Bøger af Kemal Yildirim

Posthumanism or post-humanism (meaning "after humanism" or "beyond humanism") is a term with at least seven definitions according to philosopher Francesca Fernando. Posthumanism is a philosophical perspective of how change is enacted in the world. As a conceptualization and historicization of both agency and the ¿human,¿ it is different from those conceived through humanism. Whereas a humanist perspective frequently assumes the human is autonomous, conscious, intentional, and exceptional in acts of change, a posthumanist perspective assumes agency is distributed through dynamic forces of which the human participates but does not completely intend or control. Posthumanist philosophy constitutes the human as: (a) physically, chemically, and biologically enmeshed and dependent on the environment; (b) moved to action through interactions that generate affects, habits, and reason; and (c) possessing no attribute that is uniquely human, but is instead made up of a larger evolving ecosystem. There is little consensus in posthumanist scholarship about the degree to which a conscious human subject can actively create change, but the human does participate in change.

This book concentrates on Lebanese poet and philosopher Kahlil Gibran's views on government, state, and politics. Included are excerpts from two of Gibran's works, 'The New Frontier' and 'The Prophet¿ that emphasize his views against social injustice and highlight his ideas of a 'unity of being'. A brief history of Gibran's life explains how he struggled to merge the Eastern philosophy of his native Lebanon with the Western progressiveness of his adopted America. Gibran, Rihani, and Naimy became citizens of the US and wrote both in Arabic and in English. As ambassadors of their homeland to the West, they celebrated the glorious past of the Arab world, but attacked what they considered its backward present. In America, they were impressed with the values of freedom and democracy in addition to scientific progress, but rejected what they saw as an excessive materialism at the expense of spirituality. He became well known for his paintings, but far better for his writings, and many critics attribute his outstanding profile to the fact that his effect has been significant in both East and West. Gibran, became one of the United States¿ most popular author.

This book looks at the work of Edward W. Said, specifically his book 'Orientalism,' as making Said representative as a spokesperson for Arab concerns. Edward W. Said was born in 1935 in Palestine, then under British rule, to a Palestinian Arab Christian father and a Lebanese Greek Orthodox mother. He lived in Palestine and Egypt until he was 12 and then his family sent him to the US. After getting his undergraduate and graduate degrees at Princeton, he earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in English Literature from Harvard University. In 1963, he joined Columbia University¿s Comparative Literature faculty and taught there until his death in 2003. He also worked as a visiting scholar at Yale University and John Hopkins University. The origins of Orientalism Snake charmers, carpet vendors, and veiled women may conjure up ideas of the Middle East, North Africa, and West Asia, but they are also partially indebted to Orientalist fantasies. To understand these images, we have to understand the concept of Orientalism, beginning with the word ¿Orient¿ itself.

The debate over modernity in Chile has normally focused on practical and empirical rather than on theoretical aspects. José Joaquín Brunner has suggested that the publications on modernization in Chile often account for specific experiences of modernity, which aim to build up policy strategies for the achievement of such forms of modernity. Gerard van der Ree points out that this tendency is due to two characteristics of Chile¿s intellectuals: firstly, they perceive modernity as achievable, and thus they conduct the debate on practical rather than philosophical or theoretical terms. From other hand, they often participate actively in national politics and thus encourage a policy-oriented intellectual creation.

Comoros is an archipelago located southeast of Africa, east of Tanzania, and northwest of Madagascar. Comoros consists of four main islands covering an area of 2,236 square kilometres. The country became independent on 6 July 1975, but one of the islands, Maore (424 km²), has remained under French administration. The sovereignty of the Republic of Comoros therefore only covers three islands: Mwali (290 km²), Ndzuwani (374 km²), and Ngazidja (1148 km²). The Archipelago of Comoros is made of volcanic islands. It has a tropical maritime climate. In 2003, the total population was estimated to be 576,000 inhabitants, mainly living in rural areas (72%). However, there are significant differences from island to island. According to the 2001 Constitution, the country is a Republic named the Union of Comoros. Each Island has its own Constitution and a large autonomy. The economy of Comoros is mainly based on agriculture. This sector represents 41% of Gross National Product (GNP), 80% of employment, and generates 90% of the State¿s income. This book discovers information on the long-running dispute over the island of Mayotte.

