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Insulin is a protein hormone which is produced by the beta cells of pancreatic islets; it is the main anabolic hormone of the body. By absorbing carbohydrate especially glucose from the blood into liver fat and skeleton muscle cell, it regulates metabolism of carbohydrate fat and protein. Main purpose of insulin is to control the glucose level in the body. Insulin resistance is a pathological condition characterized by the failure of body cells to respond normally to the hormone insulin. In insulin resistance, the cells become less effective to lower the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Causes of insulin resistance include molecular mechanism, sedentary lifestyle, protease inhibitors, HCV, genetics, etc. The symptoms of insulin resistance are hyperglycemia, high blood sugar level, fatigue, brain fogginess, high blood pressure, polydipsia, polyphagia etc. Risk factors associated with insulin resistance are obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, liver pathologies, hemochromatosis, gastropareses, and polycystic ovary syndrome. The treatment of insulin resistance includes exercise and weight loss. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of insulin resistance. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on insulin resistance have been included in this book. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The imaging technique used for visualizing the lumen of blood vessels and organs of the body is known as angiography. The imaging of the arteries and veins, and the chambers of the heart are primarily done using this technique. Traditionally, a radio-opaque contrast agent is injected into a blood vessel and imaged using X-ray guided technologies. The X-ray images are then displayed on a film or an image intensifier. The technique allows an interventional radiologist or cardiologist to evaluate the blood flow through a vessel as well as detect any stenosis inside the vessel. Angiography can be of different types, such as coronary angiography, fluorescein angiography, neuro-vascular angiography, peripheral angiography, microangiography and post mortem CT angiography. Each of these has a unique application in healthcare and forensic science. Coronary angiography allows the visualization of the blood in the coronary arteries, while microangiography allows the tiniest blood vessels to be imaged. Fluorescein angiography enables the back of the eye to be photographed and peripheral angiography is performed to detect blood flow anomalies in the feet and legs. This book outlines the techniques and applications of angiography in detail. The various advancements in angiography are glanced at and their applications are looked at in detail. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Midlife is the stage in the life of a human being between young adulthood and the onset of old age. It is generally assumed to fall in the bracket of 45 to 65 years of age. This period is characterized by the slowing down of the boy, sensitivity to diet, stress and substance abuse. During midlife, several health conditions may develop like fibroids, migraine and systemic lupus erythematosus. This makes midlife a period warranting attention for gynecologic and hormone-sensitive conditions. Women further experience menopause around the age of 50, which ends their fertility. Over the past decades, studies have advanced the understanding of ovarian aging and its relationship to cardiovascular, bone, cognitive and musculoskeletal health. Signs of aging may become prominent and more rapid in women with osteoporosis. Decline in physical fitness such as reduction in aerobic performance and decrease in maximal heart rate, as well as changes in the skin occur in midlife. Healthy behavior, in particular the maintenance of healthy body weight and physical activity can moderate certain negative changes. Therefore, this period constitutes a critical period for optimizing health and functioning, and preventing chronic diseases. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about women's midlife health and wellness. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying women's health as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts

A pharmaceutical drug is a compound which is used for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of a disease. It can be classified depending on the level of control, mode of action, route of administration and therapeutic effects, among others. Some classes of medicine are antibiotics, antipyretics, analgesics, antiseptics, oral contraceptives, tranquilizers, stimulants, etc. The development of pharmaceutical products traverses a number of stages from drug discovery to commercialization. There exists a clear distinction between small molecule drugs and biologic medical products. While small molecule drugs are developed through chemical synthesis; biologic medical products include vaccines, recombinant proteins, gene therapy and cell therapy. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of pharmaceuticals. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on potential pharmaceutical agents. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

A sarcoma is the cancer of the transformed cells of mesenchymal origin. All malignant tumors of cancellous bone, fat, cartilage, muscle, vascular or hematopoietic tissues are considered sarcomas. These are named based on the tissue of origin and are assigned a grade depending on the presence of cellular and subcellular characteristics that are associated with malignant biological behavior as well as their frequency. High-grade tumors can undergo metastasis and therefore need aggressive treatment. Surgery is important in the treatment of sarcomas. Other treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy may also be administered, whether before or after surgery. These can improve prognosis and increase chances of survival. This book unravels the recent studies in sarcoma. It unfolds the innovative aspects in the management of sarcoma which will be crucial for the progress of oncology in the future. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this medical condition.

