Bøger udgivet af Willford Press

Language education is a sub discipline of applied linguistics. It plays a vital role in acquiring a second or foreign language. Language education is an interdisciplinary field and consists of four major learning categories: Communicative competencies, proficiencies, cross culture experiences and multiple literacies. Some of the ways through which a person can learn a language are audio recording, books, internet and software. Some of the techniques used for teaching languages are skill teaching, sandwich technique, code switching, mother tongue mirroring, etc. Language education consists of four stages of learning: Early childhood education, compulsory education, adult education and elderly education. There are various strategies of learning a language such as listening and then learning, reading and then learning, learning Esperanto, and learning a language by learning its vocabulary. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of language education. It also traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

A systematic and independent examination of statutory records, books, accounts documents and vouchers of an organization is known as auditing. It aims to see how far the financial statements as well as the non-financial disclosures present a fair view of the firm. It also attempts to ensure that the books of accounts are properly maintained as per the law. Different types of auditing include information technology auditing, performance auditing, quality auditing, project auditing, energy auditing, forensic auditing and operation auditing. It is done commonly in areas such as internal controls, quality management, project management, water management, and energy conservation. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on auditing have been included in this book. It also outlines the processes and applications of auditing in detail. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Analytical chemistry is a branch of chemistry which is concerned with the separation, quantification and identification of matter. Every naturally occurring or artificially produced substance contains a combination of different elements. It is possible to identify and quantify the different types of impure species in a substance with the help of analytic tests. These tests also help in determining the properties of pure materials. Such methods have been improved with the aid of computer technology and sophisticated analytic instruments. Gas chromatography is one such technique which separates the different components of a gaseous mixture. The mass spectrometer is an analytic instrument that separates substances in order of the mass of the constituent ions. Some techniques offering greater sensitivity are polarography, atomic absorption and neutron activation. This book presents the complex subject of analytical chemistry in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied techniques that fall under this category. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

A transfer of power or information can occur between two or more points without wires, cables or fiber optics facilitating the transmission. This is possible through wireless technology using infrared, radio-frequency, microwave or acoustic wave communication. Cell phones, remote garage-door openers, two-way radios, GPS receivers, television remote controls, etc. use wireless technology. Wireless telecommunication networks are implemented using radio communication. Wireless sensor networks, cell phone networks, wireless local area networks, etc. are examples of wireless networks. The use of wireless modems, satellites and microwave transmitters has facilitated the access to Internet. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of wireless communication. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in this area of study. The coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make it an invaluable source of knowledge.

A sub-discipline of civil engineering that is concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids like water and sewage is known as hydraulic engineering. The force driving the movement of these fluids is the force of gravity. The principles of physical modeling, open channel hydraulics, mechanics of sediment transportation, fluid mechanics, hydrology, etc. are integral to the field of hydraulic engineering. This area of study is vital to the designing of dams, canals, bridges, channels and levees. It is also useful in the construction of hydraulic structures for sewage collection networks, water distribution networks, storm water management, sediment transport, etc. Developing strategies for the control, storage, transport, collection, regulation and use of water is an important dimension of hydraulic engineering. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to hydraulic engineering. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of hydraulic engineering.

Corporate social responsibility is a form of regulation for private businesses that operate under the objective of furthering social good beyond the interests of the organization. Businesses may choose to engage in CSR with the aim of increasing long-term profits and building shareholder trust through positive public relations and strong ethical standards. They can also adopt CSR policies because of an ethical belief system. CSR encompasses not only the behavior of individual firms but also supplier behavior and use of products. It involves six categories of social initiatives- corporate philanthropy, cause promotions and activism, community volunteering, cause-related marketing, socially-responsible business practices and corporate social marketing. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of corporate social responsibility. It is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of CSR. For all those who are interested in this field, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

A supply chain refers to a system of people, activities, organizations, resources and information that are involved in the movement of a product or service from a supplier to the end customer. The activities in a supply chain involve the transformation of raw materials, natural resources and components into the finished product. In special supply chains, the used products can re-enter the supply chain when the residual value is recyclable. There can be different types of supply chain models that address the upstream and downstream aspects of supply chain management. The Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model is the cross-industry standard measuring total supply chain performance. It includes the parameters of production flexibility, delivery and order fulfillment performance, inventory and asset turns, etc. Supply chain logistics are two closely related aspects of any business. Logistics management is generally regarded as a sub-discipline of supply chain management. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of logistics. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques and the applications of supply chain management. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Archaeometry focuses on the utilization of scientific techniques for the analysis of archaeological materials. It plays an important role in locating the potential archaeological sites with the help of remote sensing, aerial photography and geophysical surveys. It is characterized into several areas including artifact studies, conservation sciences, and physical and chemical dating methods. Zooarchaeology, lithic analysis, archaeometallurgy and palynology are some techniques which are also the primary sub-disciplines of archaeometry. It provides absolute dates for the archaeological artifacts and strata. The dating techniques used in the archaeometry include electron spin resonance, radiocarbon dating, thermoluminescence dating, dendrochronology, etc. The topics included in this book on archaeometry are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in archaeometry.

