Bøger udgivet af Willford Press

Fascism refers to a type of political governance system that is based on nationalism and extreme authoritarianism. Fascist art and fascist architecture both emerged from fascist political systems particularly in Italy and Nazi Germany prior to and during World War II. During this period, the intersections of architecture and novel offered a firm foundation for the establishment of the totalitarian state apparatus. Fascist governments used art and architecture as political propaganda tools and as a way to highlight the strength of the state. This book outlines the intersections of art and architecture in the Italian fascist period. It extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject. The book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Labor dispute or labor conflict refers to a disagreement between an employer and a labor association, or between a federation of employers and a federation of employees. Conflicts and grievances are an unavoidable part of the employment relationship. Public policies aim to manage conflict and promote sound labor relations. Labor administration's primary objective is to establish labor dispute procedures in national legislation. Labor disputes can be resolved using a consensus-based process such as conciliation and mediation before choosing to resolve issues using arbitration and/or adjudication, or through a tribunal or labor court. Mediation is a structured and interactive process whereby a third party assists the parties in a dispute through the course of negotiations. Arbitration in case of labor conflicts involves resolution or settlement of a conflict through an independent party whose decision is final and binding upon both the parties. Taking the conflict to the court of law is the last option that can be used to resolve a labor dispute. This book examines labor conflicts and their management. It aims to serve as a resource guide for policy makers, scholars and practitioners in industrial relations and human resources management.

Composite materials are a combination of two or more constituent materials that have a unique set of properties. They are versatile in nature and are widely used in aircrafts and spacecrafts, hot air balloon gondolas, gliders, passenger airliners, fighter planes and space shuttles. The application of high-performance composite materials in aircraft structures offers many advantages such as weight reduction, low specific heat, high thermal stability, high impact resistance, and high damage tolerance that improves accident survivability. There are three main types of composite materials having different mechanical properties. These include carbon fiber, glass, and aramid-reinforced epoxy. Carbon fiber is the most widely used composite fiber in aerospace applications. The structural applications of composite materials range from complete airplanes such as the Beech Starship to wing assemblies, helicopter rotor blades, propellers, seats, and instrument enclosures. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying the applications of composite materials for the construction of aircraft structures. It will provide incredible insights to readers with respect to emerging trends and concepts in this area of study.

Digital history is a branch of digital humanities that involves the use of digital media to facilitate historical analysis, presentation, and research. It examines and represents the past with the help of new communication technologies such as computers, the Internet, and software systems. Digital history harnesses essential features of the digital technology such as databases, hypertextualization, and networks, to create and share historical knowledge. Integration of digital history with the traditional historical methods helps to create models and maps of data extracted to create a visualization of the data. It employs different tools to extract and analyze large amounts of data that would not be manageable otherwise. This data can be placed alongside existing historiography to increase combined historical knowledge. In this book, the concept, use and applications of digital history have been described. It is appropriate for historians, researchers and students seeking detailed information in this area of digital humanities.

Psychology refers to the scientific study of behavior and mind. It includes the environmental factors, biological influences and social pressures that have an impact on the feelings, thinking and actions of humans. Peace psychology is a specialized field of study in psychology that aims to develop theory and practices that can be helpful in preventing conflict and violence. It also aims to reduce the various effects that conflict and violence might have on the society. Peace psychology is primarily focused on the development of viable strategies for promoting peace. It is also applied within the domain of peace education, which focuses on teaching children to live in harmony with other people as well as the world around them. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the psychology of peace and its global perspectives on children and adolescents. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue peace psychology as a discipline further.

