Bøger udgivet af Willford Press

Computer science is a field that is concerned with the study of the theory of computation and the design of software systems. It encompasses the use of algorithms for storing, manipulating and communicating digital information. Computer science is a broad field that spans diverse theoretical studies such as the study of algorithms and the limits of computation, as well as practical aspects of implementing computing systems in software and hardware. An integration of computer science and electronic engineering is required for developing computer hardware and software which is under the scope of computer engineering. This field encompasses the design of personal computers, supercomputers, individual microcontrollers and circuit design. Designing software, analog sensors, VLSI chips and operating systems, as well as using digital systems for the control and monitoring of electrical systems and robotics are some areas of focus in computer engineering. The ever-growing need of advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the research in the fields of computer science and engineering in recent times. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of these fields and their applications. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with computer science and engineering will benefit alike from this book.

The administration of a business is termed as business management. It encompasses all aspects of overseeing and supervising business operations. An important objective of business management is to allocate resources such that the firm's goals and objectives are met. This requires planning, staffing, organizing, leading, directing, and controlling processes. Management is vital at every aspect of a business development process. Business management therefore also encompasses information technology management, supply chain management, marketing management, financial management, product management and human resource management, among others. This book explores all the important aspects of business management in the present day scenario. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Chromatography is a technique that is used for the separation of a mixture. The solutes or components of a mixture are separated based on the relative proportion of individual solutes distributed between a moving fluid stream and a contiguous stationary phase. Chromatography can be analytical or preparative. Depending on the mode of operation, geometry of the system, phases involved and the retention mechanism, chromatography can be of two types- column chromatography and planar chromatography. These techniques are of immense use in various chemical and biological fields. This book outlines the processes and applications of chromatography in detail. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to chromatography. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

An electronic communication system is a collection of communication networks, tributary stations, relay stations, transmission systems and data terminal equipment. These components are technologically compatible, respond to controls, use common procedures and operate in union. Electric communication systems are of different types, depending on the transmission media, such as optical communication system, power line communication system and radio communication system. Other classifications of communication systems, such as duplex communication system, tactical communications system, emergency communication system, etc. may be based on the technology used or the area of application. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to electronic communication systems. It attempts to understand the diverse aspects of electronic communication systems and how these have practical applications. This book is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

The method which is used to multicast multimedia content to portable devices by satellite or terrestrial services is referred to as digital multimedia broadcasting. The different examples of multimedia content which is broadcasted are text and audio, text and full motion video, animated graphics, images, etc. Mobile television is the most common and popular application of digital multimedia broadcasting. It enables the users to send and receive video clips, music and RSS feeds. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments in the field of digital multimedia broadcasting. It strives to provide a fair idea about this subject and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The process associated with the development of strategies and planning for the promotion and advertisement of products or services to reach the desired customer segment is called marketing management. Various tools from competitive strategy and economics are employed to analyze the industry context in which the firm operates. Marketing and market research are crucial for developing a complex analysis of a market. Various observational techniques, qualitative marketing research, experimental techniques and quantitative marketing research are used to conduct market research. Brand audit; marketing strategy; implementation planning; project, process, and vendor management; reporting, measurement, feedback and control systems; and international marketing management are under the focus areas of marketing management. This book outlines the processes and applications of marketing management in detail. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of marketing management. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

A computer game is a video game. It is played on a personal computer rather than a dedicated arcade machine or video game console. Its defining characteristics include greater capacity in processing, video output and input; and more diverse and user-determined gaming software and hardware. The high-end computer gaming systems usually have more processing resources at its disposal. This can be utilized to improve the visual fidelity of the game relative to other programs. Unlike other gaming platforms, computer games are not owned and administered by a single group. The Steam distribution service and the Microsoft Windows operating system are the two dominating software for a computer gaming system. The ever-growing need of advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the development in the field of computer games in recent times. This book is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field of technology. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, it targets students and professionals.

The immense popularity of mobile infrastructures and higher bandwidths of network has radically transformed the way people use information resources. In this context, mobile information systems (MIS) are a pertinent area of study. MIS are information systems that allow the access to information resources and services with the aid of end-user terminals. These terminals are movable in space and are provided with wireless communication. The advantage of MIS is that they provide new value-added services due to their mobility and flexibility. They also render other services such as user access across multiple devices and channels, and the ability to perform collaborative work either in synchrony or otherwise. The book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Also included in this book is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of mobile information systems. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about this field.

