Bøger udgivet af Foster Academics

The field of medicine associated with the diseases related to the respiratory tract is known as pulmonology. It is a branch of internal medicine. It includes the management of the patients who require constant life support and mechanical ventilation. Doctors who have specialized in the field of chest conditions like asthma, pneumonia, tuberculosis, etc. are called pulmonologists. Some of the common respiratory diseases which come under pulmonology include sinusitis, tonsillitis, severe acute respiratory syndrome and lung cancer. Interventional pulmonology is a sub-field of pulmonary medicine which deals with the use of procedures like bronchoscopy and pleuroscopy. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to pulmonary medicine. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of pulmonary medicine and its utmost significance in modern times. This book includes contributions of doctors and experts which will provide innovative insights into this field.

Respiratory medicine is a branch of internal medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of the conditions and diseases of the chest. Pulmonary medicine is also actively associated with intensive care medicine, particularly in patients requiring life support and mechanical ventilation. Certain respiratory diseases are triggered by an exposure to toxins like coal mining fumes, tobacco smoke and asbestos. They may also be caused by infectious agents like certain birds and malt processing. Some conditions are heritable such as alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and cystic fibrosis. Physical examination for the presence or absence of clubbing, palpation of the cervical lymph nodes, auscultation and percussion of the lung fields is done for determining the condition. Research in respiratory medicine investigates possible treatments for diseases such as lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis, along with their underlying causes. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in respiratory medicine. The various advancements in the diagnosis and surgical management of respiratory diseases are glanced at and their implications and ramifications are looked in detail. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights in this domain of medical science.

The medical specialty which deals with the treatment of addiction is known as addiction medicine. It often overlaps with other areas, like mental health counseling, public health, psychiatry, psychology, internal medicine, etc. Acute intervention, detoxification, abstinence-based treatment, rehabilitation, harm reduction and individual and group therapies, are some of the common therapies that fall under addiction medicine. Relapse prevention is an important aspect in the treatment of substance abuse, especially alcoholism. Supportive psychotherapy and interpersonal therapy are extremely effective treatments for substance abuse. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of addiction medicine. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to addiction medicine. Doctors, researchers and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Occupational medicine is a field of medicine which deals with the maintenance of health in the workplace. It studies the prevention of injuries and diseases in the workplace, along with their treatment. Maintenance and increase in the productivity, and social adjustment in the workplace are the main objectives of occupational medicine. The chronic ailments caused due to work or occupational activity are called occupational diseases. Some occupational lung diseases include occupational asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiolitis obliterans and lung cancer. Contact dermatitis and urticaria, are two of the most common types of occupational skin diseases. Preventive methods for such diseases include personal protection of the workers, irritant replacement or removal, etc. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the evaluation and management of common health problems in the workplace. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of occupational medicine and its utmost significance in modern times. For all those who are interested in this field, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Perioperative medicine refers to the medical care of surgical patients from the time of contemplation of surgery to full recovery. It covers the entire operative period but excludes the surgical procedure itself. Perioperative medicine includes the care of patients preparing for, having and recuperating from a surgery. It is usually provided by an intensivist, anesthesiologist or internal medicine generalist. Such care generally takes place in hospitals or surgical centers. Operative risks, patient specific risks, methods to reduce risks and management of risks are some of the focus areas which are related to the field of perioperative medicine. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of perioperative medicine and how such concepts have practical applications. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in it. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying perioperative medicine as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

The field of medicine which deals with the maintenance of health in the workplace is known as occupational medicine. It aims at preventing and treating the injuries and diseases in one's workplace along with the maintenance and increase in the productivity and social adjustment. Some of the common occupational diseases are occupational asthma, contact dermatitis, overuse syndrome, carpal tunnel syndrome, computer vision syndrome, lead poisoning and radiation sickness. Environmental medicine is a sub-field of environmental health. It includes the study of the interactions between the environment and human health. It also studies the role of environment in causing illnesses in humans. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of occupational and environmental medicine. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of occupational and environmental medicine. This book includes contributions of doctors and experts which will provide innovative insights into this field.

