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The branch of medicine concerned with the conditions of the ear, nose and throat is known as otolaryngology. Some of its main sub-specialties include facial plastic and reconstructive surgery, head and neck oncologic surgery, neurotology, pediatric otolaryngology, otology, and rhinology and sinus surgery. Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery is a speciality of otolaryngology. This domain of medicine is concerned with the aesthetic and reconstructive surgery of the face, head and neck. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of head and face medicine and how such concepts have practical applications. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of otolaryngology and its utmost significance in modern times. Researchers, doctors and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The branch of science which is concerned with the study of hearing and related disorders is called audiology. The doctors who specialize in treating those with hearing loss and other hearing ailments are known as audiologists. Hearing tests, like Weber test and Rinne test, otoacoustic emission measurements, and electrophysiologic tests are commonly used to assess a person's hearing abilities. Hearing aid and cochlear implant are two of the most common devices that assist in hearing disorders. Hearing aid is a device which improves a person's hearing by making sound audible to the indivisual. A surgically implanted neuroprosthetic device which provides a sense of sound to a person having severe hearing loss is known as a cochlear implant. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to audiology. It studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of audiology and its utmost significance in modern times. This book includes contributions of experts and doctors which will provide innovative insights into this field.

The procedure of removing a piece of muscle tissue from the body of an organism and examining it microscopically is known as muscle biopsy. The common issues discovered through a muscle biopsy include problems associated with the connective tissue, vascular system, nervous system and musculoskeletal system. Muscle biopsy is helpful in distinguishing between myopathies and neuropathies. Myopathy is a disease in which the muscle fibers do not function properly. Some of its examples include spasm, muscle cramps and stiffness in the body. In order to diagnose problems with the help of muscle biopsy, a biopsy needle is inserted into the muscle. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to muscle biopsy. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The surgical sub-specialty of medicine concerned with the conditions related to the ear, nose, throat, and the structures of the neck and head is known as otolaryngology. A specialist in this field is called an otolaryngologist, head and neck surgeon, or ENT surgeon. They deal with the surgical management of tumors and cancers related to the neck and head. Otology and neurotology are two significant sub-fields of otolaryngology. Otology deals with the anatomy and physiology of the ear, and its diseases, along with their diagnosis and treatment. Neurotology focuses on the disorders of the inner ear. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of otolaryngology. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail in this book. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book. It attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of otolaryngology and how such concepts have practical applications.

Head and neck surgery is a surgical sub-field of medicine which is concerned with the structures of the head, neck, ear, nose and throat (ENT). Specialist doctors in this field are called head and neck surgeons. Some of the common surgical procedures performed by head and neck surgeons include thyrotomy, thyroplasty and tracheotomy. The procedure involving an incision of the larynx through the thyroid cartilage is known as thyrotomy. Thyroplasty is a procedure used to improve one's voice by altering the thyroid cartilage of the larynx. The procedure involving an incision on the anterior aspect of the neck, which is used to open a direct airway in the trachea, is known as tracheotomy. This book explores all the important aspects of head and neck surgery in the present day scenario. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. For all readers who are interested in head and neck surgery, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

All disorders which affect the joints can be termed as arthritis. The common symptoms of arthritis include swelling, redness, joint pain and reduced movement of the affected joints. Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are the most common forms of arthritis. Osteoarthritis is a disease of the joints that results in the breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone. Rheumatoid arthritis is a disorder which results in warm, swollen, and painful joints. There is no known cure for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. However, physical therapy, orthopedic bracing, lifestyle changes and medications can help in the management of pain. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of arthritis which will be crucial for the progress of evaluation and management of this disorder. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to it. For all those who are interested in arthritis, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Osteoporosis is a disease associated with bone weakness. In osteoporosis, the weakness in bones often increases the risk of a broken bone. The hip bone, the bones of the forearm and the vertebrae in the spine are some of the common bones which usually break due to osteoporosis. It is usually caused in the elderly. Fractures occur commonly in osteoporosis and can potentially result in disability. Osteoporotic fractures generally occur in the shoulder, hip, spine and wrist. Multiple vertebral fractures lead to loss of height, a stooped posture and chronic pain. A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is primarily used to diagnose osteoporosis. Some of the common medications include bisphosphonates and teriparatide. This book will provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of osteoporosis and the recent researches related to it. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

