Bøger udgivet af Willford Press

Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It analyzes the form, meaning and context of language and also involves the study of grammar and style. It also studies the sociocultural, historical and political factors that influence language. The variation of language across regions and societies is understood from the perspective of the cultural stages that are relevant to the evolution of language. These stages are pidgin, creole, dialect, discourse, standard language, lexicon and relativity. Linguistic structures result from the interplay of form and meaning. The sub-fields of linguistics that focus on the grammatical study of language are phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, semiotics and stylistics, among others. Applied linguistics has applications in the areas of translation, language education, language planning and lexicography. This book attempts to understand the multiple fields that fall under the discipline of linguistics and how such concepts have practical applications. It strives to be a valuable source of reference for all students of linguistics or anyone interested in language studies.

Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that is concerned with the performance, structure, decision-making and behavior of the economy as a whole. It studies individual indicators such as GDP, national income, price indices and unemployment rates as well as their interrelations with the different sectors of the economy to develop an insight into the working of an economy. Models that describe the relationship between economic factors like consumption, savings, investment, inflation, etc. are developed using macroeconomics. It strives to understand the consequences of short-term fluctuations on national income and also attempts to determine the agents of long-term economic growth. The central concepts of output and income, unemployment, inflation and deflation are vital to macroeconomics. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of macroeconomics. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of macroeconomics and its utmost significance in modern times. Constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of macroeconomics as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

Astrophysics is a branch of astronomy that uses the principles of physics and chemistry to determine the nature of astronomical objects. Stars, galaxies, the cosmic microwave background, interstellar medium, etc. are studied in astrophysics. The emissions from such astronomical objects are analyzed and their properties of luminosity, temperature, chemical composition and density are also examined. The study of galaxy formation and evolution, dark matter, dark energy, stellar evolution and dynamics, etc. are also within the scope of this field. The approaches to the study of astronomical objects and astronomical phenomena fall under the two categories of observational and theoretical astrophysics. Observations in astrophysics are made by studying the electromagnetic radiation using radio, optical, space-based telescopes, etc. Neutrino and gravitational wave observatories are modern detectors in observational astrophysics. Theoretical astrophysics uses analytical models and numerical simulations to develop a comprehension of space phenomena. This textbook provides comprehensive insights into the field of astrophysics. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to this area of study. In this book, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

Geometry falls under the domain of mathematics. It is concerned with the study of shape, size and the properties of space. Geometry is built on the fundamental concepts of points, lines, curves, planes, angles and symmetries and has applications across different branches of mathematics, in art, architecture and physics. Modern geometry can be classified into Euclidean geometry, differential geometry, topology and algebraic geometry, among others. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of geometry. It attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of geometry and how such concepts have practical applications. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The field of engineering that is concerned with the organization of the purchase, storage, warehousing, transport and distribution of goods and materials is known as logistics engineering. It also encompasses the aspects of repair capability, training, demand history, spares inventory, etc. The supply chain management is an important aspect of logistics engineering. It is concerned with the procurement of raw materials as well as the distribution of the products to the end customer. Some of the areas of focus in logistics engineering are purchasing, sourcing, inventory control, customer service, warehousing, etc. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of logistics engineering and management. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques and the applications of this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this textbook.

Human geography is a branch of geography that deals with the study of a human community, society, culture and economics. It also explores human interaction with the environment. Human geography encapsulates structures and patterns of social interactions as well as the dynamics of the people and the environment. It involves investigations of the fundamental aspects of human life and society like study of culture, standard of living, economic systems, health care, history, politics, urban and rural distribution and spatial population variation due to migration and settlement. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of human geography, which will be crucial for the holistic understanding of civilizations, races and cultures. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in this field. For all those who are interested in pursuing the study of this discipline, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Business marketing refers to any marketing practice performed by an individual or an organization. When one business makes a commercial transaction with another, it is known as business to business or B2B. In this transaction, both the parties have comparable negotiating power. However, large companies can have advantages over smaller companies in terms of commercial and information resources. The principal models in B2B marketing are vertical B2B model and horizontal B2B model. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in business to business marketing. It outlines the problems and applications of business to business marketing in detail. This book is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text in this field.

