Bøger udgivet af Hayle Medical

Biomedical science is the set of applied sciences that has applications in developing technology that can be of use in public health or healthcare. These applied sciences include clinical virology, medical microbiology, clinical epidemiology, biomedical engineering and genetic epidemiology, among others. An important branch of biomedical science is biomedical engineering, in which the concepts of engineering design and engineering principles are used to advance healthcare diagnosis, monitoring and therapy. Mathematical and theoretical biology applies mathematical models, theoretical analysis and abstractions to develop an insight into the structure, behavior and development of living systems. Mathematics is increasingly being applied to develop solutions to biomedical problems, particularly in toxicology, neurobiology and infectious diseases. The ever growing need of advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the research in the field of biomedical science in recent times. This book attempts to understand the use of mathematics in biomedical science and how such an integration has advanced the frontiers of medical science. It is a collective contribution of a renowned group of international experts.

Diarrhea is the condition characterized by atleast three liquid or loose bowel movements each day. It typically lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration owing to fluid loss. Diarrhea is of three types- short duration bloody diarrhea, short duration watery diarrhea and persistent diarrhea. Irritable behavior and loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin are common signs of the disease. If it becomes severe, it can result in decreased urination, fast heart rate, loss of skin color and decrease in responsiveness. The underlying cause of the disease can be attributed to an infection of the intestines. Lactose intolerance, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, hyperthyroidism, bile acid diarrhea, etc. are other causes of diarrhea. Oral rehydration solution and zinc tablets are ideal treatment strategies for diarrhea. This book is a comprehensive clinical guide to diarrhea. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information on this medical condition as well as for experts.

Sarcoma is a cancer which originates in the transformed cells of mesenchymal origin. All malignant tumors consisting of the cartilage, cancellous bone, muscle, fat, hematopoietic or vascular tissues are sarcomas. Askin's tumor, malignant hemangioendothelioma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, malignant schwannoma, etc. are certain types of sarcomas. Surgery is commonly used in the treatment of sarcoma. Limb-sparing surgery is performed in extremity tumor cases. Along with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy can also be used. Sarcomas in humans are quite rare, though it can affect people of all ages. Oncology is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of sarcoma and the recent researches in this condition. For all readers who are interested in sarcoma diagnosis and management, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

There have been remarkable strides made in the treatment of cancer as the understanding of the underlying biological processes of the disease has evolved. The traditional approaches to oncological medicine consisted of tumor removal surgeries, radiation therapy and hormone therapy, until the late 19th century. In the past years, other modalities such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapies have emerged. With continuing research in the biology of cancer, therapies continue to be developed with increased precision, efficacy, survivability and better quality of life. The ideal goal of cancer therapy is the complete eradication of the cancer without any adverse effects on the body. The other objectives include the suppression of the cancer to a subclinical state, provision of palliative care without curative intent and provision of a good quality of life. Clinical trials are an important aspect in the development of oncological medicine. These test new drugs, combinations of treatments, new approaches to surgery or radiation therapy and gene therapy. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of oncological medicine. It unfolds the present and future of oncological medicine. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area of study.

Cancer immunotherapy is a growing field of oncology that is concerned with the artificial stimulation of the immune system for the treatment of cancer. This is achieved by enhancing the body's natural ability to fight cancer. In cancer immunotherapy, antibody proteins of the immune system detect cancer cells by binding to them. The chief difference between normal and modified immunotherapy antibodies lies in the fact that while the former binds to external pathogens, the latter binds to tumor antigens thereby identifying and marking the cancer cells for the immune system to kill or inhibit their growth. Cancer immunotherapy can be passive, hybrid or active. Hybrid therapy is a combination of active and passive therapies. In active immunotherapy, the immune system is directed to attack tumor cells by targeting tumor antigens. Passive immunotherapies improve existing anti-tumor responses by using lymphocytes, cytokines and monoclonal antibodies. Some of the approved immunotherapy antibodies are nivolumab, alemtuzumab, ofatumumab, ipilimumab and rituximab. This book elucidates new techniques and applications of cancer immunotherapy in a multidisciplinary manner. It explores all the important aspects of cancer immunotherapy research and practice in the present day scenario. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Chemotherapy is a form of chemical drug therapy that is used to destroy rapidly growing cells of a body. It is a systemic therapy as it affects the whole body. It is primarily used in the treatment of cancer. However, it can also be used in the treatment of immune system disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. It lowers the number of cancer cells in the body, reduces metastasis, shrinks the tumor and reduces symptoms. When cancer is at an advanced stage, chemotherapy is used to relieve pain and symptoms. It can be delivered directly into the tumor to a specific part of the body through localized treatment, or administered orally, topically or in single shots. Due to its systemic nature, chemotherapy drugs target the cells in the blood, lining of the intestinal tract, the skin and the hair as well as where fast growing cells reside. This leads to side effects such as diarrhea, fatigue, mouth sores, easy bruising and bleeding, dry mouth, neuropathy, infections, memory problems, etc. Though many of these symptoms subside after conclusion of the treatment, damage to internal organs may also be incurred. This book elucidates new techniques and applications of chemotherapy in a multidisciplinary manner. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to chemotherapy and oncological medicine. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