A break in the continuity of the bone can be termed as a bone fracture. The break can be both partial or complete. A bone fracture is usually caused by high force impact or minimal trauma injury. Some medical conditions, like osteoporosis, bone cancer and osteopenia can also cause bone fracture. The treatment of bone fractures may involve immobilization, pain management and surgery. Many fractures require the alignment of the bone in the right position and immobilizing the fractured limb using a fibreglass cast, plaster or splint. Radiographic imaging, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are some of the common tests used to diagnose bone fracture. Bone fracture may also be coupled with damage to adjacent muscles, nerves or blood vessels. Some fractures can lead to complications such as compartment syndrome, non-union, mal-union, etc. This book explores all the important aspects of bone fracture in the present day scenario. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for doctors and experts.

Orthopedic surgery is a field of medicine that is concerned with the surgical and nonsurgical management of musculoskeletal trauma, degenerative diseases, sports injuries and congenital disorders of the musculoskeletal system. Some of the procedures of orthopedic surgery are arthroplasty, arthroscopy, ankle replacement, corticotomy, corpectomy, femoral head ostectomy, etc. The surgical domain of traumatology and trauma surgery is a sub-specialty within orthopedic surgery, which is concerned with the operative management of major traumas and fractures. The management of traumas may involve procedures, such as hip arthroplasty, knee arthroplasty and soft-tissue knee reconstruction. Various orthopedic implants are used to support damaged bones or to replace missing joints. Such implants are implanted through internal fixation, and includes Moore's pin, Kuntscher nail, Charnley prosthesis, Baksi's prosthesis and Austin-Moore prosthesis, etc. This book explores all the important aspects of orthopedic surgery, in the present day scenario. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. It attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into this field.

Osteoarthritis is a joint disease, which is caused by a breakdown of the joint cartilage and underlying bone. It mainly affects the joints of the lower back, hips, neck, base of the thumbs, and the ones which are near the ends of the fingers. In osteoarthritis, the joints on one side of the body are usually more affected than the ones on the other side. Its symptoms include joint pain, swelling and stiffness. It is generally caused due to mechanical stress on the joints and low grade inflammatory processes. Medications, including, naproxen and ibuprofen are quite effective in reducing the pain caused due to osteoarthritis. Other treatment methods include physical therapy, joint injections and joint replacement therapy. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to osteoarthritis. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to practicing doctors and medical students.

The pain and injuries of the human musculoskeletal system are categorized as musculoskeletal disorders. Sudden exertion from lifting something heavy, strain from awkward positions and making strenuous repetitive motions can cause such disorders. They can affect several parts of the body, including the hands, feet, neck, arms, legs, shoulders and lower back. Assessment of the patient's medical history, physical examination, lab tests, X-rays and Nordic Questionnaire are usually used by the doctors to diagnose musculoskeletal disorders. Weight loss and frequent weight lifting are quite useful in preventing musculoskeletal disorders related to the lower back and spine. The topics included in this book on musculoskeletal disorders are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of musculoskeletal disorders and the recent researches related to it. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for doctors and experts.

Spinal disease is a condition characterized by the impairment of the backbone, and includes diseases of the spine or back, such as kyphosis. Some spinal diseases are spinal tumors, spinal muscular atrophy, lumbar spinal stenosis, ankylosing spondylitis, spina bifida, etc. Spinal cord disorders can also include spinal fracture, burst fracture, anterior spinal artery syndrome, central cord syndrome, myelopathy, Morvan's syndrome, vascular myelopathy, syringomyelia, etc. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around spinal disorders. It aims to give a general view of the different types of spine disorders, and their medical and surgical treatments, methodologies and pathways. This book will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Osteoarthritis is a common form of arthritis. It usually occurs with age. It is a joint disorder which results from the breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone. Its symptoms include joint pain, swelling, stiffness, weakness in the joints and reduced motion. Joints near the ends of the fingers, knees, hips and lower back are some of the most commonly affected joints. A genetic involvement is usually found in most of the cases. However, excess body weight, joint injury and abnormal limb development are the most common causes of osteoarthritis. Osteotomy, hemiarthroplasty, joint replacement surgery, arthroscopic surgery and total shoulder arthroplasty are some effective treatment methods for the treatment of osteoarthritis. This book presents the complex subject of osteoarthritis in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Arthritis refers to the disorders which affect the joints. Some common symptoms include joint pain, redness, stiffness, swelling and reduced motion of affected joints. Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are two of the most common types of arthritis. Usually arthritis is a common disorder in old age. Blood tests and X-rays are two primary ways to assess joint problems associated with arthritis. Treatment methods of arthritis generally involve alternate application of heat and ice on the affected area, weight loss, joint resting, joint replacement and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the treatment of arthritis. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of arthritis and the recent researches in this field. For all readers who are interested in arthritis, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

