Bøger udgivet af Willford Press

An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which electric current produces a magnetic field. The electromagnets are used in electrical devices such as motors, generators, electrochemical solenoids, relays, and MRI machines. A solenoid is an electromechanical device that generates a mechanical motion when electric current is passed through it. The principle of solenoid is used in a device called as a relay to open and close light-current electrical circuits. Electromagnetic materials have a wide range of applications. They are used in various fields such as communications, research, and magnetic recording. Modern telephone systems are based on the reed relay along with solid-state circuits for complex routing of connections. This book outlines studies that have been carried out with respect to the properties and applications of electromagnetic materials. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

The European Union (EU) refers to an economic and political union comprising twenty seven member states mainly situated in Europe. A harmonized system of rule is applicable on all member states, where the states have agreed to operate as one, creating a single internal market. EU policies strive to ensure free flow of services, people, capital, and goods within the internal market place. They also emphasize on preserving common policies in trade, fisheries, agriculture and regional development, and enact laws relating to justice and home affairs. The EU consists of seven major decision-making bodies, which include institutions such as the EU court of justice, European court of auditors, the European council, the European commission, the European central bank, the European parliament, and the Council of the European Union. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of international law and politics with respect to the European Union. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

A computer system is a machine which simplifies complex operations. It improves performance while lowering costs and power usage. An algorithm is a series of steps utilized for completing a particular task. It consists of three basic building blocks, which include sequencing, selection and iteration. It serves as the foundation for programming, allowing computers, websites and smartphones to function. Analysis and construction of algorithms and data structures is a fundamental and crucial element of computer science. The development of algorithms necessitates an understanding of the various options available for solving a computational problem, including networking, programming language, hardware and performance restrictions that come with a specific solution. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of computer systems. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about the construction algorithms and their analysis. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Astronomy is a natural science concerned with the study of celestial phenomena and objects. It elucidates their evolution and origin using chemistry, mathematics and physics. Nebulae, comets, planets, stars, moons and galaxies are among the prominent objects of interest within this field. The phenomena studied within astronomy include blazars, cosmic microwave background radiation, supernova explosions, quasars, pulsars and gamma ray bursts. Cosmology is a field of astronomy that studies the nature of the universe. Some of the major branches of cosmology are physical cosmology and mythological cosmology. Physical cosmology focuses on the physical origins and evolution of the universe. Mythological cosmology is a branch of cosmology which incorporates mythological, religious, and esoteric literature and traditions of creation and eschatology. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on astronomy and cosmology. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers.

Haptic technology refers to a technology that uses forces, vibrations, or motions to provide the user with an experience of touch. These technologies could be utilized to construct virtual objects in a computer simulation, to control virtual objects, and improve the remote control of machines and devices. Tactile sensors which measure the forces applied by the user on the interface are used in haptic devices. Steering wheels, game controllers and joysticks are examples of simple haptic devices. Haptic technology enables researchers to better understand the workings of the human sense of touch by permitting the construction of controlled haptic virtual objects. There are a wide range of applications of haptic technology including mobile devices and personal computers. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of haptic technology. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Software refers to the complete set of processes, programs and routines linked with the operation of a computer system. It is utilized to develop non-physical tools to solve information-based issues. Software technology encompasses the programming languages, methods and tools that may be used in the development of software. Some examples of software are Google Docs, Directory Opus, MySQL, BIOS, MS Access, WinZip, etc. Theoretical computer science (TCS) is a branch of general computer science and mathematics that focuses on the mathematical aspects of computer science including the type theory, theory of computation and lambda calculus. It covers a wide range of topics such as parallel and distributed computation, automata theory, algorithms, information theory, data structures, quantum computation, computational complexity, and probabilistic computation. This book explores all the important aspects of software technology and theoretical computer science in the present day scenario. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. This book is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Computer structure refers to the various parts of the computer, which are organized in such a way that makes it possible to communicate with the computer. It can be categorized into five main parts, including input devices, memory, output devices, central processing unit, and input and output ports. Input devices take command from the user and enter data in the system, whereas output devices display results after processing data in forms such as hard copy, soft copy, and video or voice. Central processing unit regulates the functioning of the computer using arithmetic logic unit, register and control unit. Memory is the storage medium, and input and output ports are connectors controlled by the processor for managing input and output actions. Verification is the process of determining whether or not a software system meets the required specifications and standards and serves its intended purpose. This book provides comprehensive insights into analysis, integration and verification of computer structures and software. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Data analysis refers to the process of cleansing, modeling, inspecting and transforming data in order to identify useful information, derive informed conclusions and assist in decision-making. It has several dimensions and approaches, and is applied in a variety of sectors like social science, business and science. One of the fundamental concerns in information and artificial intelligence is intelligent data analysis (IDA). It reveals previously hidden facts and extracts potentially valuable information or facts from huge amounts of data. It also aids in decision-making. IDA is primarily based on artificial intelligence, records and visualization technology, machine learning and pattern recognition. It also assists in obtaining relevant information, necessary data and models from a large amount of data available online for making the best decisions. There are three steps involved in IDA including data preparation, data mining, and data validation and explanation of data. This book unravels the recent studies on intelligent data analysis. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this area of study.

