems integration. Railway signalling helps to keep the trains clear of each other and directs railway traffic. System integration is a process that combines the component sub-systems into one system. It utilizes various techniques such as business process management, computer networking and enterprise application integration. This book explores all the important aspects of railway engineering in the present day scenario. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied aspects that fall under this category. This book is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

The branch of engineering which deals with producing, using, designing, transforming and transporting energy and materials is known as chemical engineering. It utilizes principles of chemistry, physics, biology, economics and mathematics. Some of the key concepts within this field are process design and analysis, transport phenomena, and plant design and construction. Process design deals with defining the type and size of equipment, and the materials of construction. Plant design and construction involves creating plans, specifying and providing economic analyses for plant modifications, pilot plants and new plants. Chemical engineering is primarily applied in the transformation of raw materials into usable products. This book covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around chemical engineering. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The field of electrical engineering that focuses on modifying, analyzing and synthesizing signals such as images, sounds and biological measurements is referred to as signal processing. Digital signal processing refers to the utilization of digital processing for signal processing operations. The signals processed in this manner are an arrangement of numbers that represent the samples of a continuous variable in a domain such as space, time and frequency. There are a numerous fields where digital signal processing is applied such as biomedical engineering, telecommunications, seismology, control systems, digital image processing, spectral density estimation, speech processing, radar and sonar. It is useful in data compression as well as in error detection and correction. This book presents the complex subject of digital signal processing in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques and the applications of digital signal processing. This textbook is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The branch of engineering which is concerned with the optimization of complex systems, organizations and processes is referred to as industrial engineering. This is achieved through improving, developing and implementing the integrated systems of people, information, money, knowledge, energy and materials. Industrial engineering overlaps with various other areas of engineering such as manufacturing engineering, operations engineering, ergonomics, safety engineering, systems engineering, etc. The aim of this field is to specify, predict and evaluate results achieved through industrial processes and systems. Some of the significant areas within this field are production engineering, human factors and safety engineering, etc. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of industrial engineering and how such concepts have practical applications. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques and the applications of this discipline. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

The branch of engineering which focuses on the design and analysis of structures that support or resist loads is known as structural engineering. The theory of structural engineering is based on the laws of applied physics and the empirical knowledge of structural performance of different materials and geometries. There are various specializations within this field such as earthquake engineering structures, mechanical structures, aerospace structures, and civil engineering structures. Earthquake engineering structures deal with the construction of structures which are specially engineered to withstand earthquakes. Some of the numerous elements, used in structural engineering are arches, columns, shells, beams and plates. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of structural engineering. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The branch of electronics which seeks to apply solid state electronics for the purpose of controlling and converting electrical power is known as power electronics. There are primarily two areas of applications of power electronics such as switches or amplifiers. Ideally, switches should not dissipate any power while they are open or closed. The current in amplifiers varies continuously depending upon the controlled input. Some of the systems which are based on power electronics are AC/DC converters, DC/AC converters, DC/DC converters and AC/AC converters. Inverters are a type of devices which are used to convert DC to AC. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of power electronics. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The field of physics, which studies the motion of air, primarily in conjunction with its interactions with a solid object is known as aerodynamics. Some of the forces, which are studied within this discipline are the forces of flight: drag and lift. However, the forces of thrust and weight may also be studied in aerodynamic problems. Air is generally assumed to behave as a continuum, rather than as discrete particles. This allows the problems in aerodynamics to be solved using fluid dynamic conservation laws. The principles behind these laws are conservation of mass, conservation of energy and conservation of momentum. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of aerodynamics and related fields. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students. For all those who are interested in this field, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

The branch of engineering which focuses on the design, maintenance and construction of the physical and naturally built environment is known as civil engineering. Some of the public works which are dealt with in this field are bridges, canals, airports, dams, roads and sewerage systems. There are various sub-disciplines within civil engineering such as environmental engineering, construction engineering, geotechnical engineering, earthquake engineering, coastal engineering and structural engineering. Construction engineering deals with planning and execution, site development and transportation of materials using principles of environmental, hydraulic and structural engineering. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of civil engineering and related fields. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

E-learning is a type of distance learning which makes use of electronic technologies for accessing educational curriculum outside of a physical classroom. When this curriculum is delivered online, through internet, it is known as online learning. It differs from the courses delivered via a CD-ROM due to its interactive characteristic, which allows the learner to communicate with the teachers and other fellow students in the virtual classroom. There is also the provision of the curriculum being delivered live. In this scenario, the lecture takes place in real time. Some of the advantages of online learning are convenience, enhanced learning and increased interaction. This book consists of contributions made by international experts. The topics included herein on online learning are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Educational technology refers to the utilization of software, hardware and educational theories to improve performance and simplify learning. It is involved in using, creating and managing suitable technological resources and processes. It is a vast field that encompasses various areas such as online learning, computer-based training, learning theory and m-learning. Several learning theories and pedagogical perspectives are used to design and interact with educational technology. The theoretical perspectives utilized in educational technology are grouped into three main philosophical frameworks, namely, behaviorism, constructivism and cognitivism. Various technologies such as computers, tablets, virtual classrooms and whiteboards are used in this field. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of educational technology. The ever growing need of advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the research in this field in recent times. This book attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into this field.

The branch of linguistics which delves into the sounds that are a part of human speech is known as phonetics. It primarily deals with the physical properties of speech sounds or signs, along with their acoustic properties, auditory perception, physiological production and neurophysiological status. There are three major subdivisions of phonetics, namely, acoustic phonetics, articulatory phonetics and auditory phonetics. Phonology is another branch of linguistics which deals with the systematic organization of sounds in the spoken languages. It is involved in describing the way sounds function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. The study of sounds in order to classify them into separate groups within a language also takes place within phonology. The topics included in this book on phonetics and phonology are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around these fields. The book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Web engineering focuses on the techniques, tools and methodologies related to web application development. It also deals with their development, design, evolution and evaluation. Web engineering is a multidisciplinary field that encompasses various areas including software engineering, hypertext engineering, human computer interaction, user interface, information engineering, modeling and simulation, and project management. It utilizes the principles of software engineering. It includes new tools, methodologies, approaches and guidelines in order to meet the unique requirements of web-based applications. Some of the different types of applications where it is used are semantic web applications, workflow-based web applications, collaborative web applications, transactional web applications, interactive web applications and portal-oriented web applications. This book presents the complex subject of web engineering in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. There has been rapid progress in this field and its applications are finding their way across multiple industries. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

The process through which teachers ensure the smooth running of classroom lessons is known as classroom management. It includes the prevention of disruptive behavior which could potentially hamper the teaching process. Classroom management is an integral part of classroom education since it supports the efficient execution of curriculum development, helps in the development of best teaching practices, and putting them into action. Some of the approaches towards effective classroom management are assertive discipline, culturally responsive classroom management, constructivist discipline, and discipline without stress, punishments or rewards. There are various techniques, which are employed by teachers for the purpose of classroom management such as preventive techniques and rote discipline. This book unfolds the effective strategies of classroom management which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It consists of contributions made by international experts. The book attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into this field.

The discipline which focuses on generating images with the aid of computers is known as computer graphics. It is also responsible for processing image data which has been received from the physical world. The images within computer graphics are broadly divided into two-dimensional images and three-dimensional images. The two dimensional images are further classified into raster graphics and vector graphics. Three-dimensional graphics use a three dimensional representation of geometric data. It makes use of a diverse array of sciences such as physics, perception, optics and geometry. Some of the different types of media where computer graphics are extensively used are advertising, animation, video games and movies. This textbook provides comprehensive insights into the field of computer graphics. The topics included herein on this field are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.