Veterinary science, also known as veterinary medicine, is the science concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases which affect the health of animals. The control of such diseases is important because of the economic losses they cause and the potential transmission of pathogens to humans. Safe and effective vaccines are used for the prevention of companion animal diseases, such as feline distemper, canine distemper, etc. The study of anatomy, pathology, physiology, pharmacology, microbiology, toxicology and nutrition forms the foundation of veterinary science and medicine. Apart from these, diagnostic and clinical pathology, management of infectious and non-infectious diseases, radiology, obstetrics, anesthesiology and surgery are important dimensions of this field. Various instrumentation technologies may be applied for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in animals. These include endoscopy, echocardiography, laser lithotripsy, nuclear scintigraphy, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, etc. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of veterinary science and medicine. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Pharmaceutical policy is a field which deals with the development, use and provision of medications within a healthcare system. It encompasses biologics, drugs, vaccines and natural health products. Patent laws apply to all pharmaceutical products. Thus, the interpretations of these made by government patent granting agencies can have significant impacts on the incentive to drug development. These also have consequences on the availability of lower-priced generic drugs. Another important dimension of pharmaceutical practice is licensing. A recognized national agency is mostly responsible for reviewing a product and approving its sale. Quality, safety and efficacy are the chief determinants of drug regulation. Once the safety and clinical benefits of a product have been established and its pricing has been determined, a drug manufacturer submits it for evaluation by a payer. This book provides comprehensive insights into pharmaceutical policy and practice. It outlines the varied aspects of pharmaceutical regulation, legal issues and administrative dimensions of pharmaceutical practice in detail. As this field is constantly evolving, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and developments in this domain.

The thyroid is an endocrine gland, located at the neck. It secretes three hormones-thyroxine, triiodothyronine and calcitonin. The thyroid hormones influence the metabolic rate of the body and control protein synthesis. Any dysfunction in the production of these hormones or abnormality in the thyroid gland can lead to several diseases. Excessive or insufficient production of the thyroid hormone leads to hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism respectively. The thyroid gland can also develop nodules which can be malignant or non-malignant. Malignant nodules may include medullary, follicular and papillary carcinomas. Thyroid research encapsulates a wide range of topics relative to the diagnosis, pharmacological and treatment methods, genetics of thyroid disorders and complications, etc. The physiological mechanisms of the action and regulation of the thyroid hormone are studied and understood owing to such research. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital findings and emerging trends in thyroid research. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing the understanding of the thyroid gland are examined in detail.

Neuroengineering is a field of science which studies the properties and functions of neural systems, with the objective of enhancing, repairing or replacing neural function. This field builds on the foundations of experimental and computational neuroscience, electrical engineering, clinical neurology and signal processing of living neural tissue. It also integrates robotics, neural tissue engineering, nanotechnology, etc. By using the fundamentals of neural networks, neural relations and nervous system functions, devices that can control and interpret signals and produce meaningful responses can be designed. The research in neural engineering is driven by the use of techniques that study how the nervous system functions or malfunctions. Neuroimaging techniques such as MRI, fMRI, PET and CAT scans, neural networks that model neural systems, neural prostheses that replace or supplement impaired nervous functions, etc. are some of the applications of neuroengineering. Research in this domain is focused on the rehabilitation of brain malfunction or brain damage arising from spinal cord injury, peripheral nerve injury, etc. There has also been a concerted effort to develop scaffolds for the regrowth of the spinal cord for management of neurological problems. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of this field. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models of neuroengineering around prospective developments with respect to rehabilitation. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

The human eye provides a three-dimensional moving image that is normally colored during the daytime. There are many changes in the eye and its surrounding areas due to various disorders and diseases, and aging. Eye tumor, excessive tearing, dry eyes, macular degeneration, cataract, glaucoma, etc. are some of the common eye diseases caused by various internal and external factors. The aging process is one of the prominent reasons for certain changes in the eye. The most functionally important changes in the non-diseased eye are the loss of accommodation or focusing capability and a reduction in pupil size. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to ophthalmology have been included in this book. It presents the complex aspects of diagnosis and management of eye diseases in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this field of study.

