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The second volume presenting the results of researches at Gabati in central Sudan is concerned with the physical anthropology. The book consists of two parts. Part I details the analysis of the skeletons excavated at Gabati and summarises their general health and lifestyle. An in-depth social interpretation is not the intention of this analysis, but rather it forms an anthropological foundation to invite further research. Chapters 2-6 present the methods and results of inventory, demography and palaeopathology. Chapter 7 synthesises these results to impart an impression of life and health experienced at Gabati during the Meroitic, post-Meroitic and medieval periods. Chapter 8 situates the site and funerary program within the broader context of Nubian archaeology. Part II presents the skeletal catalogue of osteobiographical information for each individual and lists the unassociated skeletal remains, if any, for each tomb. The appendices include preservation tables, individual data tables, descriptive statistics for metrical data, frequency tables for non-metric traits and finally the plates.

This research addresses the issue of variability within the Middle Dorset (2000-1100 B.P.) culture on the island of Newfoundland and on the island of Saint-Pierre in the French Archipelago of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. Practice theory provides the conceptual framework to interpret variability and it is argued that the variability expressed in the Middle Dorset material record reflects the existence of distinct regional traditions. The comparative study of specific aspects of the lithic technology at eight Middle Dorset sites identified a strong process of regional specialization in the technological practices of these Palaeoeskimo people. Raw material use-patterns indicate a strong reliance on regionally available raw materials. Stylistic analysis also identifies discrete stylistic trends. Endblades take an emblematic role as most sites produced distinct and recognizable endblade types. With a few exceptions, the data reveal a high degree of technological homogeneity within individual sites and scarce evidence of contact between sites. At a larger scale, the evidence also indicates faint contact between Newfoundland/Saint-Pierre and Labrador Middle Dorset groups. In this research, the author suggests that the distinct regional technological practices reflect traditions of discrete territorially-defined social groups, much like the historical -muit groups in the Arctic. The picture proposed for the Newfoundland/Saint-Pierre region is one of a number of contemporaneous Middle Dorset groups, each living in discrete territories with their own technological traditions and specific developmental histories.

This book, unlike most studies dealing with the Crusaders' voyages by sea across the Mediterranean and their arrival at the shores of the Levant, looks at this feat from a seaman's point of view. To this end, it examines the types of ships, the sails and rigging that were used at the time, drawing on the author's personal experience and knowledge of the wind regime of the region. It also tackles the problems of transporting cargo, humans and horses, and the management of large fleets and their navigational difficulties. The book also deals with the question of landing on the flat coast of Palestine. It looks into the connection between seaside Crusader castles and the sea at their foot, taking as a case study the mooring basin below the Apollonia-Arsuf castle. This examination includes under-water digging and sub-bottom profiling using special equipment, and reveals interesting finds which call for further research.

Black Horse Farm is situated on the Cambridgeshire fen-edge. During the Iron Age and early Romano-British period it occupied a low promontory reaching out into the surrounding wetland. This volume describes the archaeological excavation of the site and the Iron Age settlement and Romano-British activity that was recorded there. The wetland of the fen would have been a prominent part of everyday life at Black Horse Farm and the book examines the way in which the site's inhabitants utilised and exploited it. Fluctuations between dry and damp conditions were also a prominent aspect of life at this marginal location and the later sections examine how the population responded to these conditions. The book examines themes including the organisation of space within the roundhouse, the role of ditches and banks as flood defences versus their social and defensive function, and offers alternative interpretations for some commonly observed features at contemporary sites.With contributions by Beta Analytic Inc., Jane Cowgill, Nina Crummy, Julia E. Cussans, Val Fryer, Andrew Peachey, Ruth Pelling, Carina Phillips, Rob Scaife and Maisie TaylorIllustrations by Kathren Henry, Charlotte Davies and Caroline George

