Bøger udgivet af Willford Press

Human-computer interaction deals with the research of the design and use of computer technology that is focused on the interfaces between people and computers. It observes the ways in which humans interact with computers. It also designs computer technologies that enable humans to interact with computers in new ways. The field of human-computer interaction combines the areas of design, media studies, computer sciences and several other fields. It primarily focuses on the methods of designing and implementing new computer interfaces. It also delves into methods for studying human computer use and its sociocultural implications along with methods for determining if the user is a human or a computer. This book presents the complex subject of human-computer interaction in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

The practice and study of methods for secure communication in the presence of hostile third parties is known as cryptography. It consists of construction and analysis of protocols to prevent third parties from reading private messages. Some of the important aspects of cryptography are data integrity, data confidentiality, authentication and non-repudiation. There are several applications of this field of study such as digital currencies, military communications and electronic commerce. The field of cryptography consists of different areas of study like symmetric-key cryptography and public key cryptography. The sphere of study which seeks to detect insecurity or weakness in a cryptographic scheme is known as cryptanalysis. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of cryptography and related fields. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Metals are used in medicine for diverse diagnostic and treatment purposes. It is noteworthy that metals are toxic for the human body when in high quantities. Mercury, lead, cadmium, plutonium, etc. are some toxic metals. The ingestion of metals or faulty metabolic pathways can lead to metal poisoning. Humans however require certain metals for normal functioning. Metals such as iron, sodium, zinc, magnesium, etc. are needed for their role as cofactors or prosthetics in enzymes and for the catalysis of specific reactions. Metal complexes can be used for radioisotope imaging or as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging. Technetium is the most common radioisotope agent that is used for imaging. Gallium-68 is used as a source of positrons in positron emission tomography. Metals are also used for various treatments. They can be used to treat cancer, by specifically attacking cancer cells and interacting with the DNA. Lithium compounds can be used for the management of manic-depressive disorder. Silver can be used to prevent infection, while gold salt complexes are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the use of metals in medicine. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The branch of chemistry which is concerned with the chemical effects of lights is known as photochemistry. It generally deals with chemical reactions that are caused by the absorption of ultraviolet, visible light and infrared radiation. The most common photochemical reactions include bioluminescence, photoresist, photosynthesis, vision, toray, photodegradation and photodynamic therapy. Some of the major concepts and laws within this field are Grotthuss-Draper law, Stark-Einstein law, Kasha's rule and Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity. There are various areas of study within this field such as organic photochemistry, inorganic photochemistry and organometallic photochemistry. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of photochemistry which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make it an invaluable source of knowledge.

A polymer is a large macromolecule, which is formed by the process of polymerization of monomers. The sub-discipline of chemistry that focuses on the chemical synthesis, physical and chemical properties, and the structure of macromolecules and polymers is referred to as polymer chemistry. It primarily deals with synthetic and organic compositions. Synthetic polymers are used in commercial materials and products such as plastics and rubbers. They are also major components of composite materials. Some of the techniques used within this field are free-radical polymerization, ionic polymerization, polycondensation, protein biosynthesis and cell-free protein synthesis. This textbook provides comprehensive insights into the field of polymer chemistry. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and techniques related to this field have been included in this book. It is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area.

The science of behavior and mind is called psychology. The different areas of study within this discipline are thought and feeling, and conscious and unconscious phenomena. Psychology can be termed as either a social, cognitive or behavioral science. It is used for the treatment of mental health issues as well as understanding and solving problems in different areas of human activity. Some of the various mental processes studied under it are emotion, personality, intelligence and attention. There are several schools of thought in this discipline such as biological, cognitive, behavioral, social and psychoanalytical. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of psychology. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The media which uses electronics or electromechanical audience to access the content is known as electronic media. The devices, which are used in electronic communication process are also regarded as electronic media. It can be either in digital electronic data format or analogue electronic data format. The media which are encoded in digital electronic format are known as digital media. It can be designed, shared, viewed, modified and saved on digital electronic devices. There are several examples of digital media such as digital videos, software, databases and video games. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of electronic and digital media. The topics included in this book on electronic and digital media are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Algebra is one of the major branches of mathematics which studies mathematical symbols and the rules used for handling these symbols. It deals with numerous concepts such as elementary equations and abstractions such as groups, rings and fields. There are two subdomains within algebra, namely, elementary algebra and abstract algebra. Elementary algebra is the basic part of algebra and it is used in different branches of mathematics, science, engineering, medicine and economics. Advanced mathematics is a major area in abstract algebra. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of algebra. The various advancements in this discipline are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The combination of a metal with another metal or nonmetal is known as an alloy. The resulting substance has properties which are often different from the original materials. The new material might have increased strength or toughness while still retaining all the characteristics of metals such as electrical conductivity, ductility and opaqueness. A defining feature of alloys is their metallic bonding character. Based on the arrangement of atoms in an alloy, they are usually classified into two types- substitutional alloys and interstitial alloys. Brass and bronze are examples of substitutional alloys while steel is a form of interstitial alloy. Stainless steel is an alloy which is a combination of substitutional and interstitial alloys. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on alloys.