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases associated with damage to the optic nerve that may cause vision loss. Open-angle glaucoma, normal-tension glaucoma and closed-angle glaucoma are the common forms of glaucoma diseases. Open-angle glaucoma develops slowly without pain whereas closed-angle glaucoma can occur suddenly or gradually. It may involve severe eye pain, mild-dilated pupil, nausea and blurred vision. Damage of optic nerve caused by normal pressure is known as normal-tension glaucoma. The loss of vision that occurs as a result of glaucoma is permanent. High blood pressure, frequent pressure in the eye and family history are the common factors that increase the risk of glaucoma. Laser treatment, surgery or medication can cure this disease if diagnosed early. This book strives to provide a fair idea about this disease and help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within its management. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this disease have been included herein. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Blood is a body fluid which delivers nutrients and oxygen to the cells. It also transports metabolic wastes away from the cells. Any anomaly in the production of blood and its components, such as hemoglobin, bone marrow, platelets, spleen, blood proteins, the mechanism of coagulation, etc. is expressed as a blood disorder. Leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, thrombocytosis, polycythemia vera, etc. are some of the disorders of cell proliferation. Coagulation disorders include hemophilia, thrombophilia and coagulopathy. Hematological malignancies are malignant neoplasms affecting the blood, lymph, bone marrow and lymphatic system. These may derive from either the myeloid or lymphoid cell lines. All such disorders are treated in the domain of hematology and oncology. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the fields of hematology and oncology. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of these disciplines.

Regeneration is the process of growth, renewal and restoration that makes cells, genomes, organisms and ecosystems resist events and fluctuations that can cause disturbance or damage. Every species is capable of regeneration, from single-celled organisms like bacteria to complex organisms like humans. Regeneration can be complete such as when new tissue is regenerated similar to the lost tissue, or incomplete when necrotic tissue turns fibrotic. Humans have limited capacity for reparative regeneration, especially in response to injury. An important area of study of regeneration in humans is the hypertrophy of the liver after liver injury. Another vital area of study in reparative regeneration in humans is fingertip regeneration and rib regeneration. The sequence of inflammation and regeneration is however not followed accurately in cancer. There has been rapid progress in the understanding of inflammation and regeneration in recent years. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this domain have been included in this book. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of regenerative medicine.

Oncology is a branch of medicine concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. Cancer is a disease, which involves abnormal growth of a cell. These cells have the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. There are different forms of cancer such as esophageal cancer, blood cancer, cervical cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, etc. Consumption of tobacco or alcohol, obesity and advanced age are some of the common factors that increase the risk of cancer. Common diagnostic tests used in this domain include computed tomography, biopsy, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, etc. Treatment methods include radiation, chemotherapy surgery, surgery, targeted therapy and hormonal therapy. This book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of oncology and its utmost significance in modern times. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

There exists a strong correlation between human nutrition and health, and the human genome. Each individual responds differently to diet. This is due to genetic variations in each individual. Nutritional imbalances during lactation and gestation can contribute to cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, cancer and hypertension. Certain diseases that have genomic anomalies can have consequences on appetite, such as the Prader-Willi syndrome which is characterized by insatiable appetite. Such studies are explored in the domain of nutritional genomics and nutriepigenomics. A crucial area in the study of these fields is obesity. By understanding the interaction between genetic factors and dietary patterns, management of obesity can be possible with targeted dietary changes. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of genes and their effect on human nutrition. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on nutritional genomics and nutriepigenomics. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Gastroenterology is a specialized field of medicine, which focuses on the diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or the digestive system. The GI tract is responsible for the digestion of food, absorption of nutrients and removal of wastes from the body. The diseases treated under the scope of gastroenterology are ulcers, acid reflux, hepatitis C, jaundice, pancreatitis, colon cancer, hemorrhoids, etc. The diagnosis of most of these conditions can be done non-surgically with the help of colonoscopies, endoscopic ultrasounds, sigmoidoscopies, liver biopsies, double balloon enteroscopies, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, etc. Certain endoscopic procedures can also be used for the removal of polyps, esophageal and intestinal dilation, and for stemming blood loss, among others. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed the discipline of gastroenterology and aided its advancement. It traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key aspects. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