Papers presented at the Twelfth Annual Conference of the British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology held in Cambridge, September 2010. Contents: Introduction (Mitchell and Buckberry); 1) Human Evolution after the Origin of our Species: Bridging the gap between Palaeoanthropology and Bioarchaeology (Stock); 2) Sexual Dimorphism in Adult Skeletal Remains at Ban Non Wat, Thailand, during the Intensification of Agriculture in Early Prehistoric Southeast Asia (Clark, Tayles and Halcrow); 3) The Bioarchaeology of Agriculture in the Southern Levant: A Comparative Study of Epipaleolithic Hunter-Gatherers and Bronze Age Agriculturalists (Gasperetti); 4) Where Have we Been, Where Are we Now, and What Does the Future Hold? Palaeopathology in the UK over the Last 30 Years, with a Few Bees in my Bonnet (Roberts); 5) The Paleoparasitology of 17th-18th Century Spitalfields in London (Anastasiou, Mitchell and Jeffries); 6) Integrated Strategies for the use of Lipid Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Ancient Mycobacterial Disease (Lee, Bull, Molnar, Marcsick, Palfi, Donoghue, Besra and Minnikin); 7) A Comparative Study of Markers of Occupational Stress in Coastal Fishers and Inland Agriculturalists from Northern Chile (Ponce); 8) The Human Remains from the Medieval Islamic Cemetery of Can Fonoll, Ibiza, Spain: Preliminary Results (Kyriakou, Marquez-Grant, Langstaff, Samuels, Pacelli, Castro, Roig and Kranioti); 9) A New Known Age and Sex Collection at the Natural History Museum, London (Delbarre, Clegg, Kruszynski and Bonney); 10) Implementation of Preliminary Digital Radiographic Examination in the Confines of the Crypt of St Bride's Church, Fleet Street, London (Bekvalac); 11) A Revised Method for Assessing Tooth Wear in the Deciduous Dentition (Clement and Freyne); 12) A Study of Interobserver Variation in Cranial Measurements and the Resulting Consequences when Analysed using CranID (Slater and Smith); 13) Early Bronze Age Busta in Cambridgeshire? On-Site Experiments to Investigate the Effects of Fires and Pyres on Pits (Dodwell); 14) Archaeological Insights into the Disarticulation Pattern of a Human Body in a Sitting/Squatting Position (Gerdau Radonic); 15) Mortuary Practices at Aztalan: A Reappraisal of an Elite Burial at a Middle Mississippian Site in the Western Great Lakes Region of the Midwestern United States (Sullivan and Rodell); 16) Stature of Burials Interred with Weapons in Early Medieval England (Mays); The Uses of Field Anthropology on the Excavation of the St-Rumbold Cemetery, Mechelen, Belgium (Van de Vijver ).

This publication began as an AHRC-funded doctoral thesis, 'Links to Late Antiquity: Understanding Contacts on the Western Seaboard in the 5th to 7th Centuries', completed at Newcastle University in 2016. This revised version presents a broad-scale discussion of the evidence for contacts and connections in the Atlantic Seaboard region, based principally on ceramics. It extends knowledge of a category of material with a long history of scholarship in Britain and Ireland: amphorae and fineware vessels of East Mediterranean origin. The presence of this imported pottery at sites in western Britain, such as Tintagel in Cornwall, has frequently been used to suggest direct links between post-Roman Britain and the Byzantine World. This work offers an alternative position - that the wares reflect active and evolving networks of trans-shipment and exchange operating in the Atlantic Seaboard region between the fifth and seventh century. This first examination of parallel French, Spanish and Portuguese publications provides a fresh perspective on this important group of artefacts for understanding early medieval Britain.

Written by Dixie West, Virginia Hatfield, Elizabeth Wilmerding, Christine Lefèvre and Lyn Gualtieri.From the Introduction: 'North Adak Island is a dichotomy of brute, natural beauty and a horrific example of what modern humans and war can do to a landscape. The island also contains what up until now has been largely untapped scientific data about the peoples who inhabited the island centuries prior to historic contact. The following scientific papers document the three-year effort to recover, analyse, and present that information to the Native American and scientific communities.'