Nauru (/n¿¿¿u¿ru¿/ nah-OO-rooor /¿näru¿/ NOW-roo; Nauruan: Naoero), officially the Republic of Nauru (Nauruan: Repubrikin Naoero) and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island country and microstate in Micronesia, a subregion of Oceania, in the Central Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati, 300 km (190 mi) to the east. It further lies northwest of Tuvalu, 1,300 km (810 mi) northeast of the Solomon Islands, east-northeast of Papua New Guinea, southeast of the Federated States of Micronesia and south of the Marshall Islands. With only a 21 km (8.1 sq mi) area, Nauru is the third-smallest country in the world behind Vatican City, and Monaco, making it the smallest republic. Additionally, its population of 10,670 is the world's second smallest, after Vatican City. Settled by people from Micronesia and Polynesia c. 1000 BC, Nauru was annexed and claimed as a colony by the German Empire in the late 19th century. After World War I, Nauru became a League of Nations mandate administered by Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. During World War II, Nauru was occupied by Japanese troops, and was bypassed by the Allied advance across the Pacific.

In international law, a stateless person is someone who is "not considered as a national by any state under the operation of its law". Some stateless people are also refugees. However, not all refugees are stateless, and many people who are stateless have never crossed an international border. On 12 November 2018, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees warned there are about 12 million stateless people in the world. How does nationality work? People usually acquire a nationality automatically at birth, either through their parents or the country, in which they were born. Sometimes, however, a person must apply to become a national of a country. What is statelessness? The international legal definition of a stateless person is ¿a person who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law¿. In simple terms, this means that a stateless person does not have a nationality of any country. Some people are born stateless, but others become stateless.

Africäs colonial history alongside the discursive ¿othering¿ of Africa makes postcolonial approaches relevant to African studies. However, the use of these postcolonial approaches can also produce contradictions and the tendency to over- romanticize pre-colonial structures and identities. What this article has shown is the importance of moving away from European-dominant frameworks and the need to value and affirm African histories, identities, and epistemologies. Despite these moves to deconstruct the orientalist discourses about Africa, Africa remains ¿entangled and trapped within the snares of the colonial matrix of power,¿ because colonial hegemony persists210This is evidenced especially by the adaptation of the neoliberal Africa rising rhetoric by various levels of African governments. This Africa rising, while it embraces the possibilities of a brighter future for Africa subscribe to the Western epistemological notion of progress. Yet, most attempts to operate outside the ¿episteme constructed by the West¿ 211are accused of essentialism and reproducing colonial binaries. It remains unclear whether these forms of essentialisms and binaries are always negative.

Profile of TIMERMAN, JACOBO (1923¿1999). Argentinean journalist. Born in the small Ukrainian town of Bar, he migrated to Argentina at the age of five with his family. During the years 1948¿50 Timerman was a member of the editorial board of Nueva Sion, a Socialist-Zionist left-oriented biweekly published in Buenos Aires. He achieved his first great success with the news magazine Primera Plana (1962¿66), followed by Confirmado (1965¿66), both inspired by Time and Newsweek. In 1971 Timerman founded the liberal newspaper daily La Opinión, on the model of Le Monde, and edited the paper until it was shut down by the military regime in 1977. Between 1973 and 1976 La Opinión had been closed on a few occasions, because it campaigned against the right-wing populist supporters of the anti-Semite minister José López Rega as well as the neo-fascist squads known as Triple a (aaa). La Opinión was one of the few important newspapers in Argentina to extensively denounce government corruption, state-tolerated anti-Semitism, and the Junta's flagrant violation of human rights during the repression.

An ontological argument is a philosophical argument, made from an ontological basis, that is, advanced in support of the existence of God. Such arguments tend to refer to the state of being or existing. More specifically, ontological arguments are commonly conceived a priori in regard to the organization of the universe, whereby, if such organizational structure is true, God must exist.The first ontological argument in Western Christian tradition [i] was proposed by Saint Anselm of Canterbury in his 1078 work, Proslogion (Latin: Proslogium, lit. 'Discourse on the Existence of God'), in which he defines God as "a being than which no greater can be conceived," and argues that such being must exist in the mind, even in that of the person, who denies the existence of God. From this, he suggests that if the greatest possible being exists in the mind, it must also exist in reality, because if it existed only in the mind, then an even greater being must be possible ¿ one who exists both in mind and in reality. Therefore, this greatest possible being must exist in reality.

