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Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between antioxidants and free radicals in the body. Free radicals are oxygen-containing molecules with an unbalanced number of electrons. The body creates free radicals during regular metabolic processes. Oxidative stress happens naturally and contributes in the aging process. It can occur due to a variety of reasons including air pollutants, consumption of alcohol, radiation, cold, drugs, toxins, and trauma. In the body, numerous pathophysiological conditions such as chronic fatigue syndrome, atherosclerosis, heart attack, cancers and gene mutations are caused by oxidative stress. It may also lead to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Certain dietary and lifestyle adjustments may aid in the reduction of oxidative stress. These include exercising regularly, maintaining a healthy body weight, and eating a well-balanced nutritious diet rich in vegetables and fruits. This book contains some path-breaking studies related to the molecular basis of oxidative stress. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

An intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) is a protein in which the fixed or ordered three-dimensional structure is absent, generally when its macromolecular interaction partners, such as other proteins or RNA are absent. The flexible structure of these proteins allows them to accomplish their biological functions. IDPs play an important role in DNA regulation and cell signaling owing to their ability to participate in weak multivalent interactions that are highly cooperative and dynamic. There are various IDPs that can adopt a fixed three-dimensional structure after they bind themselves to other macromolecules. IDPs are associated with numerous diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, amyloidoses, neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes. This book includes some of the vital pieces of works being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the relationship between intrinsically disordered proteins and diseases. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Herpesvirus refers to a type of virus that belongs to the herpesviridae family. It has been classified into eight different types which include herpes simplex type I (HSV-1), herpes simplex type II (HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV/HHV-3), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV/HHV-4), cytomegalovirus (CMV/HHV-5), herpesvirus type 6 (HBLV/HHV-6), herpesvirus type 7 (HHV-7) and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8). Both direct and serologic techniques are used to diagnose the human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection. One of the most prominent techniques used for quantifying viral DNA in blood, organs and other body fluids is real-time PCR. There is currently no officially approved treatment for herpes infections. However, supportive therapy including sufficient hydration and acetaminophen for fever is recommended in all patients with symptomatic HHV-6 infection. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the diagnosis and management of human herpesviruses. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge about this virus. The book will provide comprehensive knowledge to medical students and professionals.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an umbrella term used to describe intestinal disorders that cause prolonged inflammation (pain and swelling) of the digestive tract. IBD can be divided into two types which include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Signs and symptoms of IBD include reduced appetite, unintended weight loss, mucus or blood in stool, and upset stomach. IBD can be prevented by certain dietary and lifestyle changes. A patient suffering from IBD is recommended to reduce the intake of foods that irritate the intestines such as fibrous, spicy, greasy, or milk-based products. Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in IBD patients. Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) that includes amino acids, sugars, fats, vitamins and minerals is the only established diet for IBD patients. This book investigates the effect of nutrition and diet on inflammatory bowel disease. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of gastroenterology, it targets medical students and professionals.

Secondary metabolites refer to a heterogeneous group of natural metabolic products, which are not directly involved in the normal growth and development, or reproduction of an organism. They can be produced by any life form such as bacteria, fungi, animals or plants. Secondary metabolites are responsible for mediating ecological interactions, which may benefit the organism by increasing its survivability or fertility. They are classified into five main classes according to their structure, function and biosynthesis. These include terpenoids and steroids, fatty acid-derived substances and polyketides, alkaloids, non-ribosomal polypeptides, and enzyme cofactors. There are several medical applications of secondary metabolites due to their immunosuppressant, antitumor, antiprotozoal, antihelminth, antiviral, and anti-aging properties. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to secondary metabolites, their bioactive properties, and therapeutic applications. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the latest concepts in this area of study.