Edited by Alexandra Legrand-Pineau, Isabelle Sidéra, Natacha Buc, Eva David and Vivian Scheinsohn with the collaboration of Douglas V. Campana, Alice M. Choyke, Pam Crabtree and Elisabeth A. Stone.

With few exceptions, virtually no other paleoethnobotanist has studied how the ancient Maya interacted with their spiritual universe via ritual practice. Archaeobotanical studies are still rare in the Maya region, though this has been changing. In terms of caves, this situation remains perplexing. There are few kinds of archaeological contexts in this region that permit good preservation. These caves are not the arid caves of Peru, of the Southwest United States, or even of Puebla, Mexico. They are hot and humid-conditions that seem very difficult for the long term preservation of organic remains. But, in general, they differ remarkably from the environment outside. Outside these caves one finds inter and intra-seasonal fluctuations in temperature and precipitation. Inside, however, caves are stable microenvironments. This stability offers archaeologists a rare opportunity to access a component of past life that was so central but, today, is so utterly absent from our records. The author decided to write this present work because of its intrinsic value for anthropological archaeology generally and for Maya archaeology specifically. How many ears of maize have Maya archaeologists found? How many bean cotyledons or squash rinds? How many fragments of cloth? The author recovered more archaeobotanical remains (in terms of diversity and overall abundance) than is commonly recovered from an entire habitation site from a single feature at Barton Creek Cave, and to his knowledge to date this monograph is the only one of its kind -the only full length book on paleoethnobotany in Maya archaeology. Although archaeobotanists continue to make methodological advances (especially in micro-floral research), it is still an under-utilized discipline in the Maya area.

Volume 36This book includes papers from Sessions C11, C22, S04, WS29 and C88 from the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006).Session C11: Ancient Cultural Landscapes in South Europe - their Ecological Setting and EvolutionSession C22: Gardeners from South AmericaSession S04: Agro-Pastoralism and Early Metallurgy SessionsSession WS29: The Idea of Enclosure in Recent Iberian PrehistorySession C88: Rhytmes et causalites des dynamiques de l'anthropisation en Europe entre 6500 ET 500 BC: Hypotheses socio-culturelles et/ou climatiquesEdited by José Eduardo Mateus and Paula Queiroz (C11), Angela Buarque (C22), Ana Rosa Cruz (S04), António Carlos Valera and Lucy Shaw Evangelista (WS29), Laurent Carozza, Didier Galop, Michel Magny and J. Guilaine (C88 ), Cláudia Fidalgo and Luiz Oosterbeek (Volume Editing)

This work is a contribution to the body of 'new' landscape history drawing on a range of sources from archives, such as documents and maps, from archaeological excavation and from field survey in relation to the Doncaster district of South Yorkshire (UK). Rather than a focus on well-known national examples this study follows the lead established by authors whose studies examine developments in large-scale ornamental landscapes within a distinct geographical region. By taking a regional perspective, a systematic approach to survey can be adopted which enables coverage of sites throughout the social strata of the land-owning classes. Furthermore it allows parity in terms of any vernacular idiosyncrasies in social structure, economy and geography, which a countrywide survey would not allow. Following the introduction, the second chapter sets out these landscapes and the people who created them. This is done initially on a national scale, but then becomes focussed on the regional context in which the study sites are situated. The third chapter defines the methodology and the scale of analysis by which this survey is undertaken. The survey then uses four sites of the gentry as detailed case studies to examine the development of large-scale ornamental landscapes in the period c.1680-c.1840, placing them within a local and national framework. The chapters on context and the primary survey sites are elucidated with reference to a gazetteer of 57 survey sites within the study district. By using this device, which is included as an appendix to this work, a systematic approach to the study of designed landscapes within a regional context can be adopted. Furthermore, the gazetteer is intended to provide a resource for researchers wishing to undertake further investigation into the ornamental landscapes of the Doncaster area. In the final chapter comparisons are drawn between the development of designed landscapes, in a regional context, in relation to the models provided by art historical and contextual texts on the subject.

