Bøger udgivet af BAR Publishing

The 34 islands that comprise the Marshall group lie in the Pacific Ocean some half way between Hawaii and New Guinea. This study, incorporating landscape, habitation sites, chronologies, and material culture, is a detailed archaeological survey of Utrôk Atoll (in the Northern Marshall Islands) by the former Chief Archaeologist for the Historic Preservation Office, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Low coral atolls are the most precarious of Pacific island landscapes. Utrôk Atoll was colonized and settled for nearly 2000 years, and that resource depression and extinctions were not more visible archaeologically may signal that human populations lived in a sustainable manner. Future investigations may reveal different patterns of resource use, and it is with this comparative approach that we may come to understand the breadth of atoll adaptations - technological, economic, and social.

The book examines the use of pottery by late pre-European contact Cree people occupying a site on the bank of a river in east-central Saskatchewan (Canada). The site of Bushfield West yielded an unusually complete ceramic assemblage which was part of a rich archaeological component representing a possibly asynchronous human occupation. The intact site provided information on the vessel function, which could be correlated not only with the activities which were interpreted to have taken place on the site, but also with certain aspects of the social structure exhibited by the site's inhabitants. An opportunity arose to explore the relationship between pottery use and Selkirk Composite site occupation. Such a relationship can in fact be correlated with certain kinds of social organization, including gender-specific pottery use. The book includes a catalogue of the vessels examined.

The general purpose of this book is to help in the building and refining of theory and methods for studying the past. In one sense, empirical results about the past are by-products of theory construction, part of the iterative process in which we evaluate how well our explanatory system can account for the material world. This study presents just one part in the overall sequences of studies that address the processes that produce variability in stylistic frequencies. It is through this kind of continued experimentation that we will enjoy the fruit of knowledge building: archaeology as an historical science.

The three Iron Age and Romano-British sites presented in this volume demonstrate the implementation of the structured approach to developer-funded contracts promoted by PPG16. Investigation proceeded from desk top study with air-photo analysis, geophysical examination and fieldwalking, to intrusive evaluation and, finally, excavation. These processes are now commonplace, but in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when the sites under discussion in this book were being investigated, they were new and even controversial. Many regarded this new 'business-based' approach to funding and negotiation (under PPG16 rules) with some distaste and even hostility. Nevertheless, they soon came to adopt at least some of the new practices and began to undertake developer-funded contracts. The volume reviews the story behind this development.With contributions by Paul Booth, Robert Bourn, M. Charles, Phil Collins, Barbara Davies, John Davies, Daryl Garton, J. F. Hamshaw-Thomas, Jonathan R. Hunn, David Jordan, Alison Locker, Rajka Makjanic, Graeham Mounteney, James Rackham, Jane Sandoe, James Symonds, P. Wagner and Angela Wardle

A wide-ranging study covering the significance of the Lower Palaeolithic lithic tool traditions usually referred to as Early, Middle and Late Acheulian and Clactonian. The work (concentrating on selected sites from the Upper and Middle Thames Valley) includes sections devoted to the interpretation of significant patterns of artefact manufacture and use and the question of the procurement and economic use of lithic raw material. Special emphasis is given to lithic styles and technology, recurrent morphological patterns within stone tool assemblages, and the effect of the varying distances between occupation sites and the lithic raw material sources.

This study should prove useful to archaeologists interested in issues of ancient urbanism both for the site it describes and for the techniques it utilizes. Roman Empúries is a significant site not as well known outside Spain as it deserves to be. Evidence from the city can offer much to debates on Greek colonization, ethnicity of larger Roman settlements, and ideology in monumental architecture. The present work on the city, which flourished from the 6th century BC to the end of the 1st century AD, is the most extensive so far written in English.

This study, focusing on the Rum Seljuk dynasty in thirteenth-century Anatolia, combines local history, geography, art history, and archaeology to examine instances of an only partially understood garden tradition in one corner of the medieval Mediterranean. Gardens, and their architecture, have been neglected, not only because of the paucity of remains, the architecture they inspired was not monumental and relied strongly on a sense of place, and a sensitivity to the landscape. This book attempts to recover a measure of that sense and that landscape, as well as the activities that endowed them with meaning for those that enjoyed them.