The condition characterized by the abnormal enlargement or thickening of the heart muscle that results from an increase in the size of cardiomyocyte and changes in other heart muscle components like the extracellular matrix is termed as cardiac hypertrophy. Hypertrophy can be eccentric or concentric. Chest pain in conjunction with shortness of breath with exertion, syncope, general fatigue and palpitations are some of the signs and symptoms of cardiac hypertrophy. The condition can be diagnosed through an electrocardiogram, transthoracic echocardiography and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. The treatment of cardiac hypertrophy is dependent on the underlying cause and may involve surgery or medicinal therapy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy treatment and aortic valve stenosis treatment are some of the strategies used in the management of cardiac hypertrophy. Various blood pressure medications can be recommended such as angiotensin II receptor blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, etc. Lifestyle changes comprising of regular exercise, smoking cessation, and a good diet regime consisting of whole grains, good fats, fruits, vegetables and adequate nutrients are other ways to aid the healing process. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of cardiac hypertrophy. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac hypertrophy. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this domain.

Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by abnormal cell growth with the ability to metastasize to different parts of the body. The human body can be affected by over hundred different kinds of cancers. Tobacco consumption stands as the leading cause of cancer deaths followed by excessive drinking of alcohol and lack of physical activity. In its initial stages, cancer produces no symptoms. However, as the cancerous mass grows and ulcerates, various symptoms appear. Enlarged lymph nodes, pain or fracture of affected bones, enlarged liver or spleen and neurological symptoms may occur in metastatic cancers. Cancer can be diagnosed with the help of CT scans, biopsy, X-rays, endoscopy, blood tests and other tissue tests. The treatment of cancer has undergone rapid development as the understanding of the underlying processes has increased. Modern approaches to cancer management involve radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, synthetic lethality, hormonal therapy, etc. Due to better insights into the biology and pathogenesis of cancer, innovative treatments are being developed that will increase the precision, effectiveness and survivability of cancer. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of cancer and the recent researches in this field. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the basic and clinical aspects of cancer. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Cancer metabolism is an important area of research in cancer biology that is based on the principle that cancer cells have altered metabolic activities, which support the acquisition and maintenance of malignant properties. Research in this domain strives to understand the mechanism by which metabolism becomes reprogrammed in cancer cells and how such metabolic changes can be exploited for therapeutic benefit. An important theme in cancer metabolism is the cellular fitness provided by reprogrammed activities that enable a selective advantage during tumorigenesis. Due to this, cancer cells grow and proliferate at elevated levels, and survive under stressful conditions. Altered bioenergetics, redox balance and enhanced biosynthesis are some processes that provide benefit to the malignant cell and hence holds potential as therapeutic targets. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to cancer metabolism. It presents the complex subject of cancer metabolism in the most comprehensible language. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text in this domain.

The cancer that arises in the lung is called lung cancer. It can be of two kinds- small-cell and non-small-cell lung carcinoma. It is caused by long-term tobacco smoking, exposure to radon gas, second-hand smoke, asbestos and other forms of air pollution. Lung cancer can be prevented by avoiding smoking and exposure to air pollution. It usually arises due to a genetic damage to DNA and epigenetic changes. These changes affect the normal functions of the cell such as cell proliferation, DNA repair and programmed cell death. The lungs are commonly affected by the spread of cancer arising in other parts of the body. Primary lung cancers commonly metastasize to the bones, brain, liver and adrenal glands. The current research dimensions in lung cancer treatment include immunotherapy, epigenetics, and combinations of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to lung cancer. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this disease.