Manufacturing engineering is a branch of professional engineering. It is closely associated with other disciplines of engineering such as mechanical, industrial and electrical engineering. It focuses on researching and developing tools, machines and equipment, and planning the practices of manufacturing. It also focuses on the production of quality products with the optimum expenditure of capital. There are various sub-disciplines within this field such as mechanics, kinematics, drafting, machine tools and metal fabrication, computer integrated manufacturing and mechatronics. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of manufacturing engineering which will be crucial for the holistic understanding of the subject matter. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. This textbook is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Materials science includes the design and discovery of new materials. It is an interdisciplinary field which uses the concepts of physics, chemistry and engineering to understand materials and metallurgy. Materials science strives to understand the impacts of the history of a material on its structure, properties and performance. The materials paradigm refers to the understanding of the relationships between processing, structure and properties. It is used for researches in various areas such as nanotechnology, metallurgy and biomaterials. Forensic engineering and failure analysis including investigation of materials, structures and products also utilizes materials science. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of materials science and how such concepts have practical applications. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Sensors are the devices or subsystems that are used for the detection of events and changes in its environment. They collect the information and send it to other electronics. They are used in the objects of everyday use such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons. Two of the common types of sensors include chemical sensors and biosensors. Chemical sensors are the analytical devices that are able to provide information about the chemical composition of their environment. Biosensors are the sensors that detect analytes through biological components such as cell, proteins and nucleic acids. Actuators are the constituents of machines that are responsible to move and control a mechanism. This book presents the complex aspects of sensors and actuators in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of such fields. This textbook provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Chemical reaction engineering is a sub-field of chemical engineering or industrial chemistry which deals with chemical reactors. It aims at the optimization of chemical reactions so as to determine the best reactor design. Various factors such as heat transfer, reaction kinetics, mass transfer and flow phenomena are studied to relate reactor performance with feed composition and operating conditions. Chemical reaction engineering is applied across the petroleum and petrochemical industries as well as in systems that require the engineering or modelling of reactions. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of chemical reaction engineering. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. For all readers who are interested in chemical reaction engineering, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

A programming language is a formal language which is made up of a set of instructions to derive different kinds of output. Algorithms are implemented in computer programming using programming languages. A programming language is often described as comprising of two components, namely syntax and semantics. The form is specified by the syntax while semantics deals with the meaning of the programming language. Semantics is further subdivided into static semantics and dynamic semantics. The way in which a programming language classifies expressions and values into types is defined using a type system. A programming language has a finite and precise definition and thus can be described in its entirety. They are generally developed by using a higher level of abstraction in order to increase the problem solving capability. The various sub-fields of programming languages along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in this book. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. This textbook will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

The process of facilitating learning as well as the acquisition of skills, values and beliefs is known as education. There are various educational methods such as storytelling, teaching, training and discussion. Traditionally, education was imparted in the classrooms through direct interaction. However, the recent growth in technology has prompted education to adapt to new methods where the transaction of curriculum can take place in virtual environments. These virtual classrooms are much more accessible, especially for the students who are not enrolled in full time courses. Some of the other forms of education are alternative education, indigenous education, informal learning and evidence based education. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of education and related developments which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. Scientists and students actively engaged in this domain will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The intelligence displayed by machines is known as artificial intelligence. Autonomously operating cars, intelligent routing in content delivery networks, natural-language understanding, etc. are some of the modern machine capabilities which are generally classified as AI. There are three types of artificial intelligence systems- humanized, human-inspired, and analytical artificial intelligence. The long-term goal of artificial intelligence is to develop general intelligence. A few of the other goals are planning, learning, reasoning and perception. Artificial intelligence finds its applications in many fields such as software engineering, operations research and computer science along with healthcare, economics and video games. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of artificial intelligence which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Travelling for pleasure or business is referred to as tourism. Tourism can be within the traveler's country or across borders. It has become an important source of income in many regions and countries. There are various industries which benefit from tourism such as lodging including hotels, resorts, homestays, hostels and renting rooms, transportation services such as cruise ships, trains, airlines and taxicabs. It also benefits business venues such as restaurants, amusement parks, casinos, theatres, shopping malls and music venues. Tourism management includes the oversight of all activities that are related to tourism and hospitality industries. It trains people for the management positions in the accommodations, food and tourism industries. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to tourism and hospitality management. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

The field of physics which studies atoms as an atomic nucleus and an isolated system of electrons is known as atomic physics. Its fundamental concern is the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus and the mechanisms through which these arrangements change. Both neutral atoms and ions are studied under this discipline. The processes of ionization and excitation by photons or collisions with atomic particles are also dealt within this field. The underlying theory in plasma physics and atmospheric physics has been provided by atomic physics. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of atomic physics. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make it an invaluable source of knowledge. This book is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Optics is the branch of physics which deals with the properties and behavior of light. It is divided into two subfields, physical optics and geometrical optics. The branch of optics which focuses on the phenomenon of interference, diffraction and polarization is known as physical optics. It is an intermediate method between full wave electromagnetism and geometric optics. According to this discipline, light is believed to propagate in the form of a wave, rather than travel in a straight line. This is the reason due to which it is also known as wave optics. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of physical optics. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this discipline will benefit alike from this book.

