Bøger udgivet af Willford Press

Fractional calculus is a branch of mathematical analysis involved in the study of several different possibilities of defining real number powers or complex number powers of the differentiation operator, integration operator (D) and of the integration operator (J), and developing a calculus for such operators. It has several applications in multiple fields of engineering and science such as electromagnetics, viscoelasticity, fluid mechanics, electrochemistry, biological population models, optics, and signal processing. Some important applications of fractional calculus include fractional conservation of mass, electrochemical analysis, groundwater flow problem, fractional advection dispersion equation, time-space fractional diffusion equation models, and structural damping models. This method of mathematical analysis is also utilized in PID controllers, acoustic wave equations for complex media, and fractional Schrödinger equation in quantum theory. This book outlines the theory and applications of fractional calculus in detail. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject. The book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove to be immensely beneficial for the professionals and students associated with the study of applied mathematics.

An alloy refers to a mixture of chemical elements, of which at least one is a metal element. After cooling, alloy mixture crystallizes into a solid solution, intermetallic compound or a mixture. Alloys are typically produced to be corrosion-resistant, less brittle, stronger, or to have a more desirable color and luster compared to the constituent metals. They are produced using processes such as electro-deposition method, powder metallurgy, fusion method and the reduction method. The microstructure, chemical composition, and the production technology used to produce the alloys determine the functional properties of alloys. Most commonly, alloys are modeled using the CALPHAD approach, which involves computer coupling of phase diagrams and thermo-chemistry. Brass, white gold, sterling silver, stainless steel, bronze, and 14k gold are some of the prominent examples of alloys. This book aims to shed light on the microstructural aspects, characterization and modeling concepts of alloys. It consists of contributions made by international experts. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

A differential equation is an equation that contains one or more functions with its derivatives. The derivatives of the function define the rate of change of the function at a point. There are different types of differential equations including ordinary differential equations, linear differential equations, partial differential equations, homologous differential equations, and nonlinear differential equations. These equations can also be classified based on the order and coefficients of the derivatives, which may be either constants or functions of the independent variable. Differential equations are used to model real-world situations involving change. Such equations usually involve derivatives with respect to time. In most cases, a real-life problem involves the rate of change of a variable being proportional to some function of the variable. Such situations can be conveniently modeled using differential equations. This book provides a detailed analysis of the theory and modeling of differential equations. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of mathematics as well as for experts.

A shape-memory alloy (SMA) refers to a type of alloy that deforms when cold but returns to its pre-deformation shape on being heated. The parts made from SMA are lightweight and solid-state alternatives for traditional actuators, such as motor, and hydraulic and pneumatic based systems. They are also useful for creating hermetic joints in metal tubing. The two most common SMAs are nickel-titanium (NiTi) and copper-aluminium-nickel. SMAs can also be made by alloying copper, iron, zinc and gold. SMAs exhibit varying shape-memory effects and the two most prevalent effects are one-way SMA and two-way SMA. The SMAs can be created through casting in which vacuum arc melting or induction melting is used. They have applications in various areas such as orthopedic surgery, aircraft and spacecraft, robotics, smartphone cameras, valves, optometry, medicine, and dentistry. This book presents the researches that have transformed the understanding of the properties and applications of shape-memory alloys. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of metallurgy as well as for experts.

Asphalt refers to a semi solid or viscous liquid which is primarily used for road construction. It comprises hydrogen and carbon compounds along with minor proportion of sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen. It is mixed with aggregate particles, such as stone, gravel and sand, for making asphalt concrete. Due to its high viscosity, asphalt needs to be heated before mixing with the aggregates. New technologies that could help in producing a consistently high-quality pavement are thermal imaging and intelligent compaction. Thermal imaging helps in measuring the temperature of the mat behind the paver. These new technologies may provide information which can be utilized for improving the consistency of compaction and paving operations. This book elucidates the prospective developments with respect to asphalt materials and paving technologies. It covers in detail some innovative concepts revolving around this domain. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

An electrical network, also called electric circuit or electrical circuit, refers to an interconnection of various active and passive components in a prescribed manner to form a closed path. The main types of electric circuits are open circuits, closed circuits, short circuits, series circuits, parallel circuits, and series parallel circuits. Network theory deals with the study of solving the problems related to electric networks or electronic networks. The process through which different electrical parameters of a circuit element connected in an electrical network are calculated is called network analysis. The circuit components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, voltage sources, current sources can either be connected in series or in parallel combinations. Network analysis determines the different electrical parameters including current, voltage, resistance, impedance, reactance, inductance, capacitance, frequency, electric power and electrical energy. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the theory and analysis of electrical networks. It aims to serve as a resource guide for scholars and engineers in the fields of electronics and communication engineering as well as electrical engineering.