Serious injury refers to physical trauma caused to a body by an external force that requires immediate medical attention or hospitalization. Falls, burns, acts of violence, road accidents, natural disasters, faulty products, and extreme sports may result in severe injuries. Serious injuries may, but not necessarily lead to permanent disability, impairment or disfigurement. Severe injuries not only involve the physical impact on the body of a patient, but it also affects emotional and mental health. These mental health issues can further have a negative impact on the rate of recovery. The mental health issues which can be caused due to a severe injury include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that is triggered by a shocking event. This condition develops when the symptoms of trauma persist for weeks and months after the stressful event. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a treatment therapy, which is used for a variety of mental health conditions such as anxiety disorders, depression, and PTSD. It helps people change their thought patterns in order to influence their behaviors and emotions. This book presents researches on various new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the care of severely injured patients. From theories to research to practical applications, clinical studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this area of medicine have been included herein.

Carotenoids are a class of phytonutrients synthesized by plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria. These richly colored molecules are responsible for the yellow, orange and red colors of many fruits and vegetables. Carotenoids can be broadly classified as carotenes and xanthophylls based on the chemical contained in them. There are several types of dietary carotenoids such as a-carotene, b-carotene, b-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene. Mangoes, papayas, carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, and pumpkins are some good sources of a-carotene. Carotenoids play diverse roles in promoting human health. They act as antioxidants in the human body and have strong cancer-fighting properties. The body converts some carotenoids into vitamin A, which is essential for vision, normal growth and development. The anti-inflammatory and immune system benefits of carotenoids can help in preventing cardiovascular diseases. The book outlines the importance of carotenoids in human health in detail. With its detailed analyses and data, it will prove immensely beneficial to nutritionists, registered dieticians, and medical students involved in the field of clinical nutrition and dietetics at various levels.

Dietary fiber, also called roughage, includes the parts of plant-based foods that the body cannot digest or absorb. It can be broadly categorized into soluble fiber and insoluble fiber. Soluble fiber dissolves in water to form a gel-like material in the digestive system. Oats, peas, beans, apples, citrus fruits, carrots, barley, and psyllium are good sources of soluble fiber. It helps lower blood cholesterol and regulates the blood sugar levels. Insoluble fiber is a type of fiber that does not dissolve in water and promotes the movement of stool through the digestive system. It is found in whole-wheat flour, wheat bran, nuts, beans, and in vegetables such as cauliflower, green beans, and potatoes. Insoluble fiber adds bulk to the stool and prevents constipation. The book aims to shed light on the nutritional function of dietary fibers in promoting human health. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Medical imaging or radiology is the field of medical science that involves the recreation of images of human body parts for the purpose of diagnosing and treating different medical conditions. There are various types of medical imaging procedures such as X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, etc. The area of study within artificial intelligence which focuses on providing the computers with the capability to learn without being explicitly programmed is known as machine learning. Some radiological applications of machine learning include identification, portrayal and observation of infections, image classification, object detection, image segmentation and registration, image generation, and image transformation. Machine learning and artificial intelligence tools are used extensively for identifying cardiovascular abnormalities, neurological diseases, and detecting fractures and other musculoskeletal injuries. This book outlines the applications of machine learning in the field of medical imaging. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to medical students and researchers involved in this field.

An imbalance in the redox state of the cells, which may be caused by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or dysfunction of the antioxidant systems leads to the state of oxidative stress. In this state, the capability of the biological system to detoxify the reactive products is reduced. Increased ROS levels have negative effects on essential cellular structures, such as nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. Oxidative stress may cause development of several diseases, including Parkinson's disease, chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), cancer, depression, Alzheimer's disease, heart failure, fragile X syndrome and Lafora disease. Numerous antioxidants including polyphenols, vitamin E, and flavonoids have been studied for their potential properties against oxidative stress. From theories to research to practical applications, studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance on the mechanisms and health impacts of oxidative stress have been included in this book. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this area of study.