Computer networks, which use wireless data connection between network nodes, are called wireless networks. Wireless telecommunication is achieved by radio communication. The different types of wireless networks are wireless personal area networks, wireless local area networks, wireless ad hoc networks, wireless metropolitan area networks, cellular networks, etc. Wireless communication is used in terrestrial microwave, communications satellites, cellular and PCS systems, and free-space optical communication, besides many others. The topics included in this book on wireless networks are of the utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. In this textbook, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of wireless networks as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

Computer architecture is an important aspect of computer engineering. It refers to a set of rules and methods that reflects the functioning, organization and use of computer systems. The objective of computer architecture is to design a computer with optimum performance, power efficiency, low cost and maximum reliability. The primary subcategories of computer architecture are instruction set architecture, microarchitecture and system design. Some other types are macroarchitecture, pin architecture, programmer visible macroarchitecture, etc. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to computer architecture. It picks up individual categories of computer architecture and explains their need and contribution in the modern scenario. This book is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Databases are structured accumulations of data, built for easy access and retrieval of data as per requirement. Such data frameworks are constructed according to industrial or organizational needs. Large databases require elaborate and efficient database management systems. They are of two types- general and special purpose. It has applications across a number of fields such as library systems, website management, inventory management, etc. This book sheds light on the modern techniques and methods of database system design, their applications and management. It elucidates concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to database systems. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for professionals, researchers and students in the fields of computer science and engineering, information science, knowledge management and software engineering.

Industrial and organizational psychology is an applied dimension of psychology that studies human behavior from an industrial and organizational work culture perspective. The targeted objective of this science is to study the performance, motivation and satisfaction of individuals and thereby understand the measures required for enhancing work-time performance and satisfaction. This is achieved through the right deployment of strategic hiring and training programs, feedback and management. Some of the focus areas of study are the assessment of group behavior, occupational health and well-being, productive behavior and individual psychometrics. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of industrial and organizational psychology. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The study of algorithms, which use numerical approximation for the solution of problems of mathematical analysis, is termed as numerical analysis. It has applications in the diverse areas of physical sciences and engineering. Direct and iterative methods and discretization are generally employed in numerical analysis. An important area of this field is the study of errors. Errors are introduced in the solutions obtained through numerical analysis due to round-off, truncation and discretization methods. The major sub-disciplines within this field are interpolation, extrapolation and regression, mathematical optimization, numerical integration, numerical differential equation, etc. This textbook provides comprehensive insights into numerical analysis. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover the principles and methodologies used in numerical analysis. This textbook, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Language development is a developmental process that commences early in life. The earliest learning is believed to begin in utero, when certain speech patterns and sounds of the mother's voice are perceived by the fetus. In children, receptive language abilities are developed before the development of their expressive or verbal language. The environment in which a child grows has a major influence on language development, as it provides the linguistic input for processing. Language development encompasses development in all the areas of phonology, grammar, semantics and pragmatics. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of language development. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in this field. The book is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area.

Cognitive psychology is the study of the mental processes that affect behavior. Attention, memory, perception, language acquisition and metacognition are some of the mental processes that are studied under this field. It involves conducting psychological experiments with human subjects with the aim of gaining insights into how the human mind absorbs, processes and functions based on the inputs received from the outer world. Such studies are incorporated in applied domains of educational psychology, personality psychology, social psychology, developmental psychology, abnormal psychology and economics. This domain of psychology is closely related to applied psychology. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of cognitive psychology. It unfolds the innovative aspects of this field, which will be crucial for the holistic understanding of the subject matter. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Brand management is the planning and analysis of the perceived image of a brand in the market. The most important aspect of any brand is its relation to its target audience. Tangible aspects like the look, price, and packaging of the product are essential elements of brand management. Other elements like brand image, brand perception, brand awareness, brand equity, brand relation, and consumer relation are pivotal for any brand to succeed in the market. Some common branding strategies include multibranding strategy, brand extension, co-branding and private branding strategy, among many others. Strategic brand management aims to improve the credibility of the brand and thereby increasing brand loyalty. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to strategic brand management. It studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of brand management and its utmost significance in modern times. Those with an interest in this field would find this book helpful.

The study of the fundamental problems pertaining to knowledge, reason, language, existence and values is known as philosophy. The methods included in this field are questioning, rational argument, critical discussion and systematic presentation. The major branches under which philosophical questions can be categorized are metaphysics, value theory, science, logic and mathematics, epistemology and philosophical traditions. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories in the field of philosophy. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this discipline. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts of the subject.