This book is volume V in a series of inventories of 'First Neolithic Sites' in Europe. The series will consist of I) Bulgaria, II) Romania, III) Eastern Hungary, IV) Eastern Slovakia, V) Southeastern Poland. The main themes of each volume will be: 1) General information about cultural evolution at the onset of the Neolithic, 2) Additional data on cultural and economic problems specific for a given region, 3) A list of radiometric dates, 4) A catalogue of sites in alphabetical order.

This work introduces 'competitive advantage strategy' into heritage management within tourism and general development on the basis of differentiation. It argues that in a long term managerial policy, achieving sustainable conservation through development has a higher probability of success by shifting responsibilities to the public. The lack of a precedent managed in this way has necessitated the creation of a case-study, a strategic management model for the Mani, a region in the southern Peloponnese, Greece. The region is rich in cultural heritage but has been largely abandoned and the region's many different aspects and the urgent need to save the Mani's heritage are the main reasons for its selection in this study. The result is a strategic management and development plan for the Mani and a paradigmatic strategic model for further cases internationally.

Freiburg Dissertations in Aegean ArchaeologyIn this study of Minoan cult practice, the author looks beyond the many vivid images from Cretan prehistory, focussing on the stratigraphy of the artefacts and buildings. She lists all the known cultural rooms in a database and divides them into "primary" and "secondary" rooms, according to their cultural objects and architectural situation. The former were selected for their good state of preservation, with their artefacts found in situ. These rooms were characterised by objects which were recognised as"cultural" by archaeology, present in other ancient religions better known from written sources (Egyptian, Hittite, Greek). Using this data it became clear that the same objects appeared in different contexts and their impact was only intelligible in combination with other findings belonging to the same surrounding architecture. Four groups of cultic activities were thus identified: Small offerings; Animal sacrifices; Ceremonial events; Purification rites.

In this work the author correlates animal history with the evolution of human society and with the ecological transformations in mediaeval Moldavia, revealing the role played by animals in the life of mediaeval communities, the exploitation strategies employed, the dynamics of the morphology, and the distribution of various animal species in mediaeval Moldavia. The objectives in view were: to evaluate the animal resources and the purposes of their use in various mediaeval settlements in Moldavian territory; to identify consumer diversity depending on the geographical, ethnical and religious factors on the urban or rural environment; to describe different animal species identified starting from the archaeozoological samples and to establish certain racial types of domestic animals in mediaeval Moldavia on the basis of the correlation of archaeozoological and historiographical data, as well as present-day zootechnological data; to estimate the ways in which animals were utilized (age, gender, butchering methods, etc.). The work is presented in four chapters, followed by conclusions, bibliography, and appendices of metric data inventories. The first chapter presents the general study framework and background on previously published data. Chapter two provides a general description of the archaeozoological samples on which the synthetic analysis is founded. Chapter three is an investigation of the animal resources used in mediaeval Moldavia. Chapter four contains the osteometric description of the domestic animal species identified in the archaeological samples.