Wound repair is a dynamic process wherein a damaged tissue of a living organism is replaced by newly produced tissue. Regeneration of tissues takes place in all parts of the body. The term regeneration describes the specific substitution of the tissue such as the superficial epidermis, mucosa or fetal skin. However, there is also another form of healing wherein the wounds heal by fibrosis and scar formation. Healing and wound repair takes place in four overlapping phases or stages, namely, hemostasis, inflammatory, proliferative and maturation. The first phase of wound healing, hemostasis, begins with the onset of an injury and the aim of this stage is to stop the bleeding. The second phase or the inflammatory/defensive phase initiates a process for destroying bacteria and removing debris for preparing the wound bed for the growth of new tissue. Proliferation is the third phase of wound healing and it further involves three stages namely filling the wound, contraction of the wound margins, and covering the wound (epithelialization). In the final phase, the maturation phase, the new tissue slowly gains strength and flexibility. This book explores a wide range of topics related to wound healing. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for practitioners, surgeons, wound researchers and other health professionals.

A circulating tumor cell (CTC) refers to a type of a cell that has been shed from a primary tumor into the lymphatic system or the vascular system, and is carried all over the body through blood circulation. CTCs have the ability to extravasate and become a source for the creation of new tumors in distant organs. The identification and analysis of CTC can aid in early patient prognoses and deciding suitable personalized therapy. The detection of CTCs using liquid biopsy has a number of advantages over conventional tissue biopsies. Liquid biopsies are non-invasive and can be used multiple times. They also provide valuable information about metastatic risk, disease progression and treatment success. Analysis of blood samples from cancer patients has an increased possibility of CTC detection as the disease progresses. This book unravels the recent studies on circulating tumor cells in cancer. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying circulating tumor cells.

Antibiotics are medicines that are used to fight bacterial infections, and are used for the treatment and prevention of infections caused by bacteria. They can be derived from various sources such as bacteria, fungi and plant extracts. Two of such bacteria are Actinobacteria and Myxobacteria. They are primarily found in the soil. Actinobacteria are a group of gram-positive bacteria, which play critical roles in humus production and decomposition. Myxobacteria are gram-negative bacteria, which live primarily in soil and feed on insoluble organic matter. These bacteria generate a variety of biomedically and industrially useful chemicals including antibiotics, which they export outside the cell. They also generate gephyronic acid, which is an inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis and a potential cancer chemotherapeutic drug. Myxobacteria are also useful models for studying multicellularity in bacterial environment. This book contains some path-breaking studies related to the role of actinobacteria and myxobacteria in the production of antibiotics. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

The mitochondrion is a double-membrane-bound cell organelle, which is responsible for processing oxygen and converting food substances into energy. It is essential for cellular bioenergetics and consequently plays a significant role in aging related energy deterioration. Aging is a natural biological process, which occurs in all living organisms and is characterized by declining bioenergetics. A loss of mitochondrial activity and quality is also linked with the development of a variety of age-related diseases. Aging has a negative effect on the mitochondrial heath, as it creates imbalances in the main mitochondrial-regulated pathways. Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs when the mitochondrion fails to function properly as a result of another disease or condition. Secondary mitochondrial dysfunction may be caused by a variety of diseases including diabetes, muscular dystrophy, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of the role of mitochondrion in aging and disease. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles, which are considered to be key factors involved in the aging process. They are involved in energy production by oxidative phosphorylation. They also play a significant role in maintaining calcium balance, intracellular homeostasis, and the metabolism and inter-conversion of dietary substrates. They play a crucial function in signaling their metabolic state to the nucleus and other cells. Mitochondria possess a protein synthetic apparatus and can self-replicate. These apparatuses can be easily disrupted in aging and disease. Mitochondria are continuously involved in the processes of fission and fusion, which is essential for the proper functioning of cells. Mitochondria play an important metabolic role in all organ systems; therefore, they are specifically influenced by diseases which contribute in the process of aging. This book unravels the recent studies related to the role of the mitochondria in human aging and disease. It provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Antiviral drugs, also called antiviral agents, are a group of substances that destroy viruses or inhibit their replication. This class of medications is used for the treatment or control of viral infections. The main targets of antiviral agents are specific events in the virus replication cycle. The target stages in the viral life cycle are based on the type of virus but they all follow the same pattern. These stages are viral attachment to host cell, uncoating, synthesis of viral mRNA, translation of mRNA, replication of viral RNA and DNA, maturation of new viral proteins, budding, release of newly synthesized virus, and free virus in body fluids. Toxicity and the development of resistance to the antiviral agent by the virus are two important factors that can limit the utility of antiviral drugs. This book contains a detailed account of antiviral drugs, their discovery and clinical trials. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global advancements in the field of antiviral drug development.