Hobbes¿s masterpiece, Leviathan (1651), does not significantly depart from the view of De Cive concerning the relation between protection and obedience, but it devotes much more attention to the civil obligations of Christian believers and the proper and improper roles of a church. Leviathan or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil, commonly referred to as Leviathan, is a book written by Thomas Hobbes (1588¿1679) and published in 1651 (revised Latin edition 1668). Its name derives from the biblical Leviathan. The work concerns the structure of society and legitimate government, and is regarded as one of the earliest and most influential examples of social contract theory. Locke is also widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism" and Karl Popper is generally regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of science of the 20th century.

They are the oldest inhabitants of southern Africa, Botswana and Namibia and Angola. They are mainly located in remote, inaccessible areas. Many still live as hunter-gatherers in rudimentary shelters, moving within their ancestral territories, while others have settled in homesteads, where they practice agriculture, surrounded by Bantu neighbors, or live in urban communities. Initial contact with San communities showed that they suffered greatly as a result of the war. Their access to food had been reduced, mortality rates were high, and their way of life was under serious threat. There is a long history of open exploitation and discrimination against the San by neighboring Bantu groups, who have more socio-economic and political power. San, also called (pejorative) Bushmen, an indigenous people of southern Africa, related to the Khoekhoe (Khoikhoi). They live chiefly in Botswana, Namibia, and southeastern Angola. Bushmen is an Anglicization of boesman, the Dutch and Afrikaner name for them; saan (plural) or saa (singular) is the Nama word for ¿bush dweller(s),¿ and the Nama name is now generally favoured by anthropologists.

William Ewart Gladstone PC FRS FSS (/¿¿lædst¿n/; 29 December 1809 ¿ 19 May 1898) was a British statesman and Liberal politician. In a career lasting over 60 years, he served for 12 years as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, spread over four terms beginning in 1868 and ending in 1894. He also served as Chancellor of the Exchequer four times. Gladstone was born in Liverpool to Scottish parents. He first entered the House of Commons in 1832, beginning his political career as a High Tory, a grouping, which became the Conservative Party under Robert Peel in 1834. Gladstone served as a minister in both of Peel's governments, and in 1846 joined the breakaway Peelite faction, which eventually merged into the new Liberal Party in 1859. He was Chancellor under Lord Aberdeen (1852¿1855), Lord Palmerston (1859¿1865) and Lord Russell (1865¿1866). Gladstone's own political doctrine ¿ which emphasized equality of opportunity and opposition to trade protectionism ¿ came to be known as Gladstonian liberalism. His popularity amongst the working-class earned him the sobriquet "The People's William". William Gladstone had a profound influence on Joseph Chamberlain¿s career.

This book looks in detail at Anwar Sadat's leadership style, with reference to his cultural background, the political situation in Egypt in the twentieth century, and the impact, which Sadat made on international politics during his term in office. According to most scholars the history of modern Egypt dates from the start of Muhammad Ali's rule in 1805 and his launching of Egypt's modernization project that involved building a new army and suggesting a new map for the country, though the definition of Egypt's modern history has varied in accordance with different definitions of modernity. Some scholars date it as far back as 1516 with the Ottomans¿ defeat of the Maml¿ks in 1516¿17. Muhammad Ali's dynasty became practically independent from Ottoman rule, following his military campaigns against the Empire and his ability to enlist large scale armies, allowing him to control both Egypt and parts of North Africa and the Middle East. In 1882, the Khedivate of Egypt became part of the British sphere of influence in the region, a situation that conflicted with its position as an autonomous vassal state of the Ottoman Empire.

This book discusses the differences in the Islamic point of view regarding human rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Declaration was composed as part of the United Nations¿ framework for member countries as a ¿common standard.¿ In essence, its thirty articles assert, ¿all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.¿ In comparison, the various Islamic human rights ¿arrangements¿ (civil, social, judicial, and political) offer and that rely on Islamic principles and sources, systematically limit, rather than protect or expand, the sorts of civil and political rights found in the Universal Declaration and related international law. And yet, not one voice or one nationality serves as a single representative of all of Islam. It should be noted that the diversity of Muslim views is as great as on any other political issue. What are Human Rights? Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status.