Medical informatics is the information engineering that deals with the use and management of healthcare information. It ensures the optimization of the acquisition, retrieval, storage and use of such information, in order to foster greater cooperation and collaboration among the different healthcare providers of a patient. It serves a critical role in healthcare reform. It is applied to the fields of dentistry, nursing, pharmacy, occupational therapy, clinical medicine, etc. An important application of this is the concept of integrated data repository, which incorporates different sources of clinical data to render support for solving problems of identity management, comparability of data, protection of confidentiality, etc. This book elucidates new techniques and applications of medical informatics in a multidisciplinary manner. It explores all the important aspects of this discipline in the present day scenario. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Any cancer that arises in the tissues of the urinary bladder can be termed as bladder cancer. Some of its common types are transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. These cancers typically cause hematuria, dysuria, frequent urination, etc. Individuals with advanced bladder cancer experience lower-extremity swelling, flank pain and pelvic or bony pain. Tobacco smoking is the chief contributor to urinary bladder cancer. The diagnosis of bladder cancer is done through an examination of the bladder, aided by a cystoscopy. It can also be diagnosed with a Hexvix/Cysview guided fluorescence cystoscopy. The treatment strategy employed for the management of bladder cancer is dependent on the degree of the invasion of the cancer. It can involve a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and radiation therapy. This book covers in detail the causes, symptoms, stages and treatment of bladder cancer. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this condition have been included in this book. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of bladder cancer.

The application of engineering principles and design to biology and medicine for applications in healthcare is under the scope of biomedical engineering. The development and management of medical equipment within industry standards is also an important focus of this field. Research in biomedical engineering spans a number of significant fields, from bioinformatics, biomechanics and biomedical optics to genetic engineering, neural engineering and clinical engineering. Prominent biomedical engineering applications include among others, the development of biocompatible prostheses, regenerative tissue growth technology, imaging methodologies and therapeutic biologicals. Many medical devices have also been developed owing to research in biomedical engineering, such as dialysis machines, corrective lenses, ocular prosthetics, artificial organs, implants, pacemakers, etc. Medical imaging technologies such as MRI, PET, PET-CT, X-rays, CT scans, ultrasound, electron microscopy, etc. have been developed due to research in biomedical engineering. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in biomedical engineering. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

A biological marker or biomarker is an indicator of a biological condition. It is evaluated to examine pathogenic processes in the living system or observe normal biological processes or to understand the pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers are used in medicine to examine organ function or other aspects of human health or to determine a diagnosis of a disease state by testing for its presence or absence. A commonly used biomarker is prostate-specific antigen or PSA, which is used as an indicator of prostate cancer. Biomarkers are also used in personalized medicine for prognostic and predictive purposes. Prognostic biomarkers indicate patient outcome regardless of a specific treatment, while predictive biomarkers help to optimize treatments and increase the chances of benefitting from a therapy. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of biomarkers. It elucidates new techniques and applications of biological markers in a multidisciplinary manner. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The diagnosis and management of various life-threatening conditions require sophisticated care and life support, as well as intensive monitoring. Such care is under the scope of intensive care medicine. Lethal cardiac arrhythmias, acute renal failure, multiple organ failure, cardiovascular instability and airway or respiratory compromise are some of the conditions that require intensive care. Serious infections such as severe pneumonia or sepsis, lethal short-term conditions like a heart attack or stroke, and major accidents also qualify for intensive care. Various equipment may be used in an intensive care unit or facility, such as a ventilator, monitoring equipment for assessing blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen levels in blood, feeding tubes, etc. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of intensive care and the recent researches in this field. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques and the applications of intensive care medicine and support. For all those who are interested in this field, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

