Bøger udgivet af Willford Press

Educational theories seek to prescribe educational practices, as well as understand them. Normative theories of education are significant for facilitating the provision of education standards, goals and norms. Some of its examples are educational philosophies, curriculum theory, feminist educational theory, etc. The description of the processes of education is provided by different descriptive theories of education such as instructional theory, sociology of education, educational anthropology, etc. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of educational theories. It consists of contributions made by international experts. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

Business refers to any activity, which is carried out for the purpose of earning profit. Business entities can be divided into sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, cooperative, franchises, etc. The organizational setup of a business is based on the functional domains of manufacturing, finance, marketing, research and development, etc. The discipline of economics studies the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. Such analyses are of significance in business and finance. Managerial economics attempts to use economic methods to optimize business decisions through cost minimization and profit maximization. This book strives to provide a fair idea about the disciplines of business and economics and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within these domains. It outlines the processes and applications of these fields in detail. Managers, economists, researchers, academicians and students will be assisted by this book.

Aerospace engineering is a branch of engineering that studies the design and development of aircraft and spacecraft. It branches into the two major disciplines of aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering. The principles of propulsion are of utmost importance in aerospace engineering. An aircraft moves due to energy provided by jet engines, internal combustion engines and turbomachinery. Electric propulsion and ion propulsion are recent propulsion techniques. Modern aerospace engineering also uses computational fluid dynamics to simulate the behavior of fluids, reduce time and expenses. Further, the integration of software such as ground control software, flight software and test & evaluation software has resulted in the advancement of this field. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of aerospace engineering and how such concepts have practical applications. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. Those with an interest in aerospace engineering would find this book helpful.

Algebra is a sub-division of mathematics that involves elementary equation solving and study of abstractions. Advanced algebra or abstract algebra is the study of algebraic structures such as groups, rings, fields, vector spaces, lattices, etc. Algebraic structures that involve single binary operations are magma, group, semigroup, monoid and quasigroup. Fields, modules, vector spaces, lie algebra, lattice, Boolean algebra, etc. are all examples of algebraic structures that involve several operations. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of advanced algebra. Such selected concepts that redefine this discipline have been presented in this book. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students as well as experts.

Teacher training refers to a broad set of policies and procedures, which are designed to facilitate teachers with the effective attitudes, methods, skills and behaviors for good classroom management. It is divided into the stages of initial teacher training, induction and teacher development. The curriculum is a crucial element in teacher training, as it guides teachers on facilitating the knowledge acquisition of learners. This curriculum comprises of foundational knowledge in psychology, philosophy, sociology and history of education. It further encapsulates skills of learner assessment and teaching improvement through the integration of technology, subject specific teaching methodologies, etc. This book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of teacher training and its utmost significance in modern times. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances in this field. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Occupational psychology is an applied branch of psychology, which studies human behavior in a professional setting. The principles of occupational psychology can be used for improving employee performance, motivation, job satisfaction and health. These can also be applied to improve hiring processes, training programs, feedback and management systems. Some of the major topics covered under this discipline are job analysis, work place bullying, occupational stress, team effectiveness, counter productive work behavior, training evaluation, etc. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of occupational psychology and related fields. It includes some of the vital pieces of work, being conducted across the world, on various topics related to this field. The topics covered in this book offer the readers new insights in this domain.

Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that studies the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of condensed phases of matter. These include solids and liquids, as well as superconducting, ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases, Bose-Einstein condensates, etc. The theoretical understanding of condensed matter especially relating to the electronic properties of solids is furthered by various models such as Drude model, Band structure and density functional theory. Modern condensed matter physics involves the use of numerical computation to understand high temperature superconductivity, topological phases and gauge symmetries. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of condensed matter physics. The aim of this book is to present the researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Photonics is the scientific study of light, its generation, detection and manipulation. The processes of emission, transmission, amplification and modulation of light are explored in this domain, mostly in the visible and near infrared spectrum of light. Light-emitting diodes, single photon sources, lasers and superluminescent diodes are some of the widely used light sources in photonics. Photonics is closely associated with optics. The fields of quantum optics, optomechanics, electro-optics, optoelectronics and quantum electronics are also closely related to photonics. The field of photonics has applications in diverse areas of telecommunications, information processing, spectroscopy, medicine, military technology, agriculture and robotics. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to photonics. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to this field. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Urban Planning is a process that is concerned with the optimum utilization of space to create a sustainable planning model for an urban, semi-urban or rural area. It embraces all aspects of infrastructure and human settlements including transportation, communications and distribution networks. Various sub-disciplines of land-use planning, zoning, economic development, environmental planning, etc. are a significant part of urban planning. This discipline uses the techniques of population estimates, geographic mapping, transportation pattern analysis, etc. to develop a sustainable urban plan. This book outlines the myriad aspects of urban planning design and how modern technologies are shaping this field. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world on various topics relevant to this field. Urban planners, architects, policy makers and students will find this book immensely beneficial.

Sustainable development is the development that assures the sustenance of human society in the present as well as in the future. It strives to create a state of society where living conditions of the people and the use of resources to meet human demands occur in a manner that it does not create instability in the natural system. Sustainability has been described in terms of three pillars of environment, economy and the society. The fourth pillar of culture and governance is also included in modern studies. Economic sustainability embraces the areas of energy, manufacturing, architecture, technology, etc. This book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of sustainable development and its applications. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this field will benefit alike from this book.

Engineering education refers to the complete framework of knowledge in the field of engineering. This includes initial education for becoming an engineer to the advanced engineering specializations. Basic training in primary and secondary schools is required for building a strong foundation of further engineering studies. Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics are the core areas of learning in this phase. Some of the common specializations in the discipline of engineering are mechanical, industrial, electrical, computer, etc. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in this field. The data collated herein also explores a range of significant topics which will help the readers understand the requirements of engineering education. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Learning space is the physical setting in which teaching and learning occurs. It can be highly diverse in terms of use, location and educational institution. It is ideally conducive to different learning styles such as passive or active learning, quiet learning, vocational learning, kinesthetic or physical learning, etc. Online or virtual classrooms and distance learning platforms are also considered a learning space. The design of a learning space is crucial to learning. Various considerations of temperature, ventilation, natural light, acoustics, etc. are important in the design of teaching and learning spaces. Learning spaces can be classified on the basis of pedagogy, academic level, location, subject specialization, age of students, etc. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of teaching and learning spaces. Some of the diverse topics covered here address the varied factors of learning space design and dynamics. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Spectroscopy is the scientific study of interactions between matter and electromagnetic radiation. Spectroscopy is classified according to the type of radiative energy involved like electromagnetic radiation, radiated pressure waves, particles that can be a source of radiative energy, like electrons and neutrons. The interaction between matter and energy can be put under the bracket of absorption, emission, elastic scattering, inelastic scattering, etc. Various other forms of spectroscopy include auger spectroscopy, correlation spectroscopy, Fourier transform spectroscopy and Hyperspectral imaging which are distinguished by their specific applications. The topics included in this book on spectroscopy are of the utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this field and the recent researches in this field. This book strives to assist students and researchers with a goal of delving into the concepts and applications of spectroscopy.

Chemistry is the scientific study of compounds, their composition, structure, properties and reactions that they undergo. It addresses varied questions on the interaction between atoms and molecules and their chemical bonds for the formation of compounds. It covers all types of bonding, such as ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals force bonds, etc. Some of the applications of chemistry are in the extraction of metals from ores, fermentation of beer and wine, extraction of chemicals from plants, medicine, etc. Besides these, it also has applications in the production of various chemical products like soap, glass, perfume, etc. This book presents the complex subject of chemistry in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Chemistry is a fundamental science that is concerned with the composition of all compounds through a study of atoms, elements and molecules. It also studies their interactions with each other. The structure of compounds, their formation and reactions with other substances are widely studied in this domain. There are several specialized fields of chemistry that deal with properties and reactions of specific classes of compounds. Some of these are organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, materials chemistry, etc. Chemistry studies matter in its solid, liquid and gaseous state. The primary industrial application of this field is converting raw materials into finished products. This book strives to provide a fair idea about chemistry and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this discipline. It is compiled in such a manner that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and applications of this field. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for students as well as researchers.