The field of surgery that deals with the disorders associated with the musculoskeletal system is called orthopedic surgery. Some of the common procedures associated with orthopedic surgery include astragalectomy, bone grafting and corpectomy. Astragalectomy refers to the surgical procedure used for removing the talus bone for the stabilization of the ankle. The surgical procedure which is used to replace a missing bone for repairing complex bone fractures is called bone grafting. Corpectomy is a type of surgical operation which is concerned with the removal of all or part of the vertebral body. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of orthopedic surgery. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of orthopedic surgery and its applications. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

The field of surgery dealing with the conditions of the musculoskeletal system is called orthopedics. Musculoskeletal system is responsible for the facilitation of movement in humans. It gives form, support and stability to the human body. Its main functions include supporting the body, allowing motion and protecting the body's vital organs. Medical practitioners who are specialists in the field of orthopedics are called orthopedic surgeons. They treat an array of diseases and disorders including degenerative diseases, congenital disorders, musculoskeletal trauma, sports injuries and spine disorders. Some of the common procedures performed by orthopedic surgeons include knee arthroscopy, hip replacement, shoulder arthroscopy, laminectomy and chondroplasty. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of orthopedics. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book. With state-of-the-art-inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Musculoskeletal disorders refer to the pain, disorders and injuries in the human musculoskeletal system, including the joints, nerves, ligaments and muscles. Such disorders result from sudden exertion caused due to the lifting of heavy objects, repetition of same motions, or awkward postures. Some common musculoskeletal disorders include tension neck syndrome, tendinitis, epicondylitis and carpal tunnel syndrome. In order to diagnose musculoskeletal disorders, doctors often use lab tests, Nordic questionnaire, physical examination, X-rays and magnetic resonance imaging. Electrical muscle stimulation is used to prevent disuse muscle atrophy from occurring after musculoskeletal injuries. This book provides significant information of musculoskeletal disorders to help develop a good understanding of their evaluation, care and management. The topics included herein on musculoskeletal disorders are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The field of medicine concerned with the eye, its functioning, structure, and disorders is known as ophthalmology. A specialist doctor or surgeon in this field is called an ophthalmologist. Pediatric ophthalmology is a subset of ophthalmology. It studies the diseases related to eye, visual development and vision care in children. Ocular diseases in children include conjunctivitis, strabismus, amblyopia, pediatric cataracts, pediatric glaucoma, and blocked tear ducts, among others. The inflammation of the outermost layer of the white part of the eye along with the inner surface of the eyelid is known as conjunctivitis. Acute conjunctivitis mostly occurs in the elderly, infants and school-age children. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of ophthalmology and how such concepts have practical applications. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Doctors, researchers and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Orthopedics refers to the field of surgery which studies the conditions related to the musculoskeletal system. Some common orthopedic conditions include spine disorders, degenerative diseases, congenital disorders, sports injuries, musculoskeletal trauma, tumors and infections. Knee replacement is one of the most common procedures performed by an orthopedic surgeon. It is concerned with the replacement of knee joint to relieve pain and disability. It is usually done to treat patients with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. The goal of modern orthopedics is to make surgery as minimally invasive as possible. The ever growing need of advanced medical treatments is the reason that has fueled the research in the field of orthopedics in recent times. The various advancements in orthopedics are glanced at in this book and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. Students, doctors, experts and all associated with orthopedics will benefit alike from this book.