Travel technology refers to the use of IT (information technology) or ICT (information and communication technology) in the travel, hospitality and tourism industry. Most significant examples of technological applications in tourism and hospitality comprise online travel and tourism agencies, flight tracking, and programs where tourists review their experiences. There are numerous benefits of travel technology such as saving time, surpassing the barriers of luggage and reducing paper work. Technology has directly aided in increasing operational efficiency, lowering costs, and improving consumer experience and services in tourism. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the application of technology in tourism and hospitality industry. It includes contributions of experts, which will provide innovative insights into this field.

A computer programming language refers to any of the different languages used to convey a set of specific instructions to a digital computer. These instructions can be performed directly when represented in machine language. They follow a simple replacement procedure when expressed or translated in a corresponding higher-level language or assembly language. Low-level programming languages include assembly and machine languages. These languages require a programmer to manage all of a computer's features, such as data storage and operations. High-level languages, on the other hand, free a programmer from such concerns and give a notation that is easier for programmers to write and read. Various programming languages include algorithmic languages, business oriented languages, and object oriented languages. This book provides comprehensive insights on advanced principles and systems of programming languages. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying programming languages as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Computer aided verification (CAV) refers to the practice and theory of computer-assisted formal analysis of software and hardware systems. The purpose of formal verification is to increase the dependability and safety of software and hardware systems. CAV derives concepts and findings from logic, automata theory and graph theory, and combines theoretical and experimental aspects. Research in this field encompasses model checking, automated theorem proving, synthesis and testing. It includes numerous system models such as finite-state and infinite-state systems, probabilistic systems and hybrid systems. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to computer aided verification. From theories to research to practical applications, studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this area of computer science have been included herein. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

The collection of processes, mechanisms and relations that help to control and operate corporations is referred to as corporate governance. The principles and structures of governance focus on the identification of the distribution of rights and responsibilities among various participants in a corporation. A few of such participants are managers, directors, stakeholders, auditors, regulators and creditors. It also includes the procedures and rules for making decisions in corporate affairs. Corporate governance also plays an integral role in handling the conflicts between shareholders and upper management. The different models in corporate governance are divided into market-oriented and network-oriented models. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of corporate governance. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The process of designing, launching and running a new business is referred to as entrepreneurship. It involves the capacity and willingness to develop, organize and manage a business. Some of the other roles which fall under the umbrella of entrepreneurship are developing a business plan, providing leadership, hiring human resources and averting risk. Entrepreneurship is broadly divided into a few categories such as ethnic entrepreneurship, institutional entrepreneurship, cultural entrepreneurship, feminist entrepreneurship, project-based entrepreneurship and nascent entrepreneurship. There are various strategies which are used by different entrepreneurs such as use of technology, use of business intelligence and innovation of new products, services or processes. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of entrepreneurship. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The scientific study of statistical models and algorithms that computer systems use in order to perform a specific task without any explicit instructions is referred to as machine learning. It relies on patterns and inference. Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence. The study of mathematical optimization contributes significantly to the methods, applications and theory of machine learning. Some of the different models, which are used within this field are artificial neural networks, decision trees and Bayesian networks. Machine learning is applied in various other fields such as in machine perception, agriculture, adaptive websites, bioinformatics, optimization, sentiment analysis, etc. The topics included in this book on machine learning are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It unfolds the innovative aspects of this field, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The exchange of capital, goods and services, across international borders is referred to as international trade. It is a complex process that takes place between two or more nations. Various factors like currency, government policies, judicial system, economy, laws and markets have a significant influence on international trade. Global trading provides consumers and countries with exposure to new markets and products. There are various theories and models which are used to analyze and explain the factors behind international trade. A few of them are Heckscher-Ohlin model, specific factors model, Ricardian model and Adam Smith's model. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of international trade which will be crucial for the holistic understanding of the subject matter. It picks up individual branches and explains their need and contribution in the context of a growing economy. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field.

Investment management refers to the professional asset management of various securities such as shares and bonds as well as other assets like real estate. It aims to meet the specified investment goals for benefitting the investors. Institutions such as insurance companies, pension funds, corporations and charities can be investors. People who invest directly or through investment contracts and through collective investment schemes are termed as private investors. The investment management of investment funds is referred to as asset management or fund management. Some of the major areas of focus within this field are asset allocation, diversification and long-term returns. This textbook attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of investment management and how such concepts have practical applications. It explores all the important aspects of this field in the present day scenario. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

The field of accounting that deals with the summary, analysis and reporting of financial transactions related to a business is known as financial accounting. It includes the preparation of financial statements that are available for public use. There are three major components of financial statements, namely, statement of cash flows, statement of profit and loss, and statement of financial position. Some of the objectives of this field are the systematic recording of transactions, providing information to users in order to facilitate informed decision making, and knowing solvency position. Fundamental qualities of financial accounting include relevance, materiality, reliability, understandability and comparability. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of financial accounting. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline of financial accounting.