The science and art related to the prevention of diseases, prolongation of life and promotion of human health with the help of organized efforts of the society, public and private organizations, communities and individuals is known as public health. The term, "health" is associated with physical, mental and social well-being. Public health is concerned with the analysis of a population's health and the threats related to it. Environmental health, health economics, community health, mental health, behavioral health, sexual and reproductive health, occupational safety, and health economics are some of the important sub-disciplines of public health. Promotion of handwashing, suicide prevention, delivery of vaccinations and distribution of condoms are some of the common public health initiatives. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of public health and the recent researches in this field. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Alzheimer's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. Usually it begins slowly, but worsens with the passage of time. In most of the cases, it is the cause of dementia, i.e., a decrease in the ability to think and remember. Symptoms of Alzheimer's disease include short-term memory loss, mood swings, disorientation, problems with language and inability to manage self. The causes of Alzheimer's disease are found to be genetic in most of the cases. Cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood tests is often used for the purpose of diagnosis. There is no known cure for Alzheimer's disease. It is managed with pharmaceutical and psychosocial therapies. Some medications used to treat the cognitive issues linked with the disease are acetylhocholinesterase inhibitors and mematine. Psychological interventions encompass emotion-, behavior-, cognition-, and stimulation- oriented approaches. These are used along with pharmaceutical treatment. The topics included in this book on Alzheimer's disease are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of evaluation and management of this disease. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

An individual with autism experiences difficulties with social interactions and communication, and exhibits restricted and repetitive behavior. The underlying cause of the disease is not entirely understood but can be ascribed to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The genetics of autism are complex. The associated behaviors of autism may have multiple pathophysiologies. It does not have a unifying mechanism at the cellular, molecular or systems level, but it is believed that autism may be caused due to converging mutations on common molecular pathways. Autistic children experience faster growth of brain in early stages, followed by relatively slower or normal growth during childhood. This early overgrowth is hypothesized to be due to a disturbed neuronal migration during early gestation, an excess of neurons which causes local overconnectivity in specific brain areas, unbalanced excitatory-inhibitory networks, etc. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around the pathophysiology of autism. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on the molecular basis of autism. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this domain.

Alzheimer's disease refers to a chronic neurodegenerative illness which generally starts slowly and worsens over time, and may cause dementia. Dementia includes the brain disorders which cause a gradual but long-term decrease in one's ability to think and remember. Some of the common symptoms of Alzheimer's disease include short-term memory loss, mood swings, disorientation, problems with language and behavioral issues. The causes of Alzheimer's disease are not defined. However, a genetic involvement has been found in most of the cases. Treatment methods include validation therapy, reminiscence therapy, psychotherapy and simulated presence therapy. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of Alzheimer's disease. The topics included herein on Alzheimer's disease are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This book includes contributions of doctors and experts which will provide innovative insights into the diagnosis and therapeutic management of this disease.

A medical specialty that studies the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of mental disorders is known as psychiatry. Neurology and psychology are the fields which are closely related to psychiatry. The mental disorders which fall under psychiatry include disorders related to mood, perception, behavior and cognition. To assess the initial psychiatric condition of a person, the process begins with a case history and mental status examination. Physical examinations, psychological tests, neuroimaging and neurophysiological techniques are used to assess the mental status of a person. Psychotherapy, psychiatric medication, assertive community treatment (ACT) and community reinforcement approach and family training (CRAFT) are some of the common psychiatric treatments. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of psychiatry. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in this field. Those with an interest in psychiatry would find this book helpful.

Psychiatry is a field of science and medicine. It is concerned with the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of mental disorders. It deals with various disorders related to mood, perception, behavior and cognition. The process of assessing a patient's mental condition begins with a case history and mental status examination. Mental health is one's state of psychological well-being, where one is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral adjustment. All diagnosable mental health conditions related to mood, behavior and thoughts are categorized as mental illness. Cognitive behavioral therapy, psychoanalysis, systemic therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, psychosurgery, art therapy, antipsychotics, anxiolytics and antidepressants are some of the common treatment methods useful in the treatment of mental illnesses. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of psychiatry and mental health which will be crucial for the progress of these fields in future. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of psychiatry and mental health and their utmost significance in modern times. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Medical physiology is a clinical specialty in medical science, which is concerned with the application of an understanding of human physiology to patients in a healthcare setting. Evaluation of the functions of the heart, lungs, kidneys, blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, etc. is done to form a diagnosis of the underlying condition. Some of the diagnostic techniques for evaluating these include an electrocardiogram of the heart, pulmonary function testing using spirometry and ankle brachial pressure index measurement. Physiologists use imaging techniques such as MRI, ultrasonography, echocardiography, X-ray computed tomography, etc. to measure velocities, movements and metabolic processes. This book elucidates new techniques and applications of medical physiology in a multidisciplinary manner. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post-graduate students.