HIV or human immunodeficiency virus is the cause of HIV/AIDS. It is a retrovirus, which infects the human immune system, particularly the CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. HIV is of two types- HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is more infective and virulent. It causes the majority of HIV infections worldwide. HIV-2 is comparatively less pathogenic than HIV-1 and has lower transmission rates. However, both lead to AIDS in individuals and also mutate to develop drug resistance. Once HIV enters the body, it undergoes a period of rapid viral replication, which then reduces CD4+ T cells. This results in a weakening of the immune system, thus allowing opportunistic infections to occur. The treatment of AIDS aims at slowing the progression of the disease, using antiretroviral therapy. This therapy consists of a combination of at least two classes of antiretroviral agents, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around HIV medicine. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on HIV/AIDS and its management have been included herein. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Living organisms require oxygen for survival, but it is also a highly reactive molecule that can damage organisms by producing reactive oxygen species. Oxidation is the chemical reaction that produces free radicals and thereby leads to chain reactions with the potential to damage the cells of organisms. Antioxidants inhibit oxidation. Ascorbic acid or thiols are antioxidants that can terminate these chain reactions. Organisms have a complex system of antioxidant metabolites and enzymes that work in tandem to prevent oxidative damage to DNA, proteins and lipids. However, reactive oxygen species have useful cellular functions as well, such as redox signaling. Antioxidant systems therefore do not remove oxidants completely but keep them at an optimum level. The role of oxidative stress in degenerative diseases, such as diabetes, kidney disease, neurological disorders, obesity, cancer and aging is understood. This makes antioxidant dietary supplements a potential strategy to overcome these conditions. This book provides comprehensive insights into antioxidants and their role in human health and disease. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Veterinary science is the field of medicine, which is concerned with animal health and welfare. Food production and safety, zoonosis control, animal disease control and animal welfare are some of the key focuses of this field. Animals suffer from a number of diseases, such as biliary fever, leucosis, pneumonia, bladder stones, blain, filariasis, epilepsy, fasciolosis, etc. Animal welfare involves considerations of disease, longevity, immunosuppression, physiology, behavior and reproduction. It is based on the belief that animals are sentient, and experience pain and suffering. It also addresses the aspects of animal cruelty, poaching, animal testing, behavioral enrichment, blood sport, etc. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about animal health and welfare. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to veterinary medicine have been included herein. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in veterinary science and medicine at various levels.

Angiography is a type of medical imaging technique. It is used for the purpose of visualizing the inside of blood vessels and body organs, especially the veins, arteries and the heart chambers. In this technique, a radio-opaque contrast agent is injected into the blood vessel and the imaging is done through X-ray based techniques like fluoroscopy. Some of the common types of angiography include coronary CT angiography, fluorescein angiography, microangiography, neurovascular angiography and peripheral angiography. The access to the blood vessels is gained either through the femoral vein or the femoral artery, depending upon the type of angiogram. This book elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Swine diseases are caused by bacterial and viral pathogens, nutritional and genetic factors. Some of the diseases caused by bacterial agents are bordetelosis, colitis, exudative epidermitis, listeriosis, swine dysentery, etc. Some viral swine diseases are African swine fever, blue eye disease, porcine respiratory coronavirus infection, swine vesicular disease, etc. Nutritional deficiencies in pigs may occur due to iron, vitamin E, calcium, vitamin D and biotin deficiencies, among others. A number of parasites such as Ascaris suum, Cryptosporidium, red stomach worm, Metastrongylus spp, etc. cause diseases in pigs. These diseases can lead to significant economic losses due to reduced productivity. The management of health issues in large swine population requires a major focus on biosecurity. Vaccination is the chief management tool to enhance immunity in swines. By using the combined strategy of minimizing disease challenge and augmenting individual and herd immunity by vaccinations, many swine diseases can be controlled. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of swine health and disease. It explores all the important aspects of swine health in the present day scenario. It is a collective contribution of a renowned group of international experts.

The partial or total inability to hear is referred to as hearing impairment. It may occur in both ears or a single ear. It leads to difficulties in learning a spoken language and social interaction. Some of the factors contributing to hearing loss include aging, infections, genetics, trauma to the ear and birth complications. It can be categorized as mild, moderate, moderate-severe, severe or profound, depending upon the unheard decibels in a particular ear. Otoscopy, tympanometry and auditory function tests such as Weber test, Rinne test, etc. are used to diagnose hearing impairment. Hearing aids are commonly used to assist speech comprehension in such patients. This book provides comprehensive insights into hearing impairment and disability. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to the diagnosis and treatment of this medical condition. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in the field of otolaryngology.

The subspecialty of medicine concerned with animal diseases is known as veterinary medicine. It focuses on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of injuries, diseases and disorders in animals. The management of zoonotic diseases also falls under this domain. Professionals in this field are veterinary physicians, veterinary technicians and nurses. They deal with various kinds of animals, including livestock, zoo animals, companion animals, etc. Some common procedures performed by veterinary physicians include declawing of cats, cropping of ears, debarking and docking of tails. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of veterinary medicine and the recent researches in this field. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of veterinary medicine and its utmost significance in modern times. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Integrative health care is the approach to health and wellness that combines the benefits of conventional and complementary health practices in a holistic and patient-focused manner. Alternative medicine approaches include mind and body practices along with the use of natural products. Yoga, meditation, and chiropractic and osteopathic manipulation are some of the popular mind and body practices. Hypnotherapy, acupuncture, tai chi, qi gong, Trager psychophysical integration, etc. are other such practices. Natural products include a variety of products, such as probiotics, herbs, vitamins and minerals. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) uses conventional medical treatment with alternative medicinal practices for improved results. Integrative medicine can help people by reducing pain, fatigue and anxiety. Some of the clinical conditions treated under integrative medicine include musculoskeletal and joint pain, gastrointestinal conditions, cancer, women's health issues, stress management, etc. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around complementary and alternative medicine. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of integrative health care and the recent researches in this field. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this field.