Archaeology deals with the study and analysis of human activities, past societies and the development of the human race. It focuses on the recovery and analysis of material culture. It keeps records of the artifacts, biofacts, architecture and cultural landscapes. Archaeology is concerned with learning about human prehistoric societies. The main goals of archaeology include a thorough understanding of cultural history to rebuild the past lifeways and to explain changes in human societies. It collects data through surveys and excavations and analyzes it to learn more about the past. Archaeology draws on the research in the diverse fields of anthropology, art history, geography, ethnology, literary history, textual criticism, information sciences, chemistry, paleoecology, paleography, paleozoology, etc. The main sub-disciplines of archaeology are historical archaeology, archaeometry, experimental archaeology, ethnoarchaeology and cultural resources management. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches to archaeology. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. This will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

The scientific field which focuses on the study of mental behaviour and processes of non-human animals is referred to as comparative psychology. It explores the behavior of various species ranging from insects to primates. The important topics of study in comparative psychology include individual behaviour, reproductive behaviour and social behaviour such as locomotion, tonic immobility, developmental psychology and behavior genetics. Comparative psychology is also concerned with the study of the behavioral similarities and differences among all living beings. It plays an important role in various other fields such as medicine, animal cognition and behavioral ecology. This book traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in comparative psychology.

Bioarcheology also known as osteoarcheology is the scientific study of human remains from archaeological sites. Human remains from archaeological sites are analyzed to determine sex, age, and health, to understand the demographic characteristics such as the risk of death or sex ratio of a given age unit within a population. The estimation of age in bioarchaeology actually refers to an approximation of skeletal or biological age-at-death. Through the study of human remains, the diverse aspects of the relationship between the physical body and socio-cultural conditions and practices can be studied. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of bioarcheology. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The application of information technology along with digital media to the field of archeology is known as digital archeology. There are various techniques used in this field such as laser scanning, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), 3-D printing and digital photography. Its two subdomains are computational archeology and virtual archeology. Computational archeology is also known as archeoinformatics. It studies the behavioral evolution and long-term human behavior using computer-based analytical methods. Virtual archeology deals with the reconstruction of buildings and artifacts using three dimensional models and multimedia solutions. All the information which is collected from field work is converted into digital format by visual archeologists. Digital archeology is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This book covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts related to this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Photocatalysis is the acceleration of a photoreaction in the presence of a catalyst. Light is absorbed by an adsorbed substance in catalyzed photolysis. However, in photogenerated catalysis, the photocatalytic activity is based on the ability of the catalyst to generate electron-hole pairs which create free radicals. Homogeneous photocatalysis and heterogeneous photocatalysis are the two primary categories of photocatalysis. In homogeneous photocatalysis, the photocatalysts and the reactants exist in the same phase. Whereas, in heterogeneous photocatalysis reactants are in a different phase. Heterogeneous photocatalysis includes a large variety of reactions, such as mild or total oxidations, dehydrogenation, hydrogen transfer, and deuterium-alkane isotopic exchange, etc. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of photocatalysis. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on photocatalysis have been included in this book. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The study of general and fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind and language is known as philosophy. There are three traditional divisions of philosophy namely, natural, moral and metaphysical philosophy. Natural philosophy deals with the study of the constitution and processes of transformation in the physical world. Moral philosophy deals with the study of goodness, right and wrong, justice and virtue. Metaphysical philosophy focuses on the study of existence, causation, God, logic, forms, and other abstract objects. However, in the modern scenario, this division of philosophy has changed. Natural philosophy has split into the various natural sciences, such as astronomy, physics, chemistry and cosmology. Moral philosophy has given rise to the social sciences and metaphysical philosophy has facilitated formal sciences such as logic, mathematics and philosophy of science. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of philosophy. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying philosophy.