Thermal engineering refers to a sub-discipline of mechanical engineering concerned with the transmission and movement of heat energy. This energy can be converted into different types of energy. Thermal engineering is used in a variety of industries including the construction industry, heating ventilation and cooling industry, and automotive industry. Concepts related to mass transfer, heat transfer, thermodynamics and fluid mechanics may be used to solve thermal engineering problems. There are various applications of thermal engineering including process fired heaters, thermal power plants, combustion engines, compressed air systems, thermal insulation, boiler design, refrigeration systems, and heat exchangers. This book outlines the concepts and applications of thermal engineering in detail. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in this field. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

A prime mover refers to a type of engine that converts fuel to useful work. Inbound and outbound engines, gas turbines, steam turbines and water turbines are some examples of prime movers. Thermal prime mover and non-thermal prime mover are the two main types of prime movers. Thermal prime movers are the types of prime movers which primarily use the thermal energy from a source to produce power. Some examples of thermal primary movers are heat engines, geothermal, solar energy, nuclear power plant and bio gas. Non-thermal prime movers do not use heat energy and can be subdivided into include tidal turbines, hydraulic turbines and wind turbines. This book presents the various engines and turbines which fall under the umbrella of thermal and hydro prime movers in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in mechanical engineering field as well as for experts.

Discrete mathematics refers to the study of mathematical structures which are discrete and not continuous. Logic statements, integers and graphs are some of the objects examined in discrete mathematics. It is concerned with the investigation of countable sets, which might be finite or infinite. Various topics covered under discrete mathematics include set theory, graph theory, combinations, logic, information theory, probability, geometry and algebraic structures. The notations and concepts of discrete mathematics are beneficial in analyzing and expressing objects and issues in the field of computer science, including programming languages, automated theorem proving, computer algorithms, software development and cryptography. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and the applications of discrete mathematical structures. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Signal processing is a subfield of electrical engineering involved in analyzing, modifying and synthesizing signals such as sound, images and scientific measurements. The techniques of signal processing are used to improve transmission, storage efficiency, and subjective quality. They can also emphasize or detect components of interest in a measured signal. There are various categories of signal processing such as analog, continuous time, digital, discrete time, non-linear and statistical signal processing. Analog signal processing refers to the signal processing which is conducted on continuous analog signals through analog means. The techniques which are used to improve the accuracy and quality of digital communication is known as digital signal processing. Some of the prominent applications of signal processing are economic modeling and analysis, weather forecasting, oceanography, medical imagery (such as CAT and MRI), oil explorations, seismic studies, and data analysis. The objective of this book is to give a general view of signal processing with an emphasis on advanced techniques. It is an essential guide for both students and professionals.

Reinforced concrete (RC) refers to a type of building material that combines two or more materials with different physical properties to impart greater tensile strength and ductility to the structure of a building. RC structures are made up of composite materials constituted by concrete material, composites or polymers, and steel bars. The various methods utilized in the design of RC structures include the limit state method (LSM), the working stress method (WSM), and the ultimate load method (ULM). There are various types of structures that can be constructed using RC such as floating structures, marine structures, flyovers, chimneys and towers, water tanks, and retaining walls. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the drawing, design, and analysis of reinforced concrete structures. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of civil engineering as well as for experts.