This book examines the life and influence of Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt during the 1950s, 60s and 70s. Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussain (UK: /¿¿¿m¿¿l ¿æbd¿l ¿n¿¿s¿r, - ¿næs¿r/, US: /- ¿¿¿bd¿l -/; Arabic: ¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿, romanized: Jam¿l ¿Abdu n-N¿¿ir ¿usayn, Egyptian Arabic: [¿æ¿mæ¿l ¿æbden¿n¿¿s¿e¿ ¿e¿se¿n]; 15 January 1918 ¿ 28 September 1970) was an Egyptian politician, who served as the second President of Egypt, from 1954 until his death in 1970. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year. Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member, he cracked down on the organization, put President Mohamed Naguib under house arrest and assumed executive office. He was formally elected president in June 1956.

This book looks at Karl Popper's critical rationalism and provides examples. Criticism of the theory is also discussed. And it looks at John Locke's apparently contradictory ideas about equality in society. Locke's political and social views are explored. Finally, it analyzes this famous work and uses the current drug war as an example of the reduction of freedom in society. Karl Popper is generally regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of science of the 20th century. He was also a social and political philosopher of considerable stature, a self-professed critical-rationalist, a dedicated opponent of all forms of skepticism, conventionalism, and relativism in science and in human affairs generally and a committed advocate and staunch defender of the ¿Open Society¿. One of the many remarkable features of Popper¿s thought is the scope of his intellectual influence: he was lauded by Bertrand Russell, taught Imre Lakatos, Paul Feyerabend and the future billionaire investor and philanthropist George Soros at the London School of Economics. Finally Mill's on Liberty. A Critical Guide is discussed.

This book reviews Aristotle¿s theories regarding the pursuit of virtue in individuals and in society in the Nicomachean Ethics, and how the aspiration towards right action of individuals has an interactive and beneficial impact on the community as a whole. Scholars do not agree on where the name for the Nicomachean Ethics comes from. Both Aristotle¿s father and his son were named Nicomachus, so it is possible that the book is dedicated to either one. Other scholars suggest that Aristotle¿s son may have edited the book after Aristotle died, so that the title ¿Nicomachean¿ may refer to this particular edition of Aristotle¿s ethical works. Happiness is the highest good and the end, at which all our activities ultimately aim. All our activities aim at some end, though most of these ends are the means toward other ends. For example, we go grocery shopping to buy food, but buying food is itself a means toward the end of eating well and thriftily. Eating well and thriftily is also not an end in itself, but a means to other ends. Only happiness is an end in itself, so it is the ultimate end, at which all our activities aim.

This is a book that provides an overview of ethics in Chinese philosophy. Ethical insights from the Mengzi and the Tao Te Ching are compared. It also discusses the Tao or the ¿way¿ and how it includes and embraces all that may be dismissed as opposite. ¿Mencius¿ is a Latinization (coined by Jesuit missionaries in the 17th century) of the Chinese ¿Mengzi,¿ meaning Master Meng. His full name was ¿Meng Ke.¿ Our main access to Mencius¿s thinking is through the eponymous collection of his dialogues, debates, and sayings, the Mengzi (Mencius). His disciples or disciples of his disciples probably compiled this work. It was subsequently edited and shortened by Zhao Qi in the second century C.E., who also wrote a commentary on the text. This version of the text was used by subsequent scholars and is the version available to us nowadays.

This book discusses the concepts in Ayn Rand¿s ¿Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal¿. Ayn Rand¿s 1962 text ¿Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal¿ is important in the fields of philosophy and economics, it introduces the readers, or reminds the readers, what the true essence of capitalism is and not that, which has been misunderstood and construed with economic and political misconceptions. For Rand, and others, who follow the ideals of libertarianism and objectivism, capitalism is the only system, which allows for the freedom of man¿s rational nature and its ruling principle is justice. True capitalism is actually a social system based on the principle of individual rights and is not to be confused with the capitalist constructions developed during the industrial ages, which saw the development of ¿wage slaves¿ to the owners of the factories. Instead, capitalism is based on man¿s trade through free exchange and mutual benefit.