Physical Chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic, particulate and sub-atomic phenomena in chemical systems. It is studied in terms of principles, practices, and concepts of physics. Energy, thermodynamics, motion, statistical mechanics and force are some common concepts of physics applied to this field. Quantum chemistry and spectroscopy are the two primary sub-fields of physical chemistry. The application of quantum mechanics to solve chemical problems falls under quantum chemistry. It provides tools to determine the shape of bonds, strength of the bonds, movement of nuclei and how light can be absorbed or emitted by a chemical compound. Whereas, spectroscopy is concerned with the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of physical chemistry and its applications. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques and applications of physical chemistry. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Culture is the social behavior and norms in human society. It consists of a set of customs, traditions, and values of society. It is the set of knowledge that is acquired over time. Culture is a central concept in anthropology and includes the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in society. Religion is a cultural universal which is found in every human society. Religion is a cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, prophecies, ethics, etc. Religious practice may include rituals, prayers, sermons, sacrifices, festivals and meditation. The study of religion includes a wide variety of academic disciplines such as theology, comparative religion, and social scientific studies. Religion theories offer various explanations for the origins and workings of religion. It includes the ontological foundations of religious being and belief. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of religion and culture. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to these domains. The topics covered in this book offer the readers new insights in the fields of religion and culture.

The field of computational mathematics deals with two different aspects of relations between mathematics and computing. Firstly, it is concerned with using mathematics for the improvement of computer computation in applied mathematics. Secondly, it focuses on the use of computers for mathematical computations. Computational mathematics focuses on mathematical research in those areas of science where computing plays an important role. There are several significant areas of computational mathematics such as numerical methods for scientific computation, computational algebraic geometry, computational linguistics, computational group theory, computational complexity, mathematical economics, among others. This book traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the models and methods of computational mathematics. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

Probability and Statistics are two closely related sub-disciplines of mathematics. Statistics is a mathematical branch that deals with data collection, organization, interpretation, presentation and analysis. There are two main statistical methods used in data analysis - descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics summarizes the data from a sample by using indexes like mean and standard deviation, whereas, inferential statistics conclude from data that are subject to random variations. Probability is a measure that quantifies the likelihood that events are going to occur. It measures the quantity as a number between 0 and 1 that respectively indicate the impossibility and certainty of an event. Probability distributions are commonly used for statistical analysis. Both these topics are often studied in conjunction with one another. This book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of probability and statistics and their utmost significance in modern times. This book attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into these areas.

Steel is an alloy that mostly consists of iron and carbon. It is the most important component used in buildings, infrastructure, ships, tools, automobiles and weapons. The major reason for its constant usage is its tensile strength and low cost. The base material of steel is iron which can take two forms- body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic. The body-centered cubic contains one atom in the center and 8 atoms at the vertices of each cubic unit cell. While, in the face-centered cubic, there is one atom at the center of each of the 6 faces of the cubic unit cell and 8 atoms at its vertices. Carbon may contribute up to 2.14% of the weight of a steel alloy. The varying amount of carbon and other elements affects the chemical and physical build-up of the final steel. It also affects few characteristics of steel such as its hardness, tempering behavior, quenching behavior and tensile strength. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of steel science and technology. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

Asphalt is a semi-solid, black and sticky form of petroleum which is also known as bitumen. It may be found in natural deposits or it could be a refined product called pitch. Pitch is derived from petroleum, coal, plants and tar or it is manufactured. Asphalt is primarily used in road constructions as a binder or glue that is mixed with aggregate particles such as sand, gravel, recycled concrete and crushed stones to create asphalt concrete. The other main uses of asphalt include bituminous waterproofing systems that are designed to protect the commercial and residential buildings from water. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to asphalt material. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and the applications of such material. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

The discipline that focuses on the study of the topics like space, quantity, change and structure is referred to as mathematics. It plays an essential role in various important fields including finance, social science, engineering, medicine and natural science. The main branches of mathematics are applied mathematics and pure mathematics. Applied mathematics is a combination of specialized knowledge and mathematical science. It focuses on the application of mathematical methods through different fields like computer science, engineering, science, and business. Pure mathematics focuses on the study of the mathematical concepts. Algebra, number theory, arithmetic, mathematical analysis and geometry are a few of the most important areas of mathematics. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of mathematics. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The processing, communication and measurement of financial as well as non-financial information regarding economic entities like businesses and corporations is referred to as accounting. It is often termed as the language of business as it measures an organization's economic activities and transfers this information to various investors, regulators, management and creditors. The important sub-fields of accounting are auditing, management accounting, financial accounting, taxation and accounting information systems. Accounting research is an area in accounting which focuses on the research in the effects of the reported information on the economic events and the effects of economic events on the accounting processes. It also researches how accounting plays an important role in organizations. The topics included in this book on accounting are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Polymer consists of various repeated sub-units which together make up a large molecule. There are two types of polymers - natural and synthetic or man-made. Natural polymeric materials include amber, wool, shellac, silk and natural rubber. Synthetic polymers include polystyrene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, synthetic rubber, neoprene, silicon, Bakelite and PVB. The process of polymerization includes the combining of various monomers into a network that is covalently bonded. Both natural and synthetic polymers are created through polymerization. The identity of the constituent monomers of a polymer and its microstructure are the most basic properties of polymers. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to polymers. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