The construction of urban identities through the landscape during the Modern Era in Portugal, is an area of historical research which, so far, has been little explored. In this work, the author develops this theme with an emphasis on the city of Braga (north-west Portrugal). The study is also a 'humanist' alternative to the empiricism that is, presently, common in the studies of the cities of that period. Chapter 2 is a critical overview of the study of cities as it is presently conducted in Portugal. Chapter 3 delineates an alternative approach to the study of Modern Era cities in Portugal, with a focus on the concepts of identity and landscape. Chapter 4 offers a brief overview of the sources that were used in the research on Braga, with a particular focus on maps, documents and standing buildings. Chapter 5 is an analysis of what the city's landscape looked like by the late 15th century and what can be inferred about its identity through it. Chapters 6 and 7 are about the radical changes that took place in the city's identity and landscape in the early 16th century. Chapter 6 is about the space of the city proper and Chapter 7 discusses the outskirts. Chapter 8 relates the actions that took place in the middle of the 16th century under the initiative of the Church in order to consolidate Braga's catholic identity. Chapter 9 deals mostly with the actions of Fr. Agostinho da Cruz in the late 16th century in order to reaffirm Braga's primate status within the Hispanic Monarchy. Chapter 10 covers the years 1620-70, a period of strong political and social turmoil, which caused a crisis of identity in Braga. Chapter 11 argues that this crisis of identity was responsible in the late 17th century for a fragmentation of Braga's identity into smaller ones among its inhabitants. Finally, Chapter 12 analyses the attempts by Archbishop D. Rodrigo Moura Teles in the early 18th century to create a common identity that again united Braga's inhabitants.

This book includes papers from a symposium held in May 2006 in Rome on the Italian Late Glacial.

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 73The region traditionally known as the Méma is a plain of deep alluvial deposits that lies west of the current seasonally ¿ooded Inland Delta of the Niger River and southwest of the Lakes Region. The Méma is also sometimes referred to in the literature as the 'Dead Delta', a name that evokes the presence of a dense network of dry watercourses. This indicates that the Méma once formed a ¿oodplain of pseudo-deltaic hydrology similar to that of the current active ¿oodplain to the southeast. Today, the Méma lies within the sahelian zone and is very dry. The spotty distribution of modern permanent settlement in the Méma contrasts sharply with the situation during the last millennium. The ¿eldwork presented in this volume has identi¿ed numerous Iron Age (IA) habitation mounds. This thriving human settlement, clearly associated with a period of climatic amelioration, extends back in time to the Late Stone Age (LSA).Due to the dearth of information on both the history and archaeology of Méma, the Méma archaeological research program was designed as an exploratory inquiry. The primary objective of the archaeological research program executed from December 1989 to June 1990 was to collect basic data that will permit a preliminary analysis of settlement pattern and radiocarbon and ceramic chronology as well as a careful description of the material culture of the Méma during the Iron Age (IA). Research comprised two components: a) a regional site survey and b) the excavations at the IA site complex of Akumbu. These two components had the broad common goal of collecting basic information from which future research questions and research strategies could be derived.

This volume, on a delightful area within sight of the towers and spires of central Oxford, is the result of 25 years work by the author. It began as a desk study which generated sufficient interest for the author to work on a base-line botanical survey of Port Meadow with Wolvercote Common, ancient pasture, and to contrast it with a similar survey of Picksey Mead, ancient hay-meadow. The historical research was extended to look at the history of the management of both these flood-plain areas in order to understand something of the differences in their species-composition and to enable the author to relate them to their past management. The pioneering environmental archaeology undertaken in the area is now an authoritative discipline and the ground-breaking use of a multi-disciplinary approach to grassland studies is at last being recognised by Natural England and others as an essential element in management plans for Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Since the early 1980s grants have been available for increasingly in-depth studies of a single topic. The publication of this volume represents a change of view in which multi-disciplinary studies, especially those relating to the history of man and the landscape he has influenced are recognized for the breadth of vision which is their strength. The description of the vegetation has proved invaluable when working with English Nature (now Natural England) over the intervening years as it provided a base-line from which natural and man-made changes in the vegetation could be measured. In particular, the description of Port Meadow Marsh was vital in connection with the study of Apium repens carried out by the Rare Plants Group of the Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire for English Nature from 1996-2006. The author has brought the descriptions of the various communities into line with the relevant volumes of John Rodwell's British Plant Communities. The historical sections of the work have also stood the test of time and have been brought up to date where necessary and incorporated into this new volume. With the current interest in flood-alleviation plans for West Oxford, which include the possibility of constructing new channels associated with overflow areas within the river Thames flood-plain above Oxford, which could affect the hydrology and therefore the vegetation of these ancient pastures and meads, publication of this work is timely.