In biology, symmetry breaking refers to the process of breaking of uniformity or reducing the number of points to view invariance in order to produce a more improbable and structured state. It occurs when symmetry with a specific axis is lost in order to create polarity. This polarity helps the biological system in differentiating between different poles along an axis. Cells must first establish polarity by a symmetry-breaking event, before organs and tissues become polar. The fact that symmetry breaking occurs at all scales reflects its importance in biology. It can be found at the subcellular level, macromolecular level, and even at the organ and tissue levels. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of symmetry breaking in biology. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Tuberculosis (TB) refers to a type of infectious disease generally caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lungs are the primary target of this disease, but it can also affect the other parts of the body. It can be treated with a combination of antibacterial medications. However, the evolution of drug-resistant tuberculosis necessitates the development of effective, novel and safe drug regimens. Drug discovery and development is a difficult, expensive and time-consuming process. One of the popular frameworks used in drug discovery is model-informed drug discovery and development (MID3). It aims to provide an informative prediction of drug efficacy and exposure in people for choosing innovative anti-tuberculosis drug combinations. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about drug discovery for treating tuberculosis. Those with an interest in this area of pharmaceutical science would find it helpful.

Proteins refer to large and complex molecules that play numerous vital functions in the body. They are essential to the majority of the work done by cells and are necessary for the function, structure and regulation of the body's organs and tissues. A protein complex is a group of proteins, which interact with each other at the same time and place, and play a critical role in signaling cascades, regulatory processes, and cellular functions. They also play a significant role in biological systems and carry out a variety of functions such as signal transduction, DNA transcription and mRNA translation. Protein-protein interactions control the majority of cellular processes and abnormal protein-protein interactions can cause human diseases like cancer. This book unravels the recent studies on the systems analysis of protein complexes in cancer. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying protein complexes and their relationship to cancer.

The JAK-STAT signal pathway refers to a cytokine-stimulated signal transduction pathway which plays an important role in numerous biological processes which include cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and immune regulation. The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is linked upstream with the Janus kinase (JAK) family of proteins. It is also capable of integrating inputs from several signaling pathways. Each member of the family performs a distinct role in signal transduction and is critical in mediating cellular responses to various types of cytokines. STAT family members particularly STAT3 and STAT5 have been associated with the progression of cancer. Persistent STAT3 and STAT5 activation is known to stimulate chronic inflammation, which makes healthy cells more susceptible to carcinogenesis. STAT3 is significantly linked to immune evasion and tumor growth. Several mechanisms appear to play a role in the activation of STAT5 proteins in human cancer, comprising miRNA- and hormone-regulated TFs, gene amplification, epigenetic alterations, aberrant growth factor signaling and altered proteolytic pathways. This book contains some path-breaking studies on the STAT pathway. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Gastric cancer refers to a type of cancer that grows from the lining of the stomach. There are different types of gastric cancer such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors, adenocarcinomas, carcinoid tumors and lymphoma. The major symptoms of gastric cancer include indigestion, and pain or discomfort in the stomach. The cancer may spread from the stomach and can affect other parts of the body including the lungs, lining of the abdomen, liver, lymph nodes and bones. The risk of developing gastric cancer can be influenced by factors such as nutrition, age and stomach disease. The diagnosis of this type of cancer is typically done through a biopsy performed during an endoscopy. Following this, medical imaging may also be performed to ascertain whether the disease has spread to other parts of the body. The treatment options of gastric cancer include surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. This book strives to provide a fair idea about gastric cancer and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances in its clinical management. For all readers who are interested in this medical condition, the case studies included herein will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Bioactive compounds are secondary metabolites that provide nutritional benefit as well as have therapeutic potential. They can be found in many foods including vegetables, whole grains, fruits and a variety of plants. Bioactive compounds are typically made up of amino acid residues and can have a variety of physical effects including antithrombotic, antioxidant and antihypertensive activities. They vary widely in terms of structures and functions, and could be used as chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents in cancer treatment. Various types of bioactive compounds include polyphenolic compounds, carotenoids, sulfur-containing compounds and terpenoids. Additionally, many pathways have been shown to mediate the influence of bioactive compounds on cancer and achieving positive outcomes in the cancer patients, through endoplasmic reticulum stress, regulation of oxidative stress and epigenetic changes. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of cancer management using bioactive natural products. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date.