A control system directs, regulates, manages and commands the behavior of systems and devices using control loops. Control systems can range in size and functionality from the level of a home heating controller which uses a thermostat to control a domestic boiler to massive industrial control systems which control entire processes or machines. Feedback control and automation are two important aspects of control systems. Some of the techniques used in the design of advanced control systems include adaptive control, dynamic-optimizing control, learning control and multivariable-noninteracting control. Computer technology is applied to industrial control problem for supervisory for optimizing control, hierarchy control and direct digital control. This book unfolds the innovative aspects in the design of control systems. Also included in this book is a detailed explanation of the various concepts, implementation and applications of control systems. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in control engineering.

A combination of metals or a combination of one or more metals with non-metallic elements which retains the characteristics of a metal is known as an alloy. It is defined by a metallic bonding character. An alloy can be a mixture of metallic phases or a solid solution of metal elements. Alloys with a defined crystal structure and stoichiometry are intermetallic compounds. Alloys are used in a variety of applications. Steel alloys are used in automobiles and construction of buildings, aerospace industry uses titanium alloys and non-sparking tools are produced using beryllium-copper alloys. Sometimes, while preserving important properties, a combination of metals may reduce the overall cost of the material. In other cases, the combination of metals imparts synergistic properties to the constituent metal elements like mechanical strength or corrosion resistance. Steel, brass, solder, bronze, and amalgams are a few examples of alloy. This book contains some path-breaking studies on metallurgy and engineering related to alloys. It outlines the processes and applications of alloys in detail. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights into the topic.

Aircrafts that work without any human pilot on board are known as unmanned air vehicles. These are the component of an unmanned aircraft system. They can be classified into six broad categories that are target and decoy, reconnaissance, combat, logistics, research and development, and civil and commercial. The flights of such vehicles can either be controlled by a remote control that is operated by a human, or they work autonomously with the help of the computers present on board. Unmanned air vehicles are often used for the missions that are too dangerous for humans. Initially, they were mostly used in dangerous military operations, now they are used to fulfill commercial, agricultural and scientific needs such as policing, peacekeeping, drone racing, aerial photography or product deliveries. This book explores all the important aspects of unmanned aerial vehicles in the present day scenario. The various advancements in the field are glanced at and their applications, as well as ramifications, are looked at in detail. This book attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into this field.

Rotating machines are the machines which are made up of two main parts- the rotor and the stator. The non-moving segment of the machine is known as the stator and the rotating segment is known as the rotor. Rotating machines find a wide variety of uses in a number of domains such as domestic appliances, transportation vehicles and industrial manufacturing plants. AC and DC machines are prominent examples of rotating machines. In AC machines, the rotor is used as the field, and the stator is used as the armature, while the reverse is applicable for DC machines. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of rotating machines and their dynamics. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in this field. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Robotics is an interdisciplinary field of science and engineering which is concerned with the design, construction, use and operation of robots and computer systems. These are developed to substitute for humans and act in a way that is useful in any environment that can pose a risk to human safety, such as bomb detection and deactivation. Although robots may differ widely in terms of application and form, they are designed with three basic similarities. Robots have a mechanical form, frame or construction that aids in their function, have electrical power components, and are driven by some level of computer programming. The basic components of a robot comprise of a power source, actuators, sensors, mobile manipulators, and an architecture that supports locomotion. The mechanical structure of a robot has to be handled in a controlled manner for it to perform a task. This requires perception, processing and action. This book outlines the processes and applications of robotics in detail. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Researchers and students in robotics will be assisted by this book.

The branch of economics which studies the behaviour of firms as well as individuals in making decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources is known as microeconomics. It also studies the interactions among these individuals and firms. One of the primary goals of microeconomics is to examine the market mechanisms that establish relative prices among goods and services along with the allocation of limited resources among alternative uses. The failure of markets to produce effective results is also analyzed under microeconomics. There are several key areas which are studied under microeconomics such as demand, supply and equilibrium, measurement of elasticities, consumer demand theory, theory of production, and cost of production. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of microeconomics and its fundamental elements. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further. It will also help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this branch.

The subcategory of financial accounting which focuses on the disclosure of non-financial information about a firm's performance is known as sustainability accounting. It generally reports to external stakeholders, such as capital holders, creditors and other authorities. The activities which have a direct impact on society, environment and economic performance of an organization are represented by sustainability accounting. Corporate sustainability reporting and triple bottom line accounting are the two most widely used measurements in this discipline. Sustainability accounting as a concept is being carried out internationally to measure sustainable development. Inventory approach, input-output approach and sustainable cost approach are the three widely used techniques to measure information in sustainability accounting. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of sustainability accounting. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.