Electrical and electronics engineering (EEE) is an integrated branch of engineering that studies the practical applications of electricity in all its forms, including those related to the field of electronics. This branch deals with the technological aspects of electricity, especially the design and application of circuitry and electronic equipment. The concept of power generation and distribution, communication, and machine control are also included in the domain of EEE. It incorporates fundamental knowledge in principal disciplines such as control systems, communications, signal processing, micro-processors, radio frequency design, electric machines, and power generation. It involves the study of various concepts associated with semiconductors, analog electronics, power systems, big transmission lines, digital electronics, electrical machines (AC and DC), and control systems. This book provides a comprehensive coverage of key concepts and models essential to the understanding of electrical and electronic engineering. It will serve as valuable source of reference for scholars and engineers actively engaged in this field.

Finite element analysis (FEA) is a tool used for numerical approximation of complex physical structures in the field of structural engineering. It is used for simulating physical phenomena in order to reduce dependency on the physical prototypes. This method allows optimization of the components as a part of the design process of the project. The simulations used in FEA are carried out by creating a mesh of a finite number of smaller elements. Thereafter, these finite elements integrate to form the shape of the structure that is being assessed. Each of these small elements is subjected to calculations, which are in the form of mathematical equations that predict the behavior of each element individually. A combination of such individual calculations produces the final result of the overall structure. FEA can be applied to areas such as structural analysis, heat transfer, mass transport and electromagnetic potential. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide an in-depth knowledge about finite elements in civil engineering applications. Scholars and engineers in the field of civil engineering will be assisted by it.

Highway is any private or public road including other public path on land. Highway engineering refers to a branch of civil engineering that focuses on designing, building, operating, planning and maintaining tunnels, roads and bridges to enable efficient and safe transportation of goods and people. It considers aspects like future traffic capacities, highway intersection designs, geometric alignment, design and material of highway pavement, its thickness, and maintenance. The assessment of existing and future traffic capacities on a road network is part of highway planning. During the design phase, the best location, shape and alignment for a highway are chosen. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to highway engineering. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Construction is a broad term that refers to the activities related to the building of large or small structures, objects and systems such as school buildings, bridges, dams and tunnels. It comprises functions such as designing, planning and layout, construction financing, and implementing the design. Construction materials refer to all the materials that are utilized in the construction of a structure. Many naturally occurring materials, including clay, rocks, sand, wood, and even twigs and leaves have been used to build structures. Several manufactured items, such as cement, bricks, glass, metal and plastics are also used in addition to the naturally existing materials. Bulldozers, cranes, excavators, dump trucks, and loaders are some of the most common types of construction equipment. There are various types of construction techniques including light gauge steel construction, hybrid concrete construction, 3D volumetric construction, flat slabs, thin-joint masonry, and joisted or load bearing masonry construction. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the materials, equipment and techniques related to construction. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Steel is widely used in the construction of large column free structures owing to its property of high strength per unit mass. Steel structures are commonly used in the design of water tanks, chimneys, transmission towers for microwave and electric power, roof trusses for factories, cinema halls, auditoriums, etc. Some other applications of steel structures include plate girder and truss bridges for railways and roads, and crane girders, columns and trussed bents in industrial structures. There are various advantages of steels over other materials for purpose of construction. These include high durability, assured quality, reusability, water and gas resistivity, and speed of construction. Another important benefit of steel structures is that they can be strengthened any time later through the process of welding. This book outlines the principles and practice for the design of steel structures. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted by experts across the world, on various topics related to design of steel structures.

A financial portfolio refers to the collection of financial assets owned by an investor or an organization. Government and corporate bonds, alternative assets, common stocks, and cash and cash equivalents are examples of these assets. Investors may have a single financial portfolio or a number of portfolios each with a particular purpose, depending on their investment goals. A business cycle is a series of downward and upward changes in the level of economic activity. Business cycle convergence (BCC) is one of the most important criteria in the process of monetary integration to create an optimal currency area. The importance of private investment for BCC is largely explained by the phenomenon of home bias and portfolio theory. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in financial portfolios and business cycle convergence. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students. The topics included in this book on financial portfolios and business cycle convergence are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers.