A computer network is a digital telecommunications network. It involves computing devices that exchange data with each other using connections between nodes. Wireless media such as Wi-Fi or cable media like optic cables or wires are used to establish these data links. Interpersonal communications are facilitated by computer networks, which allow users to communicate easily and efficiently through different means. Shared use of application and storage servers, use of email and instant messaging, access to the World Wide Web, etc. are some of the applications and services supported by computer networks. The wired technologies used for networking include coaxial cable, optical fiber and twisted pair cabling. The wireless technologies include terrestrial microwave communication, radio and spread spectrum technologies, communication satellites and free-space optical communication. This book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of computer networks and communication and its utmost significance in modern times. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in this field of study. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this branch.

Entrepreneurship is the process of designing, launching and managing a business. The concept of entrepreneurship may be extended to encompass the capacity to identify a business opportunity, acquire and deploy the necessary resources to develop and manage a venture with the associated risks. Most entrepreneurial ventures often start as a small business with the owner alone managing operations, or involving a small team of employees. These small businesses offer an innovative service, process or product. An entrepreneurship is successful if there are situations or opportunities for combining resources to generate profit, and people and resources are efficiently organized. Entrepreneurship can extend in scope from for-profit businesses to social entrepreneurship. It may also range in scale from solo and part-time projects, to large-scale initiatives involving the creation of many jobs. This book elucidates the innovative models around prospective developments with respect to entrepreneurship. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of small business management. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Logistics refers to the systematic organization and implementation of a complex operation. It also refers to the management of the flow of resources between the point of origin and the point of consumption. This may include physical items, equipment and materials. The integration of the flow of information, production, materials handling, inventory, packaging, transportation, etc. is crucial to logistics. The main areas of logistics are distribution, procurement, disposal, after-sales and production logistics, among others. Logistics may have an internal focus or an external focus in business. In modern businesses, logistics automation is emerging as a new dimension for improving efficiency. This is characterized by the use of enterprise resource planning systems and supply chain management systems. This book explores all the important aspects of logistics management in the present day scenario. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. It attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into the field of logistics.

Human-computer interaction (HCI) is the study of human-computer interaction through interfaces. Such an interaction is analogous to human-to-human interaction. Graphical user interfaces and multi-modal interfaces enable humans to engage with embodied character agents. The techniques of operating systems, computer graphics, programming languages and developing environments are vital to this field. Human-machine interfaces, if poorly designed can lead to systems failure and accidents. Research in HCI is focused on the improvement in the usability of human-computer interfaces for improved interaction. Further, emphasis is placed on the development of design methodologies, prototyping of software and hardware systems, experimentation with devices, exploration of interaction paradigms, etc. The three areas of personal information management (PIM), computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) and human interaction management (HIM) have significant overlap with HCI. While PIM studies the way people use and acquire personal information to complete tasks, CSCW focuses on the use of computing systems for collaborative work. HIM extends the scope of CSCW to the level of organizations. Human-computer interaction is an upcoming field of technology that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This book will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

The field of chemistry concerned with the study and use of instrumental and classical methods for the analysis of matter is known as analytical chemistry. It encompasses the separation, identification and quantification of matter. Separation processes include classical methods, such as distillation, precipitation and extraction, as well as instrumental methods of chromatography, field flow fractionation and electrophoresis. Modern analytical chemistry builds on the classical techniques of qualitative and quantitative analyses. These include chemical and flame tests, gravimetric analysis and volumetric analysis. This discipline is aided by several instrumental methods, which include spectroscopy, thermal analysis, electrochemical analysis, etc. This book presents the complex subject of analytical chemistry in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Social sciences are a set of academic disciplines that are concerned with the study of society and societal relations. The umbrella of social science encompasses disciplines such as anthropology, economics, archaeology, history, human geography, linguistics, political science, public health and sociology, among others. Research in the social sciences can be dealt with diverse approaches. The positivist approach to social studies uses methods resonant with the natural sciences, while interpretivist studies focus on symbolic interpretations or social critiques. Modern academic practice involves multiple methodologies combining both qualitative and quantitative research. Field-based and laboratory-based data collection, questionnaires and archival database information are certain techniques that are used for conducting studies in the social sciences. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of social science. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

An engineering discipline, which is concerned with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism, is called electrical engineering. Various fields that fall under the domain of electrical engineering include computer engineering, electronics, control systems, signal processing, digital computers, etc. An important sub-field of electrical engineering is power engineering. It is concerned with the generation, distribution and transmission of electricity, along with the design of a range of related devices. These include electric motors, electric generators, transformers and power electronics. The field of telecommunication focuses on the transmission of information across a communication channel such as free space, coax cable and optical fiber. The information has to be encoded in a carrier signal to transfer it to a carrier frequency that is suitable for transmission. The use of nanotechnology in electrical engineering has resulted in the production of nanoelectronics. It covers a diverse set of devices and materials such as one-dimensional nanotubes or nanowires and advanced molecular electronics. The various sub-fields of electrical engineering along with the technological progress that has future implications are glanced at in this book. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks, which use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) for linking devices worldwide. It includes public, private, business, academic and government networks that are interconnected by an array of wireless, electronic and optical networking technologies. The Internet consists of a wide range of information services and information resources, such as hypertext documents, electronic mail, applications of the World Wide Web, telephony and file sharing. The Internet communications infrastructure comprises of a system of software layers and hardware components, which control various aspects of its architecture. The Internet is a tool of modern society enabling social interactions, associations and activities. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the challenges and applications of Internet services. The ever-growing need of advanced Internet services is the reason that has fueled the research in this field in recent times. This book is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important area of study.