Polymer science is a branch of material science that studies polymers especially synthetic polymers like plastic, synthetic rubber, teflon, kevlar, nylon, etc. It is developed on the principles of chemistry, physics and engineering. The major sub-disciplines of polymer science are polymer chemistry, polymer physics and polymer characterization. Polymer chemistry deals with the chemical properties and synthesis of polymers. Polymer physics explores the bulk properties of polymers and their engineering applications. The field of polymer characterization analyzes chemical structure and morphology of these materials. This book will provide in-depth knowledge about the properties and applications of polymers. The aim is to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. Students, engineers, researchers and all professionals working in this domain will gain innovative insights in the field of polymer science.

Electrochemistry is a branch of physical chemistry that deals with the study of the interaction of electrical energy and chemical change. It studies electric current either as a cause or effect of a chemical change. It also studies reactions like electrolysis, electrochemical reactions and redox reactions. The most important practical application of electrochemical science is in the construction of battery. Other applications include coating of materials and various quality tests in the food industry. Emerging technologies like fuel cells, large format lithium-ion batteries and super-capacitors are being used commercially. The ever-growing need for advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the research in the field of electrochemical energy in recent times. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in this field. It attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into the domain of electrochemical science.

Physics is the study of matter, its motion and behavior in space and time. The fundamental principles of energy and force are central to the development of physics as a discipline. Various products developed using the applied principles of physics have transformed modern society, like television, computers, domestic appliances, etc. Electromagnetism, classical mechanics, thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, quantum mechanics and special relativity are the core aspects of physics. Research in physics broadly explores phenomena in condensed matter physics, nuclear physics, particle physics, astrophysics, etc. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of physics. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of this field. The topics covered in this book offer the readers new insights in the area of physics.

Analytical chemistry undertakes the study and development of methods and techniques that are used for the identification, separation and quantification of matter. It employs various qualitative and quantitative chemical and instrumental methods. Common qualitative methods include precipitation, extraction and distillation. Instrumental methods for separation include chromatography, electrophoresis and field flow fractionation. The principles and concepts of analytical chemistry are used for various purposes across a number of fields such as forensic science, environmental analysis, bioanalysis, etc. This book provides comprehensive insights into the discipline of analytical chemistry. The chapters compiled herein shed light on the recent advances made with respect to the processes, techniques and applications of this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Computational intelligence is a set of methodologies designed to solve complex problems that cannot be solved using classical methods of mathematics or modeling. It operates using the techniques of fuzzy logic, artificial neural networks, evolutionary computing, learning theory and probabilistic methods. Computational intelligence provides solutions for real-world problems that cannot be put into binary code. Some popular approaches of this domain are artificial immune systems and swarm intelligence. The field of computational intelligence has applications in engineering, computer science, data analysis and biomedicine. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of computational intelligence and their applications. It aims to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this field will benefit alike from this book.

Computational neuroscience is the branch of neuroscience that uses mathematical models, theoretical analysis and abstractions, to understand the development, structure and information-processing of the nervous system. It also attempts to understand the principles that govern the physiology and cognitive abilities of the nervous system. Computational neuroscience models help in the understanding of biological phenomena at different spatial-temporal scales. It covers all aspects of membrane currents, proteins, network oscillations, learning, memory, etc. Research in computational neuroscience delves into the concepts of consciousness and the processes of cognition, sensory processing, memory and axonal patterning and development. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of computational neuroscience. It covers all the important aspects of modeling and their applications. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies have been included in this book. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and researchers alike.