Child protection refers to the protection of children from abuse, violence, neglect and exploitation. This can also include protecting children from trafficking, commercial sexual exploitation, child labor and child marriage. Child protection permits children to have accessibility to other rights, such as development, participation, survival and growth. The field of child welfare and social work has been experiencing ever increasing crises and reforms. Serious harm or death of a child as a result of extreme neglect or abuse, is subjected to public protest, as well as intense media and political scrutiny. Such incidents are also utilized explicitly as vehicles of bringing major changes in the policy. This book outlines contemporary perspectives on the politics of child protection. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Materials science refers to a unique combination of science and engineering, chemistry and physics, and imagination and logic. It is concerned with the discovery and design of novel materials, particularly solids. The four main types of materials studied and used in materials science include polymers, ceramics, metals, and semiconductors. Materials science and engineering (MSE) refers to an interdisciplinary study of useful matter. It applies principles of chemistry, physics, and engineering to solve practical issues related to biotechnology, manufacturing, nanotechnology, energy, and information technology. This field is concerned with material behavior with the goal of comprehending, enhancing and even creating new materials. MSE is utilized in a variety of industries such as transportation, construction, energy, drug delivery, nanotechnology, and tissue engineering. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide an in-depth knowledge about materials science and engineering. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The mutilation of an already dead body as a form of punishment is known as post-execution punishment. The extensive application of the death penalty and post-execution punishments along with the fact that vast numbers of criminals were hanged on the gallows have long been described by historians as a crucial component of social interactions throughout the eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries. This was the pinnacle of a terror-based criminal justice system. After late eighteenth century, the potential of expanding the usage of post-execution punishments and notably public dissection was still being advocated widely. However, in the late eighteenth century, critics of the death penalty have emphasized on the requirement of substituting it with non-capital alternatives such as transportation, solitary confinement, or life imprisonment with hard labor. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the attitudes, legislative initiatives and policies with respect to post-execution punishment. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Culture refers to the beliefs, practices, values, accomplishments and languages of a group of individuals. Culturally responsive teaching (CRT) entails the utilization of characteristics, customs, opinions and experiences of students as instruments for better classroom learning. CRT takes into account the cultural backgrounds along with lived experiences of students in order to assist them in learning. It is a method that emphasizes on the inclusion of students[ cultural references into all elements of the learning process. Some of the important components of CRT include culturally appropriate curricula, awareness for varied communication styles, a strong knowledge base concerning cultural diversity, and the utilization of multicultural instructional examples. Culturally responsive practices may have significant advantages such as the promotion of inclusivity and equity in the classroom, improved engagement with the course material, strengthened sense of identity and promotion of critical thinking in the students. This book outlines the processes and applications of culturally responsive teaching and learning in detail. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Mathematics refers to the science that studies the logic of quantity, shape and arrangement. Mathematics education is the practice of teaching, learning and conducting scholarly research on the transmission of mathematical information. Mathematical modeling is one of the cornerstones of mathematics education. It involves using mathematics to explain and define the events or issues in real life in order to test ideas aimed at making estimations about the real life events. It is done by developing and solving the mathematical expression of a real-life occurrence or issue. This method allows students to connect mathematics with their real-life experiences and learn it more deeply and permanently. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of modeling and its applications in mathematics education. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area of mathematics education.

Early education refers to the teaching of young children. Religious diversity refers to the existence of differences in religious beliefs and practices of different religions. Frequently, the early childhood educational play schools or kindergartens are the first settings where children are exposed to religions and religious attitudes that differ from those experienced by them in their home environment. The learning of religious diversity is crucial for students since it provides them with an understanding of other religions and also makes them sensitive to differences. Religious diversity in the classrooms also promotes mutual respect and trust among children. This book studies and analyses concepts of religious diversity in early education. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Institutions are man-made structures that are meant for regulating the social, political, or economic interactions. The role of institutions is an important research area in developmental economics. The constitution, rules, policies, systems, procedures, principles, and arrangements can be considered as the institutions of a country. These can influence human interaction. Institutions are central for economic growth and development. The capabilities of institutions are highly dependent on the capacities of the state. The quality of economic institutions has a huge impact on the economic growth and development of an economy. This book attempts to understand the various aspects of economic development, growth and institutions. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the impact of institutions on the economic growth. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