The conquest of Jerusalem by Saladin in 583/1187, after nearly nine decades of Frankish rule, opened a new era of cultural, socio-economic and architectural changes. The renewed political fervour that followed it gave a fresh impetus to an extensive building activity initiated by the Ayyubids, which signified a renaissance in the style of Islamic architecture. Such style is exemplified in a large variety of monuments which would come to influence the magnificent Medieval Islamic architecture of Jerusalem. This research provides a comprehensive architectural and archaeological study of the Ayyubid monuments that still remain in the Old City of Jerusalem. These monuments are described and recorded by means of survey drawings and photographs, providing essential archaeological data, thus complementing the epigraphic, archival and literary historical evidence. The work comprises six chapters. A brief historical overview of the Ayyubid state, the major factors on which it was based, makes the first chapter. The sources of information utilised in this research are illustrated in the second chapter. Chapter three deals with Jerusalem in the political context of the Ayyubid state: the role Jerusalem played in the propagation of jihad against the Franks; the administrative and demographic changes introduced by the Ayyubids. Chapter four examines the architectural changes that were introduced by the Ayyubids, emphasising how political and socio- economic factors determined construction projects in the city. Chapter five constitutes the core of the book: a catalogue of the extant Ayyubid buildings in Jerusalem. These are grouped chronologically, with detailed architectural, archaeological and historical analysis, as well as interpretations of their structural evolution. In addition, four appendices list Ayyubid buildings which were rebuilt in later periods, buildings which no longer exist known from inscriptions and literary sources, segments of buildings, and an up-to-date list of Ayyubid inscriptions found in thecity and its surroundings. Chapter six discusses the various aspects and principal features characterising Ayyubid architecture in Jerusalem and its unique style as an amalgamation of Ayyubid Syrian, Crusader and local traditions. Coloured and black-and-white photographs and drawings of plans, sections, elevations and other illustrations of these buildings are included.

This volume, dedicated to Gertrud Seidmann, includes a collection of papers extending through the world of collecting and antiquarian study, covering diverse parts of the ancient world and drawing on science as well as the fine arts.

6 papers from the workshop "Scarabs outside Egypt: local production or imports?" held at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München in November 1999.

The Beazley Archive Studies in Gems and Jewellery VDr. Julia Kagan, Curator of post-Classical engraved gems in the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, has devoted a lifetime of scholarship to the study of gem-engraving in Britain, in part inspired by the English Brown brothers who carved gems for Catherine the Great during the 18th century. The many articles she published in the 1960s and 1970s covering various aspects of the history of glyptics in Great Britain and the formation of the Hermitage's collection of British gems, an earlier dissertation which originally formed the basis of this book, and the attached catalogue, comprise a suitable tribute to the immense richness and diversity of gem engraving in Britain from Antiquity to the present. This comprehensive study includes a catalogue of the British engraved gems in The State Hermitage Museum, appendices of archive documents, and a table of British engravers.Translated (from Russian) by Catherine Phillips.Objects photographed by Leonard Heifitz, Svetlana Suetova and Leonid Volkov.