Psychiatry is a branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of mental disorders. The assessment of a patient's condition usually begins with a case history and mental status examination. In order to obtain the case history of the patient, the psychiatrist asks the patient several questions. The answers to those questions aid the psychiatrist in the diagnosis and treatment process. A mental status examination is meant to assess a patient's mental state at a fixed point of time, by observing his appearance, attitude, speech, mood, behaviour and thought process. It is very useful in assessing a person's suicidal thoughts. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of psychiatry which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of psychiatry and its utmost significance in modern times. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with psychiatry will benefit alike from this book.

Pediatrics refers to the area of medicine involved with the care and treatment of infants, children and adolescents. Pediatric endocrinology, pediatric pathology, pediatric neurosurgery and pediatric gastroenterology are some of the important sub-specialities of pediatrics. Pediatric endocrinology studies the disorders related to the endocrine glands, which are responsible for the physical growth and sexual development in childhood. The branch of study dealing with the neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases of children is called pediatric pathology. Pediatric neurosurgery is a sub-field of pediatrics which deals with the surgical processes related to the nervous system, spinal cord and brain in children. Pediatric gastroenterology deals with the illnesses related to the gastrointestinal tract, liver and pancreas in children and adolescents. This book outlines the processes and applications of pediatrics in detail. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to pediatrics. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

Young children and infants can suffer from a wide range of immunologic and infectious diseases, caused by viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic agents. These diseases can be complicated or common. Some of such diseases are meningitis, tuberculosis (TB), respiratory infections, hepatitis, bone and joint infections, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), etc. Physicians who specialize in pediatric infectious diseases study the causative pathogens and transmission pathways of such diseases. They also design the therapeutic and prevention techniques for each of these conditions. Many research domains are relevant to this field, such as antibiotic resistance, production of safe and effective vaccines, and emerging infections. The topics included in this book on pediatric infections are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on the diagnosis and management interventions of pediatric infections. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this domain.

The study, diagnosis and treatment of the disorders of the endocrine glands that affect the physical growth and sexual development in children is under the scope of pediatric endocrinology. Some common disorders dealt within this field are type 1 diabetes and growth disorders. Adrenal, thyroid and pituitary problems in children, hypoglycemia, puberty-related conditions and hyperglycemia are also addressed within pediatric endocrinology. Pediatric endocrinologists also specialize in the areas of lipid metabolism, bone metabolism, inborn errors of metabolism and adolescent gynecology. Children with intersex disorders are also referred to a pediatric endocrinologist. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around pediatric endocrinology. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing clinical practices and theoretical understanding of this field are examined in detail. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