The scientific study of how the imagined, actual and implied presence of others influence an individual's feelings, behaviors and thoughts is referred to as social psychology. It studies and measures the psychological variables in humans. Social psychology explains human behavior as the result of the interaction of social situations and mental states. It focuses on the intrapersonal phenomena such as attitudes, persuasion, social cognition and self-concept as well as on the interpersonal phenomena including social influence, group dynamics and interpersonal attraction. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on social psychology have been included in this book. The topics covered herein deal with the core aspects of this discipline. This book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

The scientific field which focuses on the study of the behavior and mental processes of non-human animals is referred to as comparative psychology. The researches conducted this area deal with various issues and use different methods to explore the behavior of many different species ranging from insects to primates. It emphasizes upon cross-species comparisons such as comparisons between humans and animals. A comparative approach to behavior helps evaluating the target behavior. One of the major areas of study in this field is animal cognition. It seeks to understand the mental processes which control complex behavior. This book outlines the processes and applications of comparative psychology in detail. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Nuclear physics delves into the study of atomic nuclei along with their interactions and constituents. It also includes the study of other forms of nuclear matter such as protons and neutrons. Nuclear physics is the sub-field of physics, which is applied in many other fields such as nuclear medicine, nuclear power, ion implantation in materials engineering and magnetic resonance imaging. Particle physics evolved out of nuclear physics and the two fields are taught in close association. Particle physics deals with the study of the nature of the particles that constitute matter and radiation. The current research in nuclear physics is focused on the study of nuclei under extreme conditions such as excitation energy and high spin. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of nuclear physics. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. As this area of study is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers to understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

The legacy of physical artifacts as well as intangible attributes of a society that have been inherited from past generations is referred to as cultural heritage. Conservation science for cultural heritage refers to the study of conservation of art, technical art history and other cultural works using scientific inquiry. The research areas of this field include the technology and structure of artistic and historical works. It also studies the materials and techniques by which cultural, artistic and historic objects are made. It contributes to the fields of art conservation and architectural conservation by providing scientific methods and principles for the maintenance of cultural objects in museums and other collections. It identifies the materials that make up a piece of art including their chemical makeup. It is also concerned with the identification of changes that cause decline and develop methods to minimize the decline of cultural heritage. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of conservation science for cultural heritage. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

The political and moral philosophy which is based on consent of the governed, liberty and equality before the law is known as liberalism. A fundamental belief of liberals is that governments are necessary to protect the citizens from each other. Some of the many branches of this field are classical liberalism, political liberalism, libertarianism and economic liberalism. While there are numerous differences between different schools of thought within liberalism, most of them generally focus on issues such as secularism, racial equality, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of the press, gender equality and democracy. The book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of liberalism and its utmost significance in modern times. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Condensed matter physics is a branch of physics that studies macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of a matter. It is majorly concerned with the condensed phase of a matter that appears when the number of constituents in a system is large and the interactions among constituents are strong. Solids and liquids are two major examples of condensed phases which arise from the electromagnetic forces between atoms. Laws of quantum mechanics, electromagnetism and statistical mechanics are used in this field to understand solids and liquids phases of condensed matter. This book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of condensed matter physics and its utmost significance in modern times. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

General relativity is the theory of gravitation which provides a complete description of gravity as a geometric property of space and time. The understanding of how matter and radiation warps the geometry of space and time is governed by the Einstein field equations. This theory departs significantly from classical physics especially in relation to the geometry of space, the passage of time, the propagation of light and the motion of bodies in free fall. This is evident in its treatment of gravitational time delay, gravitational time dilation, the gravitational redshift of light and gravitational lensing. The study of the origin and evolution of the universe, starting from the Big Bang to the present and the description of its ultimate fate in the future is under the domain of cosmology. It further studies the large scale dynamics and structures of the universe. There have been significant advances in our understanding of the universe, due to advances in the observations of the microwave background, gravitational lensing and distant supernovae. The detection of gravitational waves in recent times has further strengthened the theories of the Big Bang and cosmic inflation. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of cosmology. It provides comprehensive insights into general relativity and its ramifications relative to the understanding of the universe and its dynamics. Scientists and students actively engaged in these areas will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Glass is a transparent amorphous solid which is non-crystalline. It has a wide range of uses including practical, decorative and technological applications. The field of physics which studies characteristics and properties of glass is known as glass physics. Glass transition is the reversible and gradual transition in amorphous liquids from a brittle glassy stage into viscous stage. Its transition takes place when the temperature is increased. The temperature at which it takes place is called its glass transition temperature. Glass defects are central to glass physics. It is broadly applicable to domains ranging from computer science to biophysics and soft condensed-matter physics. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of glass physics. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of this field. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts of glass physics.