Hypogean Archaeology No 11Censire e studiare le cavità artificiali vuol dire documentare le architetture sotterranee. Questi sono gli Atti del IV Congresso di Archeologia del Sottosuolo e i quattordici lavori trattano le opere idrauliche realizzate dall'antichità al XX secolo, seguendo le tipologie e sottotipologie già messe in evidenza nei precedenti volumi di Hypogean Archaeology e soprattutto negli antecedenti testi che hanno inaugurato la nuova disciplina. I lavori contenuti in questi Atti offrono un panorama sulle indagini condotte nelle opere idrauliche presenti in contesti differenti, così da offrire un incentivo e uno stimolo ai futuri ricercatori. Difatti, per quanto fino ad oggi sia stato fatto, si è ancora ben lungi dall'avere documentato tutte le opere idrauliche sotterranee più importanti dell'Italia e delle Nazioni vicine e lontane. Si ricordi che lo studio delle "opere ipogee" o "cavità artificiali" necessita di un addestramento di base che solo la tecnica e la pratica speleologica possono fornire.The study and recording of artificial cavities consists in the documentation of underground structures. This volume presents the Acts of the Fourth Congress of Hypogean Archaeology, collecting 14 papers devoted to hydraulic works carried out from antiquity through the twentieth century. They follow the typologies and subtypes highlighted in the previous volumes of the Hypogean Archeology subseries, particularly those that inaugurated this new discipline. The works presented here provide an overview of surveys conducted in hydraulic works from a variety contexts, so as to offer an incentive and a stimulus to future researchers, as researchers are still far from having documented all the most important underground hydraulic works in Italy, let alone neighbouring and distant regions, and the study of underground structures and artificial cavities requires the basic training that only proper technique and speleological practice can provide.

Esta obra se centra en el estudio de la delimitación de los espacios públicos dentro de las murallas de Pompeya. Esta ciudad nos brinda la posibilidad de realizar un estudio de esta índole, ya que es considerada una cápsula del tiempo y podemos ver en ella el ejemplo más claro de cómo se organizaba urbanísticamente una urbe romana en el siglo I d.C. Para analizar la delimitación de todos estos espacios se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de los bloques irregulares de piedra (termini) que los delimitan. Estos termini estaban fuertemente protegidos por la legislación, por un derecho consuetudinario y por preceptos religiosos. Por ello, a todo aquel que osara mover o sobrepasar dichos termini con la construcción de edificios se le impondría una sanción por parte de la ciudad e incluso en algunos casos por parte del emperador.This book focuses on the delimitation of public spaces within the city wall of ancient Pompeii. Because the original pattern and architectural structures of this city are so well preserved, it provides valuable insight into the urbanism of a Roman city of the 1st century AD. The delimitation of public spaces in the city has here been examined through a study of the boundary stones known as termini. These stones were strongly controlled by municipal legislation, but they were also protected by customary law and religious precepts. Those who damaged or moved the termini, or built their house or any other structure in such a way as to violate the delimiting line marked by the termini, had to pay a penalty, which was imposed by the municipal council or, in some cases, by the emperor.

Durante la expansión de los reinos cristianos por la Península Ibérica en la Edad Media se produjo un cambio en las normas y costumbres sociales devenidas de un doble proceso de conquista y colonización. La arquitectura será una manifestación donde expresar los deseos y necesidades de la nueva sociedad cristiana. En este libro se aborda la cuestión de la forma, la estructura y construcción de la arquitectura eclesiástica tomando como caso de estudio el territorio de la Sierra de Aracena, una región del Reino de Sevilla conquistado durante el siglo XIII, a través de tres cuestiones: ¿Qué condicionantes históricos y materiales plantean la configuración de las iglesias? ¿Cuál era la forma de construir? y finalmente ¿Qué respuesta técnico constructiva tuvo?Para tratar de responder estas cuestiones se recurre al estudio de la técnica constructiva a través de diferentes fuentes, principalmente las materiales a partir de los estudios arqueológicos y de diseño de los edificios como el estudio geométrico de la planta, presentando un levantamiento completo así como de modelos 3D que muestran la información de las iglesias siendo cotejadas y caracterizadas mediante textos consultados en diferentes archivos.The expansion of the Christian kingdoms through the Iberian Peninsula in the Middle Ages prompted a change in social norms and customs, resulting from the double process of conquest and colonisation. Architecture was one manifestation of the desires and needs of the new Christian society. This book examines the form, structure and construction of ecclesiastical architecture, taking as a case study the territory of the Sierra de Aracena, a region of the Kingdom of Seville conquered during the thirteenth century, by posing three questions: What historical and material constraints shaped the configuration of the churches? What was the approach to building them? And finally, what construction techniques resulted? To try to answer these questions the author embarks on a study of construction technique, drawing mainly on archaeological approaches such as geometric study of their floorplans, and here presents a complete survey, including 3D models that display the resulting information on the churches, which has been collated with reference to texts from a variety of archives.