Thyroid is a tiny butterfly-shaped gland, located just below the voice box in the lower front part of the neck. Thyroid surgery involves removal of the thyroid gland partially or completely. The presence of tumors or nodules on the thyroid gland is the most frequent reason for thyroid surgery. The majority of nodules are benign but some are precancerous or cancerous. Thyroid surgery can be categorized into different types such as total thyroidectomy, lobectomy and subtotal thyroidectomy. Thyroid surgery carries various risks such as negative reaction to general anesthesia, infection and excessive bleeding. After the surgery, the patient may also experience permanent, transient or superior laryngeal nerve injury, seromas, permanent or temporary hypoparathyroidism, and hematomas. This book aims to understand the various aspects of thyroid surgery. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field. Medical professionals and students actively engaged in this field will find it full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Hearing loss refers to the partial or complete inability to hear. This condition affects people of all ages and may be inherited or acquired after birth. Mixed hearing loss, conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss are the three types of hearing loss. It has various signs and symptoms such as difficulty in hearing consonants, muffling of speech and other sounds, withdrawal from conversations, and difficulty in understanding words. Hearing loss can range from mild to moderate to severe. It makes hearing high pitched sounds or conversational speech difficult, and can affect one or both ears. The causes of hearing loss include a variety of factors such as certain infections, some toxins or medications, genetics, trauma to the ear, exposure to noise, and birth complications. Medical treatments, hearing aids, cochlear implants and other options are used to treat and manage hearing loss. This book contains a detailed explanation of the various diagnostic and therapeutic techniques associated with hearing loss. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge on this medical condition.