Hypogean Archaeology No 10Il decimo libro della serie Hypogean Archaeology è dedicato alla storia dell'Acquedotto Civico di Milano (costruito a partire dal 1889) e alle architetture per l'acqua prelevata dal sottosuolo: i pozzi e le stazioni di pompaggio. L'acqua, elemento fondamentale per la vita, ha richiesto fin dall'antichità la creazione di sistemi per captarla e condurla nelle aree abitate. Il testo offre al lettore diversi spunti di riflessione per cogliere l'importanza di questo elemento e per conoscere le architetture adottate per la sua presa dalle falde acquifere profonde. Abbiamo inoltre esempi italiani di pozzi ordinari e di acquedotti antichi studiati e rilevati dalla Federazione Nazionale Cavità Artificiali (F.N.C.A.). Non mancano riferimenti a testi classici (Cesare Cesariano, Sesto Giulio Frontino, Vitruvio e altri) che tracciano un "percorso" di Archeologia dell'Acqua e introducono l'argomento principale.The tenth volume of the Hypogean Archaeology subseries is dedicated to the history of the Civic Aqueduct of Milan (built starting in 1889) and to those architectures designed to draw water from the subsoil: wells and groundwater pumping stations. Water, the fundamental element of life, has since ancient times demanded the creation of systems to capture it and lead it to habited areas. The text offers the reader various cues for thought for understanding the importance of this element and to know the architectures adopted for its grip from the deep aquifers. Furthermore, it presents Italian examples of ordinary wells and ancient aqueducts studied and surveyed by the National Federation of Artificial Cavities (F.N.C.A.), together with a wealth of references to classical texts (Cesare Cesariano, Frontinus, Vitruvius and others) that, trace the 'path' of Water Archaeology, and introduces the main topic.

Este libro propone una forma de estudiar la historia de los paisajes forestales desde una perspectiva arqueológica, más precisamente, desde el análisis de restos de carbón recuperados en sitios arqueológicos del norte de la provincia de Mendoza, en el centro oeste de Argentina. Especialmente, el estudio aborda el periodo entre los 1200 y los 100 años antes del presente, por lo que primero elabora un marco teórico contextual para los casos prehispánico, colonial y republicano. Este trabajo persigue el objetivo de comprender las características de los paisajes forestales asociados a los diferentes contextos de análisis de acuerdo a su forma, a la identificación de categorías de relación entre humanos y plantas y a las prácticas cotidianas de las comunidades estudiadas. El trabajo anexa una colección de imágenes y descripciones de maderas carbonizadas de referencia, útil para emprender nuevas investigaciones tanto en el área de estudios como en otras fitogeográfica o históricamente relacionadas.This book proposes a way of studying the history of forest landscapes from an archaeological perspective: more precisely, through the analysis of charcoal remains recovered from archaeological sites in the north of the Mendoza province, in central-west Argentina. The study focuses on the period between 1200 and 100 years BP, starting by developing a contextual theoretical framework for the Prehispanic, Colonial and Republican periods. It aims to understand the characteristics of forest landscapes associated with different contexts of analysis according to their forms, the identification of categories of relationship between humans and plants, and the daily practices of the communities studied. The work includes a collection of reference images and descriptions of carbonized woods, useful for those undertaking new research both in the area studied and in other phytogeographically or historically related areas.