The human eye and its associated structures are susceptible to several diseases and disorders, and age-related changes. Eye infections, such as conjunctivitis are characterized by inflammation, pain, scratchiness, burning and itchiness. It is a fairly common infection occurring in children, people wearing contact lenses and people infected with chlamydia or gonorrhea. It is primarily caused by a viral or bacterial infection. Keratitis is another infection of the eye in which the cornea of the eye becomes inflamed. It is characterized by photophobia, impaired eyesight, red eye and pain. It can be acute or chronic. Such infections can be caused due to bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic agents. Endophthalmitis is another eye infection in which the interior of the eye gets inflamed. It can potentially lead to a loss of vision and the eye itself. Although it is triggered by a viral or fungal infection, it can occur due to a penetrating trauma, intravitreal injections and retained intraocular foreign bodies. Antibiotic and steroid eye drops are used to treat eye infections or to prevent them from occurring after eye surgeries. The branch of medicine and surgery that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of eye infections is known as ophthalmology. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the various infections of the eye. The various advancements in ophthalmology, in relation to eye infection diagnosis and management, are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Cataract surgery is the procedure done for the removal of the opacified natural lens of the eye and its replacement with an artificial intraocular lens. Unless treated, cataract leads to a loss of vision or vision impairment. During cataract surgery, the cloudy cataract lens is removed by emulsification or by cutting it out. High volume, minimally invasive, small incision phacoemulsification is the standard cataract surgery procedure. Cataract surgeries are performed under local anesthesia and usually done in an outpatient setting. After the surgery, anti-inflammatory and antibiotic eye drops are used. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of cataract surgery. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. For all readers who are interested in cataract surgery, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Macular degeneration is a condition of the eye, characterized by loss of central vision caused due to a damaged macula. Signs and symptoms generally occurring in people with macular degeneration are distorted or blurred vision, loss in contrast sensitivity, visual hallucinations and flashing lights, drastic decrease in visual acuity, etc. In macular degeneration, there arises a progressive accumulation of drusen in the various parts of retina, leading to its damage over time. It can be divided into early, intermediate and late stages, depending on its progression. A complete eye exam can establish a diagnosis of the condition. There are no treatments for reversing the effects of macular degeneration. Innovative interventions such as cell based therapies involving bone marrow stem cells, retinal pigment epithelial transplantation and use of associated genetic markers are being explored for the management and early prediction of macular degeneration. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the various clinical aspects of macular degeneration. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing diagnosis and evolution of this field are examined in detail. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying macular degeneration as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

The branch of medicine dealing with the structure, function and diseases of the eye is known as ophthalmology. The subspecialities which fall under ophthalmology deal with certain eye parts or specific diseases. Examples include glaucoma, anterior segment surgery, vitreo-retinal surgery, ocular oncology, neuro-ophthalmology, ophthalmic pathology, etc. Some of the common ways to assess the condition of the eye include ultrasonography, intraocular pressure, optical coherence tomography, slit lamp examination, fluorescein angiography, and retina examination. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of ophthalmology. The various sub-fields of ophthalmology along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in it. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Eye surgery or ocular surgery is the surgery performed on the eye or its adnexa, including the eyebrows, eyelids and lacrimal apparatus. It is a sensitive procedure requiring extreme care, before, during and after the procedure to prevent or minimize any damage. Conditions of the eye, such as myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism can be addressed through a laser eye surgery. Cataract surgery is a widely practiced type of eye surgery. It is performed to correct any opacification or cloudiness of the eye lens. Other common procedures such as refractive surgery, vitreo-retinal surgery, corneal surgery, oculoplastic surgery, etc. are performed to treat abnormalities in the eye. Due to the dense network of nerves in the eye, ocular surgery is always performed under anesthesia, whether local, topical or general. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of eye surgery. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible language. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying ocular surgery and ophthalmology, as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Oncology is a branch of medicine which is concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. The term, cancer, refers to the diseases associated with the abnormal cell growth in the body, which have the potential to invade or spread to other parts. A medical practitioner who has specialized in this field is called an oncologist. Smoking or the intake of tobacco in other forms is considered to be the leading cause of cancer. Other risk factors include obesity and alcohol consumption. Cancer can be potentially treated by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery, targeted therapy, hormonal therapy and synthetic lethality. The preferred mode of treatment varies according to the location and stage of the disease. The performance status of the patient is also taken into consideration. Cancer patients experience pain due to the tumor infiltrating or compressing nearby body parts, or due to the treatment or diagnostic procedure performed. Cancer pain management is therefore an essential aspect of cancer care. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of oncological medicine. Such selected concepts that redefine oncological medicine have been presented in it. The topics covered in this book offer the readers new insights in the field of oncological medicine.