Any surgery that is performed on the nervous system, comprising the brain or spinal cord, is known as neurosurgery. Functional neurosurgery is a specific type of neurosurgery that aims to restore some neurological condition or function, or to treat a chronic neurological disorder that interferes with a person's day-to-day abilities or function. It entails precise surgical targeting of anatomical structures to modulate neurologic function. Functional neurosurgery covers a broad range of procedures that alter the functioning of the nervous system from the brain to peripheral nerves in the leg or arm. This can be achieved through a variety of methods including removing a seizure-causing part of the brain, utilizing an electrical stimulator on the spinal cord or brain to improve the symptoms of chronic pain or Parkinson's disease, or infusing medication directly into the spinal fluid. The success of any functional neurosurgical procedure depends on various factors such as constant monitoring, patient cooperation, as well as observation for early diagnosis and management of complications. This book explores all the important aspects of functional neurosurgery in the modern day. Different approaches, evaluations, and advanced studies on this topic have been included herein. The book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Lifestyle refers to the behaviors, interests, beliefs and behavioral orientations of a person, group or culture. Lifestyle behaviors are daily activities that are influenced by a person's knowledge, values and norms along with the cultural and socio-economic factors. These behaviors affect general health as well as body weight of an individual. A wide variety of social characteristics influence these lifestyle behaviors. Adequate physical activity and balanced diet can aid in preventing cardiovascular diseases like type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease and hypertension. Unhealthy lifestyle behaviors have significant effect on brain health and may possibly damage the neural pathways. An active lifestyle is also beneficial for preserving neurological and cognitive health across the age groups particularly in higher order processes like cognitive inhibition, task switching and working memory. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of lifestyle behaviors and their neural implications. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Fibrosis is refers to the excessive matrix deposition that results in the impairment of organ function and tissue destruction. It is the end result of chronic inflammatory responses brought on by a variety of stimuli such as autoimmune responses, tissue damage, persistent infections, allergic reactions and radiation. The fibrosis of lung tissue is known as pulmonary fibrosis. Some of its prominent symptoms are fatigue, shortness of breath, aches in joints and muscles, and clubbed toes or fingers. It can lead to a variety of medical complications such as respiratory failure, pulmonary hypertension, lung cancer, and other lung complications. There are various tests which can be used to diagnose pulmonary fibrosis. These include pulse oximetry, echocardiogram, chest X-ray, and pulmonary function testing. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about pulmonary fibrosis. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this disease. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this medical condition.

Pathology studies the causes and effects of diseases. It addresses various components of a disease, like pathogenesis, morphologic changes and clinical manifestations. In general medical practice, it is focused on analyzing clinical abnormalities which are precursors and markers for infectious and non-infectious diseases. Pathology can be categorized into anatomical pathology and clinical pathology. Anatomical pathology diagnoses the diseases on the basis of molecular, gross, immunologic, microscopic and chemical examination of tissues, organs or whole bodies. Various subfields of anatomical pathology include forensic pathology, surgical pathology and cytopathology. Clinical pathology is involved in the diagnosis of diseases on the basis of laboratory analysis of tissues and body fluids like urine and blood, with the help of tools of molecular pathology, chemistry, hematology and clinical microbiology. Pathology work like blood tests, biopsy and resection are necessary for diagnosing various kinds of cancers. Similarly, blood and tissue analysis is important for the investigation of infectious diseases. This book explores all the important aspects of pathology in the present day scenario. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Ophthalmology is a medical specialty focused on diagnosing and treating eye disorders. This field is focused on treating various eye diseases including cataract, eye tumors, dry eye syndrome, orbital fracture, proptosis, ptosis, retinal detachment, and refractive errors. The examination methods that are utilized for eye examination include visual acuity assessment, slit lamp examination, ocular tonometry, gonioscopy, and dilated fundus examination. The other specialized tests that allow diagnosis of eye related diseases include ultrasonography, corneal topography, visual field testing, electrooculography, and electroretinography. Ocular surgery is a treatment method in ophthalmology, which involves surgery of the eye or associated organs. Ophthalmology has various subspecialties, which aim to treat different diseases of the eye. These subspecialties include ocular oncology, glaucoma, refractive surgery, ophthalmic pathology, neuro-ophthalmology, pediatric ophthalmology, cryotherapy, and vitreo-retinal surgery. The topics included in this book on ophthalmology are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to the readers. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this area of medicine.

The specialty within the field of medicine which focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases is known as ophthalmology. It comprises both medical and surgical components. Some of its major subspecialties are anterior segment surgery, neuro-ophthalmology and ocular oncology. New technological advancements within this field have various beneficial impacts such as improving outcomes and providing new treatment options. One of the prominent technological advancements applied within this field is artificial intelligence. Its application in studying various eye diseases can help in expanding and extending the usage of digital ophthalmology. It will be helpful in the enhancement of productivity, accessibility, and availability of various resources and will enhance the effectiveness of eye care services. One of the significant applications of artificial intelligence includes computer vision and image recognition. This book unravels the recent studies on technological advancements in ophthalmology research. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.