The field of medicine that deals with the disorders of the nervous system is referred to as neurology or neurological medicine. It encompasses the diagnosis and treatment of the conditions of the central and peripheral nervous system, and associated tissues, blood vessels, muscles and coverings. Some of the subspecialties of this field include clinical neurophysiology, brain injury medicine, neuromuscular medicine, sleep medicine, pain medicine and neurocritical care, among others. A neurological examination is required if the patient is suspected of having a neurological disorder. It is generally focused on determining if there exist lesions in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Neuroimaging and other neurological tests show correlations between observed and reported mental difficulties as well as provide insights into neural function and differences in brain structure. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around neurological medicine. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on neurology have been included herein. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this field.

The branch of medicine that is concerned with the cause, prognosis, prevention and treatment of disorders of the blood is known as hematology. The diseases affecting the production of blood and its components, such as hemoglobin, blood cells, bone marrow, blood proteins, spleen, blood vessels, etc. are also under the scope of hematology. This field largely focuses on the conditions of the bone marrow and the lymphatic organs, including platelet and blood count irregularities. Organs that are fed by blood cells, such as lymph nodes, thymus, spleen and lymphoid tissue are also studied under this field. Some hematological disorders are bleeding disorders and cancers, hemophilia and blood clots. Lymphoma and leukemia are hematological malignancies. Complete blood count is the most common hematological test. It is generally performed to detect anemia, blood cancers, infections, clotting anomalies and immune system disorders. Other hematological tests are blood enzyme test, blood chemistry test and blood tests for assessing risks of heart diseases. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of hematology which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Electrocardiography (ECG) is the technique by virtue of which the electrical activity of the heart is measured and recorded over a period of time. Electrodes placed over the skin detect electrical changes arising due to the electrophysiological pattern of depolarizing and repolarizing of the heart during each heart beat. The voltage versus time graph obtained through this procedure is called an electrocardiogram. It is examined to detect any suspected myocardial infarction, perceived arrhythmia, known cardiac arrhythmias, suspected pulmonary embolism, etc. It can also be done for cardiac stress testing, and for preoperative and perioperative assessment and monitoring. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of clinical cardiology and the recent researches in this field. The various advancements in electrocardiography are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes HIV infection, which later develops into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This condition leads to a progressive failure of the immune system which allows certain life-threatening, opportunistic infections and cancers to affect the body. HIV infection may be transmitted sexually such as by contact with vaginal fluids, semen or pre-ejaculate. It may also be transferred from an infected mother to child during pregnancy and childbirth, through breast milk, contaminated blood transfer, etc. HIV infects the helper T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells of the human immune system. Such infection results in low levels of CD4+ T cells through various mechanisms. When these cells decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost and the body becomes susceptible to opportunistic infections. There is no effective vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS. Treatment strategies attempt to slow the progression of the disease with highly active antiretroviral therapy and manage the occurrence of opportunistic infections. A healthy diet is generally promoted for the management of AIDS. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the understanding of HIV/AIDS. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this infection have been included herein. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Organ transplantation is a medical procedure performed to replace a missing or damaged organ. Organs and tissues may be transplanted from one healthy donor to a recipient. Organ donors can be dead, brain dead or living. Transplants can be autografts, allografts or xenografts. Organs such as the kidneys, liver, heart, lungs, pancreas, thymus and intestine, and tissues such as bones, cornea, heart valves, skin and veins can be transplanted. Transplantation medicine is a complex and challenging field. The problem of transplant rejection is one of the enduring issues of organ transplantation. The body exhibits an immune response to the transplanted organ, which can lead to transplant failure, and requires the transplanted organ to be removed from the recipient immediately. By using immunosuppressant drugs and using organs with a donor-recipient match, this problem can be solved. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of organ transplantation. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible language. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in this field.