Hematologic cancers are the cancers affecting the blood, lymph, bone marrow and the lymphatic system. These systems are intimately connected with each other through the circulatory and immune system. Thus, a cancer in one element affects the others as well. Malignancies in the hematological system are malignant neoplasms, derived from myeloid and lymphoid cell lines. Chromosomal translocations are a primary reason of hematologic cancer. For the diagnosis of a hematological malignancy, biopsy from a lymph node or a bone marrow biopsy, a blood film and complete blood count may be performed. The treatment of hematologic cancers may be addressed with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy or a bone marrow transplant. If partial or complete remission has been achieved, a follow-up of the patient is undertaken at regular intervals to monitor for secondary malignancies and recurrences. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about hematologic cancers and their treatment. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques of cancer treatment. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on this domain.

Head and neck cancer is a group of cancers that consists of oral cancer, nasopharynx cancer, tumors of the hypopharynx, laryngeal cancer, throat cancer, etc. It is classified on the basis of its histology or cell structure, and by the location in the oral cavity and neck. The stage at which the cancer is diagnosed plays a determining influence in its prognosis. Metastasis of the cancer can affect many cells and organs of the body, such as the bone marrow, the circulatory system and nervous system. Nearly 50% of all cases of head and neck cancer have advanced stage of the disease, which typically has a poor prognosis. The size of the tumor influences the probability of cure. In a significant percentage of people who have been cured of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, there has been development of second primary tumors, which are a major threat to survival. Tremendous research is occurring to increase the survival rates and achieve adequate management of symptoms and complications pertaining to head and neck cancer. One such dimension explores immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors. This book contains some path-breaking studies in head and neck cancer. It covers in detail the current researches and challenges of head and neck cancer. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important type of cancer.

Radiation therapy or radiotherapy is a cancer therapy using ionizing radiation that is aimed at killing or controlling malignant cells of a tumor. It may be curative if the cancer is localized to one part of the body. It can also be used as a part of adjuvant therapy in order to prevent tumor recurrences after surgery, along with other systemic therapies such as chemotherapy, hormone therapy and immunotherapy. Ionizing radiation acts against the cancer by damaging the DNA of cancerous tissue therefore resulting in cellular death. The primary types of radiation therapy are external beam radiation therapy, intraoperative radiotherapy, brachytherapy, contact X-ray brachytherapy, etc. Radiotherapy may be used as a palliative treatment or as a therapeutic treatment. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of radiation oncology. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book. Scientists and students actively engaged in radiation oncology will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Surgical interventions used for the treatment of cancer are under the scope of surgical oncology. Palliative surgery, minimally invasive procedures and neo-adjuvant treatments characterize modern surgical oncology. Surgical procedures can be palliative or curative. Palliative surgery is the surgical intervention that is targeted at relieving a patient's symptoms and making a positive impact on the patient's quality of life. It can involve simpler procedures to extensive debulking. Tumor debulking can also be performed for curative intent, as in cytoreduction or cytoreductive surgery. It is also performed to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Adrenalectomy, clitoridectomy, coccygectomy, cystoprostatectomy, colectomy, esophagectomy, etc. are some surgical procedures concerned with the removal of certain body parts where a tumor has developed. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of surgical oncology. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to surgical oncology. The extensive content herein provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Leukemia is a group of cancer, which occurs in the bone marrow and results in abnormal growth of white blood cells. Such cells are called blasts or leukemia cells. Bleeding and bruising, fever, tiredness and increased infections are some of the symptoms of leukemia. It can be classified as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia. The diagnosis of leukemia is usually determined by blood tests or though a bone marrow biopsy. A variety of factors may contribute to its incidence, among which are smoking, genetics, chemical exposure, etc. Leukemia is treated with a multi-drug chemotherapy regimen, pharmaceutical medication or with radiation therapy. A bone marrow transplant is also an important strategy to treat such a cancer. This book provides comprehensive insights into leukemia. It consists of contributions made by international experts. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.