Actes de la journée d'études du 11 mai 2017, Institut Catholique de ParisCette publication est le résultat de la première journée d'études sur l'art et l'archéologie du Proche-Orient hellénistique et romain qui s'est tenue à l'Institut Catholique de Paris. Le propos est d'aborder les circulations et les échanges artistiques afin de montrer les spécificités locales, les emprunts culturels et les apports extérieurs. Le domaine géographique traité est vaste: le Levant hellénistique, Jérusalem et la Judée hérodienne, le royaume nabatéen... Les thèmes abordés sont également très variés : l'architecture religieuse, les décors privés (peintures murales, mosaïques), les jardins, l'art funéraire. Compte tenu de la situation actuelle qui empêche un grand nombre d'équipes de travailler sur le terrain, il nous a semblé important de réunir des spécialistes afin de réaliser un état des lieux de la recherche au Proche-Orient.This book is the result of the first of a series of study days on the Art and Archaeology of the Near East to be held at the Catholic Institute of Paris. Its purpose is to discuss circulation and artistic exchange, in order to examine such themes as local styles, cultural borrowings and novelties coming from outside cultures. The geographical area covered is vast: the Hellenistic Levant, Jerusalem and Herodian Judaea, the Nabataean kingdom, Europos-Doura... The themes treated are also very varied: religious architecture, private settings (mural paintings, mosaics), gardens, funerary art. In view of the present situation that prevents a large number of teams from working in the field, it seemed to the editors important to bring together specialists to carry out such an inventory of research in the Near East.

The socio-economic nature of Late Postclassic (c. AD 1100-1500) Maya society is not well understood and still eludes researchers. Through a combination of analytical methods, including petrographic, chemical and experimental, examination of surface features and ethnographic analyses, this study reconstructs ceramic production technology, seeking regional patterns in the technology applied to vessels from the main centre of Mayapán and several north-central and eastern sites. The results provide new insights into the raw material selection and the manufacture of Late Postclassic ceramics, the existence and nature of technological traditions, and cultural divisions between Mayapán and north-central and eastern sites. Furthermore, new perspectives are gained on longstanding questions about the socio-economic role of Mayapán and neighbouring centres and the scope and mechanisms of ceramic exchange and distribution, informing current ceramic production and exchange models, and advancing our understanding of the socio-economic nature of this period.

This book gives a new account of society and social change in the upper and middle Thames Valley from the Late Bronze Age to Middle Iron Age, 1150-100 BC. A model is developed from social anthropological case studies setting out expectations on how societies are structured based on certain material manifestations. Patterns are found within the wide range of types of evidence that are integrated and synthesised. This includes settlements, house forms, metalwork, pottery, human and animal remains, monuments, landscape boundaries and special deposits.The main interpretation offered is that Late Bronze Age societies were fluid and unstructured by either social status differences or lineage identities, whereas Early Iron Age communities were more concerned with ancestral genealogy and inter-generational inheritance. By the Middle Iron Age, communal aspects of ritual practice and material practice were largely replaced by local and household concerns in which smaller groups displayed increasing autonomy from each other.

Il libro prende spunto dallo studio dei reperti del relitto di Rena Maiore, scoperto nel 1997 lungo le coste nord-occidentali della Sardegna. La parte del carico, costituita da 72 lingotti di piombo e 4 serbatoi di piombo (cistae), ne mette in luce il ruolo svolto dal lancio sia per uso privato che come metallo strettamente legato alla politica di consenso promossa da Augusto. Le 4 cistae possono essere messe in relazione con l'attività di almeno due plumbarii, che si trovano nella città di Arelate/Arles, nella parte meridionale della Francia. Un gruppo di lingotti, recanti il bollo Augusti Caesaris Germanicum plumbum, identifica la Germania come la provincia dove si trovavano le miniere. Anche se la maggior parte del territorio provinciale si è persa dopo la sconfitta teutoburgica, il governo romano è riuscito a pianificare e avviare, subito dopo l'invasione, lo sfruttamento delle fonti naturali situate nel paese.This book stems from the study of the finds from the Rena Maiore wreck, discovered in 1997 along the north-western coast of Sardinia. The surviving part of the cargo, consisting of 72 lead ingots and 4 lead tanks (cistae), sheds light on the role played by lead both in private use and as a metal strictly connected to the Augustan 'consensus' policy. The cistae can be related to certain plumbarii workshops located in the town of Arelate/Arles, in the southern part of France. A group of ingots, bearing the stamp Augusti Caesaris Germanicum plumbum, identifies Germany as the province where the mines were located. Even if most of the province's territory was lost after the Teutoburg defeat, the Roman government was able to plan, soon after the invasion, the exploitation of the natural sources located in the region.