A graphic novel is a type of book wherein the narrative is conveyed through sequential art, generally in the comic book format. It encompasses anthologized, fiction and non-fiction works. Graphic novels combine images and words, and represent a form of comic where the complete story is delivered as a book rather than a periodical. The text accompanied with visual narrative provides understanding of the context and clues, which shed light on the appropriate meaning of unfamiliar terms and words. Graphic novels have shown to be helpful in the classroom as a conduit for lifelong reading, a tool for better understanding and critical literacy, and stimulation for comprehension and interest. Posthumanism refers to various theoretical constructs which primarily deviate from the conventional understanding of the human subject with respect to the natural world. It seeks to break the boundaries between the human, the animal and the technological. This book covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around graphic novels and their portrayal of posthumanist themes. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The concept of ubiquitous computing is used in computer science, software engineering and hardware engineering for computing which can take place in any format, any device and at any location, unlike desktop computing. The traditional view of computing systems has been irreversibly changed by the recent technical developments in hardware and software. They not only contain linked servers but also include a wide variety of embedded and pervasive devices, which lead to the development of ubiquitous computing systems. Cryptanalysis methodologies and tools are used to enhance the security of the ubiquitous computing environment, by providing protection and controlling access to data. Cryptanalysis is the process of examining information systems for understanding hidden aspects of the systems. It involves the study of theoretical and practical cryptographic mechanisms intended to provide privacy and security. This book unravels the recent studies on ubiquitous computing. It will elucidate the concepts and innovative models around security issues and threats in ubiquitous computing systems. The book will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) are those intellectual disabilities which are combined with common medical complications, profound physical disabilities and sensory impairments. They result in individuals becoming completely dependent on others. Congenital syndromes are common in people with profound intellectual disabilities. These people are unable to live self-sufficiently and require constant monitoring and assistance with their self-care. They normally have weak capability to communicate their needs and also have physical limitations. Multiple disabilities refers to a condition in which an individual is suffering from a variety of disabilities such as someone who has both a motor disability and a sensory disability. This book provides significant information on profound intellectual and multiple disabilities, as well as the theme of inclusion. Those with an interest in this topic would find this book helpful.

Storytelling refers to the cultural and social activities of exchanging stories. This is occasionally accompanied with improvisation, embellishment or theatrics. Every culture has their specific narratives or stories that are passed down for the purpose of education, entertainment, moral values instillation or cultural preservation. Narrative point of view, plot and characters are all important aspects of stories and storytelling. The oral tradition of storytelling strengthens familial and tribal ties by connecting the past, present and future. Oral narrative traditions are important repositories of folk traditions and folk knowledge. Natural events were explained through storytelling and these oral stories were passed down from generation to generation. The storytellers were regarded as teachers, leaders, entertainers, healers, spiritual guides and keepers of cultural secrets. Poetry, dance, songs and chants were used to convey stories orally. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of storytelling and oral narratives. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Mathematics is an academic subject that involves the study of measurements, numbers and space. The study of mathematics helps in the development of logical reasoning, critical thinking, abstract or spatial thinking, and problem-solving ability. Math pedagogy refers to the ways in which mathematics is taught and learnt. The role of mathematics in education is often explicitly and implicitly reduced to the delivery of the subject matter. This knowledge then has to be selected and made relevant for students using methods imported from psychology, sociology, and educational research. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of mathematics education. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied strategies and pedagogies used for mathematics education. The book will prove to be immensely beneficial for teachers and students of mathematics.

Medical anthropology is a subfield of anthropology that studies human health and disease, health care systems, and bio-cultural adaptation. It examines how health and illness are shaped, experienced and understood in the context of global, historical and political forces. It addresses afflictions which are of increasing importance but are seldom sufficiently understood by biomedicine alone. The fundamental areas of research within this field are cultures of medicine, the social nature of emergent biotechnology, the economics of bodily injury, and psychic expressions of disorder. It also investigates areas such as the impact of the formation of social networks on health, the lived consequences of disability and inequality, and the dynamic concepts of human biological difference and race. This field focuses on how health problems arise from larger social issues, which must also be addressed. Medical anthropology strives to dissolve the stark divide between life sciences and social sciences. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of medical anthropology. Researchers, medical professionals, and students associated with this field will be greatly assisted by it.