Congenital anomalies are birth defects that hamper the physical, intellectual and developmental health of individuals. These are divided into two chief types- structural disorders and functional disorders. In structural disorders, there are problems with the shape of a body part. In functional disorders, problems occur with the functioning of a body part. Functional disorders can be metabolic and degenerative. Some of the risk factors contributing to congenital anomalies include alcohol consumption, smoking, folate deficiency, poorly controlled diabetes, etc. Birth defects can be diagnosed by screening tests or may be visible at birth. The treatment of each anomaly is unique and depends on the defect. It may involve medication, surgery, therapy or assistive technology. This book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on congenital anomalies. It strives to provide a fair idea about this condition and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances in its assessment and treatment. For all readers who are interested in congenital anomalies, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Lung cancer is the clinical condition characterized by rapid growth of cells in the lung tissues, which can invade nearby tissues and other parts of the body. Cancers that start in the lung are carcinomas. Lung cancer typically presents itself with various systemic and respiratory symptoms and symptoms consistent with cancer metastasis to adjacent structures. Lung cancers are classified in accordance with their histological type. They are carcinomas that arise from epithelial cells. The treatment of lung cancer includes surgery, palliative care, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Advanced stage lung cancer is usually treated using targeted therapy. This book provides comprehensive insights into the evaluation and management of lung cancer. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on oncology.

Hypoxia is the condition in which there is a deprivation in the supply of oxygen in the body or a region of the body. It occurs when there is a reduction in oxygen pressure below the normal range. However, it can be a part of the normal physiology, and may occur with strenuous physical exercise or during hypoventilation training. It may be generalized or local. Generalized hypoxia can be a high-altitude disease or one in which a mixture of gases with low oxygen content has been inhaled. Fatigue, nausea, numbness and cerebral anoxia are some common symptoms. Hypoxia can result in cyanosis when severe and tissues may become gangrenous. Such tissue hypoxia may be due to low cardiac output, low hemoglobin concentration and low hemoglobin saturation. This book provides comprehensive insights into the mechanisms and effects of hypoxia. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts in pulmonology, this book targets students and professionals.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of cancers wherein the immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature and fail to become healthy blood cells. Initially, there are no symptoms, but later on, symptoms such as shortness of breath, a feeling of exhaustion, easy bleeding and frequent infections start to develop. Some myelodysplastic syndromes may develop into acute myeloid leukemias. The risk factors associated with MDS include exposure to pesticides, tobacco smoke, benzene, and heavy metals such as lead or mercury along with previous history of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The diagnosis of MDS is usually done by eliminating other causes of cytopenias, such as anemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia. The treatment of MDS may involve drug therapy, supportive care and stem cell transplantation. Supportive care is provided by the use of antibiotics, blood transfusions and medications to increase the formation of red blood cells. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about myelodysplastic syndromes. It includes some of the significant pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to this condition. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying MDS as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Melanoma is a form of cancer, which develops from melanocytes. It primarily occurs in the skin, but may occur rarely in the eye, mouth and intestines. Melanoma is caused mainly due to ultraviolet light exposure in individuals with low levels of skin pigment. It can also arise from a mole. Such a mole may exhibit changes in size and color, and develop irregular edges, skin breakdown or itchiness. Rare genetic defects like xeroderma pigmentosum, are associated with increased risk. The diagnosis of melanoma is through an analysis of skin lesions and biopsy. In cases where the melanoma has not spread, the prognosis is generally good, and most people survive. In people for whom the melanoma has spread, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, biologic therapy or chemotherapy can improve survival. Surgery is generally required to reduce the risk of recurrence. This book provides comprehensive insights into the current status and future perspectives in the management of melanoma. It is a collective contribution of a renowned group of international experts. This book elucidates new techniques of assessment, diagnosis and treatment of melanoma in a multidisciplinary manner.

