Bøger udgivet af International Monetary Fund (IMF)

A Survey by the IMF staff usually published twice a year. It presents IMF staff economists' analyses of global economic developments during the near and medium term. Chapters give an overview as well as more detailed analysis of the world economy; consider issues affecting industrial countries, developing countries, and economies in transition to market; and address topics of pressing current interest.

Just as uncertainty associated with COVID-19 pandemic was abating, Russia invaded Ukraine. Uncertainty endured, shifting from pandemic to war, affecting all countries but in different ways. Above-target inflation rates and inflation surprises have helped reducing debt-to-GDP ratios but such relief is often temporary. High uncertainty and marked divergences across countries require a tailored and agile fiscal policy response that is ready to adjust as the outlook becomes clearer.

A large body of literature has shown that corruption impacts both economic growth and development through multiple channels, such as those related to financial stability, investments in physical and human capital, productivity. Corruption also impacts public trust and the efficiency of government.

Informality is a widespread and persistent phenomenon that affects how fast economies can grow, develop, and provide decent economic opportunities for their populations. It can arise for a variety reasons and can span across borders and influence a wide range of situations. The COVID-19 pandemic has helped to uncover the vulnerabilities of the informal workforce.

The global economy is climbing out from thedepths to which it had plummeted during the GreatLockdown in April. But with the COVID-19 pandemiccontinuing to spread, many countries haveslowed reopening and some are reinstating partiallockdowns to protect susceptible populations. Whilerecovery in China has been faster than expected, theglobal economy's long ascent back to pre-pandemiclevels of activity remains prone to setbacks.

This report overviews countries fiscal actions in response to COVID-19 and discusses how governments policies should adapt to get ahead of the pandemic and set the stage for a greener, fairer, and more durable recovery. Global vaccination should be scaled up as it can save lives and will eventually pay for itself with stronger employment and economic activity. Until the pandemic is brought under control globally, fiscal policies must remain flexible and supportive, while keeping debt at a manageable level over the long term. Governments also need to adopt comprehensive policies, embedded in medium-term frameworks, to tackle inequalities--especially in access to basic public services--that were exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and may cause income gaps to persist. Investing in education, healthcare and early childhood development and strengthening social safety nets financed through improved tax capacity and higher progressivity, can strengthen lifetime opportunities, improve trust, and contribute to more social cohesion.