As integrated and varied ritual contexts, how do changing patterns of pre-Columbian cave use inform the complex of historical, social, political, economic and related ideological processes in action during the inception, florescence, and collapse of Tipan Chen Uitz and other ancient Maya centres in Central Belize? This book aims to highlight and, within a specific regional context, to address, the tendency of the speleoarchaeology of the Maya area to isolate itself from broader topics of discourse. To this end, it explicitly contextualizes primary research in several caves along a chain of related concepts and datasets, extending from the broad body of literature on ritual and religion, through discussion of the conceptual cave context drawn from epigraphic and iconographic sources, and its invocation as recorded in contemporary (or, at least, relatively recent) ethnographic contexts and earlier post-Columbian indigenous historic sources, to the well-travelled paths of the archaeological study of caves.

Excavations on the border between Greece (sector Promachon) and Bulgaria (sector Topolni¿a) in the basin of the river Strymonas, in Macedonia northern Greece, have revealed a 'flat-extended' settlement dating to the Late Neolithic. In addition to the rich array of material culture evidence, the excavation yielded a substantial quantity of animal bones, thus offering an unparalleled opportunity to study the human-animal relationships. This book focuses on the study of the faunal assemblage from the Greek sector of Promachon, and examines the role and the contribution of domestic and wild animals in subsistence. This information is especially valuable considering the scarcity of faunal data from contemporary settlements across the basin of the Strymonas during a time period (the 5th millennium BC) that is considered one of the most dynamic eras in the prehistory of southeastern Europe. This study also clarifies trends in animal management at both the micro and the macro scales, through a detailed comparison of faunal data between Promachon and other contemporary sites from northern Greece and the Balkan regions.

The heart amulet is one of the most often depicted images in Egyptian art. Due to the scarcity of archaeological information available about the heart amulet, its artistic depictions represent an important and decisive source for the study of the meaning of these objects. We know that the amulet was already in use as early as the 11th Dynasty among the circle of Theban royalty. However, the first known depiction of the heart amulet only occurs at the beginning of the 18th Dynasty, in the Donation Stela, where the object is used by the young prince. This current study focuses on the significance and development of this iconic image.

Este trabajo pretende convertirse en un modelo teórico que sirva de sustento a un proyecto de investigación futuro sobre tecnología naval prehistórica. Para ello se realiza un desarrollo del proyecto arquitectónico de la construcción naval en la prehistoria a través del análisis de sus cuatro condicionantes básicos: condicionantes socioeconómicos, condicionantes náuticos, condicionantes materiales, condicionantes simbólicos y quizás también un quinto en lo que refiere a la herencia tecnológica y cultural. Se llega a la conclusión de que dichos condicionantes no pueden ser analizados por separados y que son parte consustancial del proyecto arquitectónico. Así también, se propone que a causa de esta realidad los artilugios náuticos se constituyeron como un elemento clave de los procesos de evolución sociocultural y, por lo tanto, jugaron un papel importante en el desarrollo de la complejidad social a lo largo de la prehistoria.This book aims to lay down the theoretical framework that will serve as the basis for a future research project on prehistoric watercraft technology. In order to achieve this, an account of the development of the architectural project of naval construction in prehistory is carried out through an analysis of its four basic constraints: socioeconomic constraints, nautical constraints, material constraints, symbolic constraints and perhaps also a fifth, consisting of technological and cultural heritage. It is concluded that these constraints cannot be analysed separately and that they are an inherent part of the architectural project. Likewise, it is proposed that, because of this reality, boats and ships were a key element of sociocultural evolution and, therefore, played an important role in the development of social complexity throughout prehistory.