The field of medicine associated with the care of infants, children, and adolescents is called pediatrics. An infant or neonate is significantly different from an adult in terms of physiology. During the developmental phase, genetic variance, congenital defects and developmental issues are of particular concern to pediatricians. Neonatology is a sub-field of pediatrics. It is concerned with the care of newborn infants. Neonatologists are the doctors who are specialists in this field. They usually deal with the cases of extremely ill or weak newborn infants. Some of the common medical conditions associated with neonatology include prematurity, sepsis, low birth weight, congenital malformations and birth asphyxia. Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are intensive care units especially designed for the care of ill and premature newborn infants. Incubators, blood pressure monitors, oxygen hoods and ventilators are some of the common equipments available in a neonatal intensive care unit. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on pediatrics have been included in this book. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of pediatrics. Researchers, doctors, and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Children are different from adults in terms of physiology, and therefore have unique medical needs. Children may have pain in the musculoskeletal system or an autoimmune disorder. Any sudden onset of fever, an unexplained rash, weight loss, fatigue and weakness in children can be a cause of concern. Juvenile arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, spondylitis, Lyme disease, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, antiphospholipid syndrome, Kawasaki disease, osteoporosis, growing pains, etc. are some rheumatic disorders that affect children. These diseases cause pain in the joints and connective tissue. Pediatric rheumatology is the field of medicine that is devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases in infants, children and adolescents. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of pediatric rheumatology. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and practices of pediatric rheumatology. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Congenital anomalies, also known as birth defects are the conditions present at birth that affects the intellectual, developmental or physical health of an infant. Such disabilities can range from mild to severe. Functional disorders, which affect the function of a body part, may include degenerative disorders and metabolic disorders. Structural disorders manifest as problems with the shape of a body part. Congenital anomalies can arise from chromosomal or genetic disorders, infections during pregnancy and due to exposure to certain chemicals or drugs. Such abnormalities may be visible at birth, or can be detected before birth through prenatal tests and through screening tests after birth. Their treatment varies according to the type of defect and its severity. Treatment may encompass medicational, surgical and therapeutical interventions. Assistive technology can also aid in providing a better quality of life to such individuals. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to congenital anomalies. The topics included herein on the diagnosis and treatment of congenital anomalies, are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Hearing disorders refer to the impairment in perceiving or processing auditory information. Hearing loss can be partial or complete, and may occur in one or both ears. Auditory processing disorder, hearing loss, tinnitus, endaural phenomena, hyperacusis and presbycusis are common hearing disorders. They may be acquired, inherited or caused due to perinatal problems and aging. Chronic ear infections can be a common cause of hearing loss. Syphilis and rubella infections during pregnancy can lead to hearing loss in children. Some cases of hearing loss can be addressed medically, while others are irreversible and therefore, permanent. When hearing loss occurs at a young age, it interferes with spoken language acquisition and development. Use of hearing aids, cochlear implants, sign language and subtitles can help individuals deal with this condition. Research aimed at the use of stem cell transplant and gene therapy for the regrowth of cochlear cells and nerve cells, and recovery of hearing loss is being actively explored. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of hearing disorders. It discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches in the management of hearing disorders and the recent researches in this domain. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

Pathology is the field of medicine concerned with the study of diseases and their causes. It focuses on the diagnosis of clinical conditions by analyzing cell, tissue and body fluid samples. It is also concerned with understanding the disease pathways of particular pathogens and disorders, which affects the tissues of discrete organs or structures. Much of the practice of pathology is concerned with the diagnoses of different cancers and investigating the staging of cancerous masses, through blood tests, biopsy and resection. The diagnostic tools of pathology are of immense importance in the investigation of serious infectious diseases. It is primarily divided into anatomical and clinical pathology. Diagnostic pathology is an important field in modern medical diagnosis and has outreach in medical research. This is due to a significant overlap with other diagnostic medicine such as medical imaging, thus allowing detailed insight into internal physiology. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of diagnostic pathology. It discusses the traditional as well as modern paradigms of diagnostic pathology. For all readers who are interested in this field, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Clinical pathology is a specialization in medicine, concerned with the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids such as urine and blood, as well as the examination of tissue samples using cultures and automated analyzers to make a diagnosis of diseases. The analysis of such samples is done at macroscopic and microscopic levels. Immunofluorescence, immunocytochemistry, FISH and cytochemistry are also used to aid in the diagnosis. The secondary specialties of clinical pathology include hematopathology, clinical microbiology, chemical pathology, molecular genetics pathology, cytogenetics, etc. There is an evident overlap between clinical pathology and anatomic pathology, which has led to its expansion to molecular diagnostics and proteomics. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around clinical pathology. The various specializations of clinical pathology, along with technological progress that have future implications, are glanced at in this book. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Head and face medicine deals with the conditions of the structures of the head, face and neck. It encompasses a number of sub-disciplines specializing in different aspects of injuries, diseases and trauma, such as facial plastic and reconstructive surgery, head and neck oncologic surgery and otology, among others. Plastic surgery is a specialization in medicine, which involves the reconstruction, restoration and alteration of a body part. Reconstructive surgery which aims to reconstruct a body part, and cosmetic surgery that is performed for aesthetic reasons are encompassed under plastic surgery. Abdominoplasty, blepharoplasty, lip enhancement, rhinoplasty, cheek augmentation, etc. are some of the facial augmentation procedures under plastic surgery. Craniofacial surgery is a form of reconstructive surgery, in which congenital and acquired deformities of the head, face, skull, neck and jaws are addressed. Cleft lip and palate, rare craniofacial clefts, isolated and syndromic craniosynostosis, Crouzon's syndrome, craniofacial microsomia, etc. are treated in this domain. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of head and neck medicine and associated specializations. The extensive content herein provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject. This book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Otolaryngology is a surgical field of medicine which studies the conditions associated with the parts of the head and neck, including the ear, nose and throat. It also deals with the treatment of various tumors and cancers, including the ones affecting the head and neck. One of the most common surgical methods used to treat such cancers is microvascular head and neck reconstruction. The tissue which is usually moved during the surgical process is from the back, arms and legs. In the process, the transfer of the tissue to the head and neck allows the head and neck surgeons in rebuilding the patient's jaw and reconstructing the throat. This book explores all the important aspects of otolaryngology in the present day scenario. It attempts to understand the current concepts and techniques that fall under the discipline of head and neck surgery and how such concepts have practical applications. For all those who are interested in otolaryngology, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Audiology is a branch of science concerned with the study of hearing, balance and related disorders. A specialist who treats hearing loss and attempts to prevent hearing related damage is called an audiologist. They use several testing techniques like hearing tests, electrophysiologic tests, otoacoustic emission measurements and videonystagmography to assess a patient's hearing capabilities. Hearing loss is a common disorder. A person's partial or total inability to hear is known as hearing loss. Such loss can be both temporary and permanent. It may occur in a single or both ears. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of audiology and the recent researches in this field. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of audiology. For all those who are interested in audiology, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Otolaryngology is a surgical specialty of medicine. It deals with the conditions related to the ear, nose, throat and the related structures of the neck and head. Medical practitioners who have specialized in this field are known as otolaryngologists. One of the most common procedures performed by otolaryngologists is microvascular reconstruction repair. It is used in the treatment of head and neck cancers, including concerns of the jaws, larynx, pharynx, tongue, salivary glands, sinuses, tongue and skin. Neck dissection, tracheotomy and minimal-access cranial suspension are some of the other surgical procedures associated with the field of otolaryngology. This book traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of ear, nose and throat disorders. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying otolaryngology.