The scientific study of society is known as sociology. All spheres of human activity are continuously influenced by a complex interplay of individual agency and social structure. The study of society expands to the domains of health, economy, education, military and science. However, at its core, the field is focused on the study of culture, criminality and punishment, economy, family, gender and sexuality, health and illness, peace, war and conflict, etc. Sociological study and research is vital for educators, policy makers, legislators, non-profit organizations and non-governmental organizations, social workers and anyone with the inclination to resolve or address social issues. The central problems of sociological theory are concerned with the way to transcend, link or cope with the dichotomies of structure and agency, subjectivity and objectivity, and synchrony and diachrony. Modern sociological studies are advanced by the adoption of hermeneutic, philosophic and interpretive techniques as well as analytic, computational and mathematical approaches to the study of society and culture. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of sociology. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies have been included in this book. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

The branch of engineering that is concerned with the study and use of electronics, electromagnetism and electricity is known as electrical engineering. It is subdivided into a number of significant subfields, which include power engineering, control engineering, telecommunications, robotics, signal processing, microelectronics, etc. Electrical engineering has been instrumental in the development of various innovative technologies, such as electrical power generation, GPS technology, etc. The lighting and wiring of buildings, the operation of power stations, the electrical control of industrial machinery, the design of telecommunication systems and the design of household appliances are all within the scope of this field. Modern electrical engineering uses computer-aided design for the design of electrical systems. A wide range of instruments and tools are used in electrical engineering, such as multimeters, oscilloscopes, network and spectrum analyzers, etc. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around electrical engineering. There has been rapid progress in this field and its applications are finding their way across multiple industries. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this field will benefit alike from this book.

Historiography is the study of the methods, sources, techniques and theoretical approaches used by historians in developing history as an academic discipline. The approach to the study of history is a very important aspect of historiography. The development of history has undergone a shift from traditional approaches of diplomatic, political and economic history to the more modern aspects of social and cultural studies. Some influential historiographical approaches are comparative history, ethnohistory, gender history, environmental history, etc. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of historiography. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies in this field have been included herein. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

In the natural science discipline of physics, matter is studied in the fabric of space and time. The core theories of classical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, special relativity and statistical mechanics are integral to the understanding of physics. The behavior of matter and energy under different conditions are addressed from the twin approaches of classical and modern physics. Classical physics is ideal for the study of phenomena at normal scales of observation. Modern physics studies matter at extreme conditions, such as very small or very large scales. Nuclear physics, optical physics, particle physics, atomic physics and astrophysics are some of the rapidly expanding branches of physics. The principles of physics are of immense importance in the varied engineering fields. This book presents the complex subject of physics in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for those interested in this field..

Language is a system involving the acquisition, development and use of complex systems of communication. The scientific study of language, involving an analysis of form, meaning and the context of language usage, is known as linguistics. Natural languages are signed or spoken. However languages can also be encoded into media such as visual, tactile or auditory stimuli. All languages are dependent on semiotic rules and processes for the association of signs with specific meanings. Languages, whether oral, tactile or manual, consist of a phonological system governing the usage of symbols to form sequences of words or morphemes, which are used to form phrases and utterances. Children acquire languages that they are exposed to without specialized study or direct teaching. This process can be termed as first language acquisition. The acquisition of second and additional languages occurs through education. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of linguistics. It covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around language and language education. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this field.

Software is the collection of data and instructions that drives the working of the computer. Software is usually written in high-level programming languages, which are then translated into machine language via a compiler or interpreter. Computer software can be classified into application software, system software and malicious software. The development of software through the application of scientific and technological methods is under the scope of software engineering. It is a vast subject that branches out into a number of significant sub-domains such as software requirements, software design, software testing, software construction, software development process, etc. This book explores all the important aspects of software engineering in the present day scenario. It is an upcoming field that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. For all those who are interested in this domain, this textbook can prove to be an essential guide.