Metabolism is essential for the conversion of food into energy and building blocks of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. It is also responsible for the elimination of nitrogenous wastes. The field of medicine concerned with the study of hormones along with the functioning and disorders of the endocrine system is called endocrinology. It also studies the psychological or behavioral activities, growth and development, mood, stress, lactation, reproduction and sensory perception caused by hormones. The endocrine system constitutes of several glands that secrete hormones, which affect the actions of several organ systems in the body. Some of the common hormones include insulin, thyroid hormone and growth hormone. The various advancements in endocrinology and metabolism are glanced at in this book, and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. It strives to provide a fair idea about these disciplines and to help develop a better understanding of the latest researches in these domains. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with these fields will benefit alike from this book.

Medical imaging is the technique that allows the creation of visual representations of the interior of the body for the visualization of the function of the tissues and organs. This is vital for the purpose of clinical analysis and development of medical intervention. Its purpose is to assess the condition of the internal structures hidden by the skin and bones, and to diagnose and treat diseases. Some of the common imaging techniques include X-ray radiography, medical ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray computed tomography, endoscopy and positron emission tomography. The advancements in volume rendering techniques have resulted in the production of 3D images. This book outlines the processes and applications of medical imaging in detail. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to medical imaging. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for doctors, pathologists, researchers and experts.

The field of healthcare concerned with the care of people to help them recover, achieve and maintain optimal health and quality of life is called nursing. A nurse is skilled in assisting patients in performing activities of daily living. The sub-field of nursing dealing with the care of people suffering from life-limiting illnesses is known as palliative care. It is considered effective in providing comfort as it aids in reducing the pain and stress for the patient and the family. The goal of such care is to treat pain and other distressing symptoms, provide relief from suffering and a support system to assist the patient in living as actively as possible. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to palliative care. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of palliative nursing. For all those who are interested in this field, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

The part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli is called inflammation. It is considered to be a protective response involving the blood vessels, immune cells and molecular mediators. Its main functions involve the elimination of initial causes of cell injury, clearing out the damaged tissues and initiating tissue repair. Infection by pathogens, physical injury, burns, trauma, stress and chemical irritants are some of its primary causes. Some common inflammatory disorders are autoinflammatory diseases, colitis, acne vulgaris, rheumatic fever, vasculitis and glomerulonephritis. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of inflammation and the recent researches in this subject. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Doctors, researchers and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Nursing is a diverse healthcare profession. It has applications in the areas of pediatrics, gynecology and obstetrics, women's health and mental health, among others. It is concerned with the promotion and optimization of health, disease prevention and alleviation of pain. It also includes the maintenance of a quality of life for patients and their family. Nursing can be further divided into focused branches such as cardiac nursing, perioperative nursing, palliative nursing, obstetrical nursing, telenursing, etc. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to nursing have been included in this book. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this discipline. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

The branch of medicine dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases is known as internal medicine. It is also a subfield under veterinary medicine and clinical pharmacy. Doctors who have specialized in this field are called internists. They deal in the management of patients struggling with multi-system disease. They usually care for hospitalized and ambulatory patients. Internal medicine patients are mostly seriously ill and require complex investigations. Some of the main subfields of internal medicine include cardiology, critical care medicine, gastroenterology, nephrology, pulmonology, etc. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of internal medicine. The various advancements in this field are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. This book includes contributions of experts and doctors, which will provide innovative insights into this medical specialty.

Medical imaging refers to the different techniques used to visualize the interior of the body, and the functioning of some organs and tissues, in order to diagnose, monitor and treat diseases. X-ray radiography, X-ray computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the primary types of medical imaging techniques. X-ray radiography is a type of imaging technique, in which X-rays and gamma rays are used for imaging. A computed tomography scan comprises of a computer-processed combination of X-ray measurements, taken from many different angles. This generates tomographic images of the area that requires examination. The imaging technique involving the use of radiology to form detailed pictures of the anatomy and bodily functions is called magnetic resonance imaging. This book provides significant information of medical imaging to help develop a good understanding of different imaging techniques. It strives to provide a fair idea about this subject and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within it. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.