Business communication refers to the information exchange and interaction between various members in an organization. It encompasses advertising and marketing, public relations, corporate communication and community engagement, besides many others. The methods of business communication are presentations, video conferencing, web-based communication, reports, face-to-face meetings, etc. There are different approaches or directions to business communication in an organization. These are lateral or horizontal, formal and informal communication, top-down, bottom-up and diagonal communication, besides others. This book provides comprehensive insights into managerial and business communication and its need in the modern scenario. It outlines the strategies and practices of business communication in extensive detail. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Any content, which integrates different content forms such as audio, animations, interactive content, images and video to convey a message is known as multimedia. It can be displayed, recorded, played and accessed by devices or tools like mobile phones, tablets, computers, televisions, etc. The two broad categories of multimedia technology are linear and non-linear. Linear multimedia technologies refer to the content progression without viewer navigational control whereas non-linear multimedia employs interactivity to control progression, like in video games. The usage of multimedia technology is constantly growing. It is used in advertising, journalism, designing video games, animations like VFX, computer-based education, etc. It is also used in technical fields like mathematical and scientific research, medicine and engineering. This book traces the progress in the field of multimedia technology and highlights some of its key designs and tools. Such selected concepts that redefine this vast subject have been presented herein. Those with an interest in multimedia technology and its applications would find this book helpful.

Computational mathematics is the science that integrates computing and mathematics, for research. This is particularly significant in the areas of science that can be aided by computation. It involves the use of numerical methods, algorithms and symbolic computations. Computational mathematics is used in solving mathematical and scientific problems and to aid research in logic, number theory, cryptography, discrete mathematics and computational algebraic topology. Besides these, it is crucial in finance, economics and accounting. Some of the focus areas of computational mathematics are numerical linear algebra, Monte Carlo methods, stochastic finite elements, numerical analysis, etc. There has been rapid progress in computational mathematics and its applications are finding their way across multiple fields. This book elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The nucleus is the dense region within the atom that consists of protons and neutrons. A negatively-charged cloud of electrons surrounds it. Most of the mass of the atom is located in the nucleus. The nuclear force is responsible for the binding of the nucleus. The branch of physics that is concerned with the study of the nucleus and its constituents, as well as the forces acting on it, is called nuclear physics. It has led to many significant discoveries and innovations, such as the development of nuclear power, nuclear medicine, magnetic resonance imaging, radiocarbon dating, etc. Besides these, it is used in astrophysics to explain fusion in stars, stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis. The areas of valley of stability, and fusion and fission reactions are of crucial importance in this field. This book strives to provide a fair idea about nuclear physics to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within the field. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on nuclear physics have been included in this book. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this domain.

The employment of policies, procedures, architectures and practices to adequately manage the data lifecycle is known as data management. Libraries are the physical or digital collection of information and its sources, to make them more accessible for the community. In the modern scenario, data management is becoming a crucial aspect of library science and integrated library systems. Innovative data management techniques have simplified search techniques in libraries and the maintenance of journal databases. Online public access catalogs, digital libraries and library search databases are some significant examples of the advancements in library data management. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of data management for libraries. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Social psychology is the field of study that is concerned with the analysis of how people's thoughts, behaviors and emotions are affected by social factors. These factors may be cultural norms that one is exposed to, social situations and mental states. This field also studies how certain beliefs, goals, thoughts and intentions are cognitively constructed and how these in turn, impact an individual's interactions with others. Some of the crucial areas of study in social psychology are developing an understanding of the structure, formation, change and function of attitudes, persuasion, social cognition, etc. Besides these, the field also investigates into social influence, group dynamics and interpersonal attraction. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of social psychology. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. For all readers who are interested in social psychology, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