Supply chain management is the management of the flow of goods and services from production to consumption. Networks, channels and node businesses are essential for the movement of products and services in a supply chain. It ideally involves collaboration between buyers and sellers, product development, information sharing, etc. Some of the key supply chain processes include customer relationship management, demand management, customer service management, order fulfillment, etc. Modern supply chain management integrates environmental sustainability with the aim to reduce carbon footprint. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of supply chain management. The topics covered herein deal with the core areas of this field. This book will prove immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

A supply chain involves multiple stages. These include the regulation of natural resources, extraction of raw material from these resources, varied processes of production, storage in different geographical locations and delivery to the customer. A supply chain strives to match demand with supply with minimal inventory. Logistics management is crucial to supply chain management. It integrates the various aspects of materials handling, production, packaging, transportation, inventory, information flow, etc. It also involves planning and controlling the efficient forward and reverse flow along with the storage of goods and services from the point of origin to the point of production. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of supply chain management. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies have been included in this book. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

Public administration refers to the implementation of government administrative policy for effective governance. Its approaches are aimed at maximizing efficiency and effectiveness. It also strives to provide better customer service. Some of the significant aspects of public administration include human resource management, organizational theory, policy analysis, budgeting and ethics. Decision-making is crucial to the role of a public administrator. Various decision-making models have been formulated. These include budget-maximizing model and bureau-shaping model. The topics included in this book on public administration and governance are of the utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under this discipline and how such concepts have practical applications. It will be beneficial to public administrators, policymakers, students and experts involved in this field at various levels.

Project management is the initiation, planning, execution and control of tasks to achieve goals and set objectives. Other roles of monitoring, documentation and closing of products are also significant to the domain of project management. A project is designed to produce a unique product or service to bring a favorable change and add value to an organization. The primary challenge of project management lies in achieving targets within the constraints of scope, time, quality and budget. There are different approaches for project management such as phased approach, lean project management, iterative and incremental project management, etc. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on project management have been included in this book. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspectives about this subject.

The public sector is that sector of the economy that comprises of public services and enterprises. They provide various goods and services. These primarily work in the areas of infrastructure, energy, banking, etc. Organizations that are developed to work for a social cause are non-profit organizations. Most public enterprises are non-profit organizations. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of public and nonprofit organizations. It delves into the operations and management of these enterprises. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The interdisciplinary field of materials science and engineering studies the structure, production and properties of materials. It incorporates the principles of physics, chemistry and engineering to advance the understanding of metallurgy, nanotechnology and biomaterials. Materials science and engineering has diverse applications in the areas of mineralogy, ceramics, microfabrication, forensic analysis, etc. Metals, polymers and ceramics are some of the primary materials studied under this field. The advancements in this field have resulted in the development of better materials like biomaterials and nanomaterials. This book is a compilation of topics that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the area of materials science and engineering. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world on various aspects related to this field. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Organizational leadership is concerned with the study of leadership from an organizational perspective. It is a multidisciplinary field of study that integrates principles of various social sciences and humanities as well as professional and applied fields of study. There are different styles of leadership like ambidextrous leadership, democratic leadership, innovation leadership, transactional leadership and transformational leadership. There are various theories to understand leadership such as functional leadership theory, trait and behavioral theories, self leadership theory, situational & contingency theory, etc. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to organizational leadership. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

In recent years, technology has played a significant role in facilitating education. The adoption of educational technology is based on the theoretical perspectives of behaviorism, cognitivism and constructivism. Various tools like digital cameras, video cameras, electronic media, LCD projectors, computers, etc. are used in education today. Multimedia learning, technology-enhanced learning (TEL), computer-based training (CBT), web-based training (WBT), multi-modal instruction, m-learning are some of the modern aspects of educational technology. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of educational technology in the digital age. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Materials are substances, either solid or in a condensed phase, that are intended for use for various applications. Materials can either be crystalline or non-crystalline and can be classified as metals, semiconductors, ceramics and polymers. An understanding of the structure of materials and their properties helps to design applications suitable for each class of materials. The structure of materials is investigated at different scales like atomic scales, microscales or nano scales. Modern developments in this field are occurring in the areas of nanomaterials, biomaterials, spintronics, metamaterials, etc. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of materials science. The topics included herein are of the utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.