The method of finding and acquiring goods or services usually through a bidding process is known as procurement. It is useful for ensuring that the buyer receives these goods or services at the best price possible. Procurement can be divided into two categories, namely direct spend or indirect spend. Supply chain management is a crucial area of commerce concerned with the management of the movement of goods and services. It involves raw material storage, their inventory of work-in-process and flow of goods from origin to consumption. These are essential for the success of organizations in the global market. Due to globalization and due to the proliferation of huge multinational companies, supply chain networks have become significant. Procurement and supply chain management are closely associated with each other. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of procurement management, which will be crucial for the holistic understanding of the subject matter. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies in supply chain management have also been included herein. The book is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in these areas.

Manufacturing refers to the production of merchandise from raw materials using machines, human labor and via biological or chemical processing. It includes all processes that are vital in the production and integration of individual components of a final product. It plays a crucial role in the automobile and aircraft industry, household appliance and furniture production, etc. Any stage in the development of a finished product from its raw materials is termed as a manufacturing process. Manufacturing starts with product design and material specification. Manufacturing processes may include casting, imaging and coating, molding, forming, machining and joining, besides others. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of manufacturing processes. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary approach. In this textbook, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of manufacturing as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

Language disorders refer to the disorders in the processing of linguistic information. Problems can manifest in terms of difficulties in grammar, semantics, or other aspects of language. These problems may involve impaired language comprehension or production or a combination of both. Specific language impairment and aphasia are some examples. It can extend to spoken and written languages, as well as sign languages. Speech and language impairment are communication disorders involving issues in language, hearing, speech and fluency. Some of these issues can be stuttering or difficulties in creating certain sounds, problems in the processing of linguistic information, grammar, syntax, etc. Students with language and communication disorders will benefit from special approaches to teaching that are goal-based, research-based or guided by student performance. There are special schools for providing education to children with special needs. This book provides comprehensive insights into the education of students with language and communication disorders. It elucidates new strategies and techniques of teaching in a comprehensive manner. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Computer security refers to the protection of computers from any theft or damage to their software, hardware and data. It is also concerned with safeguarding computer systems from any disruption or misdirection of the services that they provide. Some of the threats to computer security can be classified as backdoor, denial-of-service attacks, phishing, spoofing and direct-access attacks, among many others. Computer security is becoming increasingly important due to the increased reliance on computer technology, Internet, wireless networks and smart devices. The countermeasures that can be employed for the management of such attacks are security by design, secure coding, security architecture, hardware protection mechanisms, etc. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of computer security. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques and applications of computer security. This textbook is an essential guide for students who wish to develop a comprehensive understanding of this field.

Laser is a device that amplifies the light produced due to stimulated emission of radiation and then emits light that is spatially and temporally coherent. Lasers operate in either pulsed mode or continuous mode. They are of various types, such as gas lasers, solid-state lasers, semiconductor lasers, dye lasers, fiber lasers, etc. These are used in laser printers, barcode scanners, optical disk drives, laser surgery, DNA sequencing, free-space optical communication, etc. This book outlines the processes and applications of lasers in detail. Such selected concepts that redefine this field have been presented herein. This book is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference on lasers.

The study and application of electromagnetism, electricity and electronics is under the scope of a field of engineering called electrical engineering. It has a number of significant subfields such as electronic engineering, control engineering, power engineering, telecommunications, radio-frequency engineering, signal processing, etc. It has applications in the fields of hardware engineering, microwave engineering, nanotechnology, mechatronics and electrochemistry, besides others. Some of the most important innovations of electrical science in history are the development of the telegraph, telephone and electrical power generation and distribution. This textbook is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of electrical science. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques and applications of electrical science in a comprehensive manner. For all those who are interested in this discipline, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Classical mechanics is the science that is concerned with the motion of macroscopic objects, such as projectiles and celestial objects, such as planets, stars, galaxies and spacecraft. It is the approach that is generally adopted for the study of massive objects that move at speeds smaller than the speed of light. In classical mechanics, objects are modeled as point particles, which are characterized by parameters like mass, position and the forces that act on it. Statics, dynamics and kinematics are the primary branches of classical mechanics. Based on mathematical formalism, classical mechanics can be classified as Newtonian, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of classical mechanics. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in classical mechanics.

Physical optics is a branch of optics that studies optical phenomena, such as polarization, interference, diffraction, dispersion, scattering, etc. All these phenomena cannot be explained by using the approximations of geometric optics. In physical optics, the wave property of light is considered. Light waves are electromagnetic waves. The interaction of light with materials involves the modeling of both electric and magnetic fields of the light wave. When the propagation of light in systems cannot be solved analytically, numerical modeling techniques are used. These include the boundary element method, finite element method and the transmission-line matrix method. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of physical optics. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this field. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.