The building process of the Egyptian pyramids has been the subject of many publications. However, a thorough review of this literature reveals that only certain aspects of this process have been studied in isolation, without taking into account the interaction between various activities involved, such as quarrying, transportation and building and without a sound quantitative basis. The present study aims at filling this gap by means of an integrated mathematical model. Attention is focussed on the largest pyramid, the one built by Cheops. The model simulates an efficient project co-ordination by balancing supply and demand of the building material, with all the activities related to the growth of the pyramid and by assuming a constant total workforce. It enables the reader to determine the effects of different building methods and of the productivity of the workers. Three building methods have been studied, successively making use of a linear ramp, of a spiral ramp and of levers. These methods are compared in terms of the number of men and man-years required. Calculations have been carried out for two sets of input data, indicated as base case and maximum case. In addition to the development of a comprehensive model for the construction of the pyramids,this work also contains a comparative analysis of other publications dealing with this subject.

This book includes papers from the Historical Archaeology Symposium held in Seville, Spain in 2006.

This work was inspired by research undertaken during a field survey of the later prehistoric remains of north-east Somerset (SW England) which showed that there were many cropmark sites of which little was known. The value of this evidence for the interpretation of prehistoric landscapes has been highlighted by a number of reports in recent decades. Across the country these surveys have added new dimensions to our understanding of prehistoric settlement patterns and the central role of aerial survey in elucidating these lost landscapes. The Bristol Avon Region had not previously been a primary research objective, as it lies outside the main concentration of known cropmarks. By collating the evidence from aerial photographs alongside that for previously recorded earthworks and excavations, then earlier hypotheses about this later prehistoric landscape could be re-evaluated. By taking the watershed of the Bristol Avon River as a whole it was hoped that regional differences in settlement morphology could also be identified to test these earlier hypotheses.

Written by Barry Hobson, assisted by Helen Molesworth and Kate Trusler .

This study investigates the drivers for the development of the elite Late Period tombs of the necropoleis of Memphis. It studies their conceptual basis in the context of the social and political situation of the Late Period. It examines the landscape of Memphis and explores the geographic, geological and man-made features that encouraged the creation of a 'sacred landscape' with a view to discovering what features made this a desirable place for the building of tombs and why Late Period clusters of tombs were built in some parts of that landscape but not in others; it also considers the significance of their alignment. It sets out to discover what religious, social or ancestral factors made the elite choose the location of the individual tombs, what determined their structure and how they relate to older as well as contemporary structures. Finally, the reason for the positions of the different burial grounds of Memphis, and the interrelation between them, is explored in order to establish the socio-political factors influencing that choice.

Proceedings of the International Congress Verona (Italy) 20-23 April 2005This book includes papers from the congress: Prehistoric Technology 40 Years Later: Functional Studies and the Russian Legacy held in Verona (Italy), 20-23 April 2005. Sessions: Methodology (seven contributions); Hunter-Gatherers (nine contributions); Food Producers (eight contributions); Complex Polities (six contributions); Burial Context (six contributions); Posters (thirty-two contributions); Round Table (eight contributions).Edited by Laura Longo and Natalia Skakun with the assistance of Massimo Saracino and Martina Dalla Riva.

This study analyses earthenware vessels, including foreign ceramics and other objects found in 15th century burials in the Philippines, to determine the effects of foreign trade and influence on social identity and stratification.

Cardiff Studies in Archaeology

This study investigates the origins and consolidation of Latin Christianity and consequent way of life in the Maltese Islands, up to around 1530 AD. It is the outcome of several years of research on the written and unwritten sources, the partial, and at times conflicting, results of several independent aspects of which have been reported and discussed. The volume is, therefore, an analysis and interpretation of conclusions and hypotheses that have been circulating over the last decade.

This book includes papers from the annual meeting of SEAC (European Society for Astronomy in Culture) held in Kecskemét in Hungary in 2004.

This book, about the application of selected geophysical methods, their processing and interpretation on PC in archaeological prospection, sums up, generalises and comprehensively evaluates results achieved by authorities active in this field across a time-span greater than twenty years. Particular evidence is taken from archaeological localities in the Czech Republic.