Special relativity and general relativity are the two interrelated theories that are usually encompassed in the theory of relativity. Special relativity is applied to all physical phenomena in the absence of gravity. The law of gravitation and its relation to other forces of nature is explained by general relativity. It is applied to cosmological and astrophysical realm such as astronomy. The theory of relativity explores the concepts like spacetime as a unified entity of space and time, kinematic and gravitational time dilation, length contraction and relativity of simultaneity, etc. Relativistic effects are important practical engineering concerns. Satellite-based measurements use relativistic effects to study the motion of an Earth-bound user. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of relativity. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this field. The book is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area.

The branch of theoretical physics which studies the interaction between currents and electric charges is known as classical electromagnetism. It primarily uses an extension of the classical Newtonian model. It is used to provide a description of electromagnetic phenomena at relatively large length scales and field strengths. Some of the fundamental concepts within this area of study are Liénard-Wiechert potentials and Jefimenko's equations. The classical electromagnetic effect of a moving electric point charge in terms of a scalar potential and vector potential in the Lorenz gauge is described through the Liénard-Wiechert potential. A few of the other elements of study within this field are electromagnetic waves, Lorentz force and the electric field. The topics included in this book on classical electromagnetism are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. This textbook is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The theory and practice of learning is known as pedagogy. It also studies the impact which this process has on the psychological development of learners, along with how it itself is affected in return. There are several factors which have to be kept in mind while deciding the pedagogy such as theories of learning, understanding of students and their needs as well as the interest areas of individual students. Some of the many considerations of pedagogy are learning space, hidden curriculum and learning theories. The primary approaches to pedagogy include critical pedagogy, student-centric learning and dialogic learning. This book consists of contributions made by international experts. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of pedagogy. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

The branch of study which is concerned with the processes which can be represented as data in the form of programs and which interact with data is known as computer science. It focuses on the usage of algorithms for the manipulation, communication and storage of digital information. It also studies the theory of computing. Information science deals with the classification, collection, movement, retrieval, protection and storage of information. It seeks to study the usage and application of data and information for the purpose of improving, creating, understanding or replacing information systems. It is closely associated with computer science and technology. This textbook provides comprehensive insights into the field of computer and information science. It unfolds the innovative aspects of these fields which will be crucial for the progress in the future. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The production and distribution of reports on recent events is referred to as journalism. It includes the methods of gathering information and using literary techniques. It uses various means of media such as print, television, radio, and the Internet. Journalism went through various changes due to the Internet and smartphones. It has several forms such as broadcast journalism, citizen journalism, investigative journalism, interactive journalism and photo journalism. Broadcast journalism is the journalism that is written or spoken for radio or television. Investigative journalism includes the in-depth reporting that uncovers the social problems that often lead to major problems being resolved. Interactive form of journalism is an online form that is presented on the web. Photojournalism focuses on telling true stories through images. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of journalism and how such concepts have practical applications. The various sub-fields of journalism along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in it. This book is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

The statement which expresses the equality of two expressions is known as an equation. A differential equation is a kind of mathematical equation that shows the connection between a function and its derivatives. Functions represent the physical quantities and derivatives show their rates of change. The differential equation seeks to define the relationship between the two. It can be classified into various types such as ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. Ordinary differential equation contains one or more than one function of an independent variable. It is related to the derivatives of these functions. Partial differential equations contain unknown multi-variable functions as well as their partial derivatives. These are generally used to formulate problems which contain functions of several variables. The topics included in this book on ordinary and partial differential equations are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The process by which the information is exchanged via mass media between large sections of the population is referred to as mass communication. There are various mediums of mass communication including social media, public relations, audio media, film and television, journalism, advertisement and interactive media such as video games and e-books. The mechanisms and processes that allow communication to take place are addressed under communication theory. Cultivation theory, media ecology, agenda setting theory, the spiral silence and semiotic theory are the major theories that are associated with the study of mass communication. The topics included in this book on mass communication are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. The ever growing need of advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the research in the field of mass communication in recent times. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Natural language processing is a field of research which deals with the interactions between human languages and computer. It also deals with the process of programming computers to analyze and process natural language data on a large scale. It is considered to be a subfield of several different fields such as artificial intelligence, computer science and linguistics. Computational linguistics is an inter-disciplinary field which uses a computational perspective to deal with statistical modeling of natural language. It has two main components, namely theoretical and applied. Theoretical computational linguistics is devoted to the study of issues in cognitive science. Applied computational linguistics, on the other hand, deals with the practical outcome of modeling human language use. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of natural language processing and computational linguistics. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.