Dysphagia refers to a difficulty in the passage of liquids or solids as they pass from the mouth to the stomach. It may also refer to an inadequacy in the swallowing mechanism and a lack of pharyngeal sensation. Dysphagia can be classified into esophageal and obstructive dysphagia, oropharyngeal dysphagia, functional dysphagia and neuromuscular symptom complexes. If dysphagia is undiagnosed and untreated, it may result in pulmonary aspiration and aspiration pneumonia. It can also result in malnutrition, dehydration and renal failure. Oropharyngeal dysphagia can present symptoms of difficulty controlling food in the mouth, difficulty initiating a swallow, inability to control food or saliva in the mouth, choking, coughing, nasal regurgitation, etc. Esophageal dysphagia most commonly exhibits signs of odynophagia and inability to swallow solid food. It can be diagnosed using a modified barium swallow study, fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing, exfoliative cytology, esophagoscopy and laryngoscopy, among others. Based on a thorough evaluation of the condition, dysphagia can be managed by incorporating swallowing therapy, feeding tubes, dietary changes, surgery or medications. Adequate diet and hydration are essential and should be ensured throughout therapy. This book unravels the recent studies in dysphagia. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Students, researchers, experts and physicians will benefit alike from this book.

Human papillomavirus infection is an infection caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV infection is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection. Most HPV infections cause little to no symptoms and resolve spontaneously. An HPV infection may persist and result in warts or precancerous lesions, which can later cause cancer of the cervix, penis, vulva, vagina, anus, mouth or throat. Some of the risk factors associated with persistent HPV infections are sexual intercourse with multiple partners, poor immune function, early age of first sexual intercourse and smoking. HPV vaccines are effective in the prevention of most common infections. HPV infections can be prevented through sexual abstinence and use of condoms. The immune system clears HPV naturally within a period of two years for the majority of the cases, but it is debated whether the virus gets completely eliminated from the body or reduced to undetectable levels. This book provides comprehensive insights into human papillomavirus. It aims to shed light on the clinical aspects of human papillomavirus infections and the recent researches in this domain. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Cancer can be treated by a number of different therapeutic modalities that comprise of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy and synthetic lethality. A particular cancer therapy is chosen as per the grade, location and stage of the tumor as well as the performance status of the patient. The complete removal of the cancer without causing any damage to the rest of the body is the ideal goal of cancer treatment. Besides curative intent, treatment also seeks to suppress the cancer to a subclinical state and thereby maintain a quality of life for patients with the chronic condition, and provide palliative care in advanced-stage metastatic cancers. To achieve clinical progress against cancer, it is vital to continue research in cancer drug discovery and development. Since each tumor exhibits a unique set of genomic alterations irrespective of the tissue of origin, it can lead to a wide variability in terms of drug responses. As a result, new human cancer models need to be developed and investigated to achieve better drug discovery and development. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around cancer drug discovery and development. It explores all the important aspects of cancer drugs in the present day scenario. This book is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on cancer medicine.

Gastric cancer is the cancer, which develops in the lining of the stomach. Most stomach cancers are gastric carcinomas. Some of its early symptoms include upper abdominal pain, heartburn, nausea and loss of appetite. In its later stages, the cancer presents itself with yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eye, weight loss, vomiting and difficulty swallowing. More than 60% of gastric cancers are caused due to infection by Helicobacter pylori. If the cancer is detected and targeted early, it can be potentially cured. A gastroscopic exam involving the insertion of a fibre optic cable into the stomach, upper GI series and CT scanning of the abdomen can reveal gastric cancer. Treatments typically include a combination of radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and surgery. This book provides comprehensive insights into the current status and future perspectives of gastric cancer. It elucidates new techniques of assessment, diagnosis and management of gastric cancer in a multidisciplinary manner. Scientists and students actively engaged in oncology will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.