The research field, which studies issues in the social sciences through computational methods, is referred to as social simulation. These include issues in the areas of computational law, organizational behavior, political sciences, anthropology, geography, archaeology, psychology, sociology, economics, engineering, etc. This field uses complex non-linear systems to study and analyze simulation of societies. The topics explored in this field are economics, institutions, reputation, elections, social norms and knowledge transmission. The types of social simulation are system level modeling, system level simulation, agent-based modeling and agent-based simulation. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of social simulation. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Library science is the field concerned with the application of the perspectives, practices and tools of information technology, management and education to libraries. It involves a study of people's needs, their interactions with classification systems and the processes of acquisition of information. Some of the focus areas of library science are database and collection management, information literacy, information architecture, preservation, cataloging and classification, etc. The digital age has transformed the landscape of information access and retrieval. Information related to subject description, abstracting, resource description and metadata is easily accessible through digital resources. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of library science, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. The topics included in this book on data collection, development and management are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

The measure of development on a global scale is referred to as international development. The Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations are a set of targets and objectives to achieve long-term social, economic and political development. This is achieved with a focus on healthcare, education, gender equality, human rights, poverty reduction, infrastructure, etc. International aid to alleviate the issues surrounding a lack of development is generally a temporary measure. The long-term strategies focus on more culturally sensitive and economically and politically relevant projects that aim to empower women, care for the environment and strengthen local economies. Developing a sustainable and rights-based approach to development with an emphasis on capacity building is the fundamental step towards achieving international development. Human development is measured using a variety of indices such as life expectancy, national GDP, literacy rate, human development index, etc. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of international development. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of this field. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide important insights into the domain of international development.

The integrated management of core business processes that are supported by software and technology is known as enterprise resource planning or ERP. It includes management software and applications that are used by an organization in the collection, storage, management and interpretation of data related to business activities. It helps in improving the efficiency of a business, data security, quality of business, etc. Enterprise resource planning can be applied to diverse spheres of a business such as management accounting, finance & accounting, order processing, human resources, manufacturing, etc. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of enterprise resource planning. The various sub-fields of ERP along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in this book. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

The field of study concerned with the interaction of humanities and digital technologies is referred to as digital humanities. The systematic use of humanities related digital resources and their applications are included in this field. It uses computing tools like text mining, data mining, data visualization, hypertext, digital mapping, statistics, information retrieval and hypermedia, among many others. Fields related to digital humanities are software studies, critical code studies and platform studies. The diverse methods in this discipline include enhanced critical curation, cultural analytics, aggregation, the animated archive, database documentaries, augmented editions, etc. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of digital humanities and how such concepts have practical applications. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. The topics covered in this book offer the readers new insights in the field of digital humanities.

The in-depth study concerned with the separation, quantification and identification of matter using different methods and instruments is called analytical chemistry. The different concepts and methods used under this field can be divided into two broad categories namely, classical qualitative methods and classical quantitative methods. Qualitative analysis involves the determination of the presence or absence of specific compounds. Kastle-Meyer test, acid test and flame test are examples of qualitative methods used in analytical chemistry. Quantitative analysis measures the quantities of chemical constituents which are present in a substance. It includes volumetric and gravimetric analyses. Spectroscopy, electrochemical analysis, thermal analysis, microscopy, hybrid techniques, etc. are some of the instrumental methods of use in analytical chemistry. Some of its primary applications are in the areas of environmental analysis, forensic science, materials analysis, bioanalysis, etc. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of analytical chemistry. It will serve as an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Business is the practice of earning money by engaging in activities like buying, selling and producing goods or services. Business ownership is classified into partnership, cooperative, franchises, corporation, etc. Companies can also be distinguished into public and private companies. The activities crucial to a business are accounting, manufacturing, safety, research and development, and sales. Finance is a significant aspect of any business. It deals with the management of assets, liabilities and overall money management. Some common financial theories include financial economics, financial mathematics, behavioral finance and experimental finance. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of business and finance. It consists of contributions made by international experts on these subjects. For all readers who are interested in business and finance, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

As a field of social science, economics deals with the study of production, consumption and distribution of various goods and services. It explores the workings of the economies around the world and studies the behavior and interaction of economic agents. Economics is broadly divided into two sub-fields: macroeconomics and microeconomics. The practice of earning money through selling, buying, or producing goods or services is termed as business. It can be classified into company, a cooperative, charter cooperation, partnership or sole proprietorship. Business is conducted in different sectors, such as agriculture, public services, real estate, entertainment, industrial manufacturing, transportation, etc. Economics plays a crucial role in the success of a business. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex research advancements in the fields of business and economics. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on these subjects have been included in it. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.