The purpose of this book is to help the archaeologists in obtaining proper information on shells and their utilisation. The subject has been divided into chapters on history of malacological research, on shells as archaeological material and as part of the palaeoenvironment, as well as on different uses of molluscs (fishing, nutrition, tools, ornaments, etc). The last chapter summarises various interpretations of shells found in the Aegean area from the Palaeolithic to the Late Bronze Age.

An investigation of the propagandic methods employed by the Severan dynasty. In this thesis, a wide variety of evidence is examined, much of it relating to portraiture.

This book addresses the issue of the temporal origins of transhumant pastoralism in temperate southeastern Europe (northern half of the Balkan Peninsula). In recent years, several hypotheses have been suggested to explain when and why transhumant pastoralism with domestic animals appeared across the southern Mediterranean. Each hypothesis proposes a different point in time when transhumance would appear, ranging from the appearance of the earliest domestic animals (advent of the Early Neolithic), to the appearance of secondary product exploitation (advent of the Post Neolithic), and to the appearance of complex societies (advent of the Iron Age). The hypotheses are tested by examining the tooth remains from three domestic animal taxa (Ovis/Capra, Bos taurus and Sus scrofa) from archaeological sites in the central part of the northern Balkans (also known as the Central Balkans). Data from eleven sites in the region, with statistically sufficient samples and spanning the period from the Early Neolithic through to the Early Iron Age, were tabulated to test the hypotheses.

This work examines the evolution of astronomical thought, as well as the various astronomical and cosmovisional ideas in pharaonic Egypt (c. 2800 -1200 BCE), after the most important religious texts (primarily Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts, and secondarily Book of the Dead). More specifically, the author examines the astronomical conceptions of the ancient Egyptians concerning the stars, the Sun, the Moon and the Planets, as they are revealed in these funerary texts; a statistical analysis and a global comparative study of the corpora of PT and CT are presented here for the first time. The textual study of the Orphic Hymns and the funerary texts of the Egyptians is conducted within the interdisciplinary framework of both Egyptology and Archæoastronomy. The contents of this volume include: Chapter I, develops the theme and the scope of study, and the methodology, and the tools used to analyze the textual material in our comparative study. Chapter II is intended to be viewed as a concise introduction to the modern concepts of Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology. Chapter III is the nucleus of the study, where conceptions of ancient Egyptians in relation to the celestial bodies -as they are revealed in their funerary texts- are examined. Chapter IV is dedicated to the Hellenic Orphic Hymns, the textual archæoastronomical dating of their astronomical and cosmovisional notions from c. 1300 BCE (an era coinciding with the NK, viz the early Ramesside period), and the study of the astronomical conceptions that the Orphics had about the celestial bodies (stars, Sun, Moon and Planets). Chapter V is a concise comparative study between the ancient Egyptian and the modern astronomical ideas on the celestial bodies. Chapter VI is the focal point of convergence of the main conclusions and ideas of the work, with a review of the conclusions. The work ends with a series of Tables and the Indexes, presenting readers with a review of various modern and ancient astronomical conceptions, as well as with egyptological notions dealt with in the study (classified and categorized in appropriate sections). Written in French with extensive summaries in French, English, Greek and German.

This work defines Neolithic Near East 'Dark Faced Burnished Ware (DFBW)', on the basis of new data, taking into account areas of production, analyses of architectural, economic and environmental information, and the verification of the existence of a specific DFBW region and its characteristics. The distribution of DFBW to external areas is also investigated, with the goal of explaining relations between these regions during this Neolithic phase. This research was prompted by the renewed excavations at Yumuktepe-Mersin, one of the central sites of the so-called 'Syro-Cilician' culture, and by the possibility of analyzing two of the main contexts of DFBW - Judaidah, in the Amuq and Ain el-Kerkh, in the Rouj Basin. The study is presented in three main phases: the technical and typological definition of the DFBW; its distribution and characteristics within the horizon of DFBW producers; and its 'external' distribution. A chapter is devoted to a chronological summary of the analyzed developments, as reconstructed from comparisons in the ceramic assemblages from all the sites, and in correlation with available radiocarbon dates.