The diseases of the base of the skull, head and neck are treated in the medical domain of head and face medicine. This includes the management of head and neck cancers, traumas and diseases that affect the nose, throat and ear. Microvascular free flap reconstruction, skull base cancer, thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy are some of the surgical procedures involved in the treatment of cancers of the head and neck. Facelift, rhinoplasty and septoplasty, blepharoplasty and otoplasty are few procedures that are performed for the aesthetic and reconstructive surgery of the face, head and neck. Trauma-induced conditions of the face such as orbital fracture, mandible fracture, nasal bone fracture, complex lacerations and soft tissue damage are also treated under facial plastic surgery. Microvascular reconstruction repair is commonly done to replace a damaged area in the head and neck with a composite piece of tissue from another part of the patient's body. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to head and face medicine. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Orthopedic surgery is a branch of surgery. It studies the disorders and diseases related to the musculoskeletal system. The treatment methods used by orthopedic surgeons to treat the disorders related to the musculoskeletal system are both surgical and nonsurgical. Some of the common sub-branches associated with orthopedic surgery include spine surgery, hand and upper extremity, total joint reconstruction, foot and ankle surgery, pediatric orthopedics, surgical sports medicine and musculoskeletal oncology. Spinal fusion is a very common orthopedic surgical technique. It is used to join two or more vertebrae, at the time, when the disc wears out. The various sub-fields of orthopedic surgery along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in this book. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of orthopedic surgery and its utmost significance in modern times. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

The system of the human body, which provides humans with the ability to move using their muscular and skeletal systems, is known as human musculoskeletal system. It provides movement, support, form, and stability to the body. Pain, injuries and disorders related to this system are called musculoskeletal disorders. Enthesopathy, Achard syndrome, joint effusion, lumbar disc disease, Sever's disease, Zenker's paralysis and winged scapula are some of the common examples of musculoskeletal disorders. The assessment of musculoskeletal disorders follows a physical examination and a review of symptoms and pain, medical history, intensity of pain, as well as an examination of recreational and occupational hazards. Various diagnostic tests such as X-ray and MRI also help specialists in establishing a diagnosis. The treatment of musculoskeletal pain is often addressed through a prescription of anesthetic and anti-inflammatory drugs, targeted exercises, physical therapy and occupational therapy, chiropractic care, acupressure and acupuncture, etc. This book explores all the important aspects of musculoskeletal disorders in the present day scenario. It strives to provide a fair idea about this subject and to help develop a better understanding of the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of various musculoskeletal disorders. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed medical experts, this book targets students and professionals.