Computational thinking refers to the set of cognitive skills for the application of fundamental concepts and reasoning derived from computer science and computing in order to solve a diverse range of problems. In the field of education, computational thinking refers to a group of problem-solving methods that encompass the automation of processes, while using computing for analyzing, exploring and understanding the processes. There are certain characteristics that describe computational thinking, including pattern recognition, decomposition, algorithms, and generalization or abstraction. It is used to approach a problem with problem solving techniques, such as symbolic representation, iteration, and logical operations. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about computational thinking in education from a pedagogical perspective. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Education policy consists of policy decisions and principles that shape the field of education. It contains the collection of rules and laws that govern the operation of education systems. There are several steps involved in shaping an education policy. The foremost objective is to answer questions associated with the purpose of education, its objectives and methods to attain them, and the tools to measure the achievement rate. Disciplines such as law, sociology, economics and political science can be utilized for understanding the operation of the education systems, their impact, and how the policies can be changed under different conditions. The topics included in this book on education policy are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Enlargement is one of the most powerful policy tools of EU. The enlargement policy is a carefully managed process for the EU, which aims to establish peace, stability, prosperity, democracy, human rights, and the rule of law across Europe. It also helps to increase its global competitiveness. Turkey emerged as a potential EU candidate that belongs to the group of newly rising economic powers. Turkey is one of the most important partners of EU, and both have signed a trade agreement known as the European Union-Turkey Customs Union. Turkey applied for full membership in 1987, and was finally able to start accession negotiations with the EU in 2005. However, the accession process has slowed down after 2017. This book examines the complex issues surrounding the EU-Turkey relations. It presents this subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. The book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students, scholars and researchers studying international relations.

Extended working life refers to the lengthening of the period in which older adults work professionally. Some important factors that have enabled individuals to work for extended periods include improvements in medical treatment, healthier lifestyles, and improved health and safety conditions at work. Policies related to the extension of working life need to take sufficient account of the gender and health dimensions of working longer. Gender pay, pension gaps, and differential life expectancy rates are some gender and health issues which need to be addressed while studying extended working life. Factors such as marital status and partnership status also affect the extended working life. This book deals with the role of gender in extended working life and the related policies. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

Textual criticism focuses on the identification of different variants and versions which might exist for a single text. It is considered to be a branch of literary criticism and textual scholarship. It helps in the identification of intentional and unintentional alterations in manuscripts and documents as well as information about the creation and historical transmission of the text. There are various approaches towards textual criticism, such as stemmatics, eclecticism, best-text editing and copy-text editing. The main task in the editorial process is the formation of a text for publication by studying its history. An established text must agree to the creative intentions of the writer and be free of extraneous additions and damage. This book elucidates the concepts of textual criticism and related editorial techniques in an extensive manner. It is an essential guide for both academicians and students in the field of language, literature and linguistics.

Extended working life refers to the lengthening of the period in which older adults work professionally. Some important factors that have enabled individuals to work for extended periods include improvements in medical treatment, healthier lifestyles, and improved health and safety conditions at work. Policies related to the extension of working life need to take sufficient account of the gender and health dimensions of working longer. Gender pay, pension gaps, and differential life expectancy rates are some gender and health issues which need to be addressed while studying extended working life. Factors such as marital status and partnership status also affect the extended working life. This book deals with the role of gender in extended working life and the related policies. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

Ovid, William Shakespeare and John Donne are among the most prominent names within the European literary canon. Ovid was a Roman poet who was writing during late first century BC and early first century AD. Donne and Shakespeare were contemporaries who lived during the late sixteenth century and early seventeenth century. While all three have written poems, the content and form varied greatly. Ovid, who is primarily known for writing Metamorphoses, wrote love poetry of erotic nature during the early part of his literary career. Shakespeare has written love poetry primarily in the form of sonnets. These love sonnets are intensely personal and reflect deep issues of life. Donne has written a diverse range of poems, ranging from religious to secular, however, he is mainly known for writing metaphysical poems. The objective of this book is to give a critical view of the different types of love poems. It will be of great value to graduate and postgraduate scholars of literature who are interested in the theme of love in poetry.

Human societies exhibit a diversity of social organizations that differ in structure, size and complexity. Social complexity is a conceptual framework used in the analysis of the society. It can be measured through the diversity of social relationships in a social unit or the number of relationships within that social unit. It plays an integral role in the study of the evolution of diverse social systems and the cognitive innovations which help the individuals in dealing with the demands of social life. Cultural complexity is used as a variable in cross-cultural research. It is generally used as a measure of cultural evolution and is connected to various other variables. This book aims to shed light on the impacts of social and cultural complexity on politics. It presents studies performed by experts across the globe. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Ovid, William Shakespeare and John Donne are among the most prominent names within the European literary canon. Ovid was a Roman poet who was writing during late first century BC and early first century AD. Donne and Shakespeare were contemporaries who lived during the late sixteenth century and early seventeenth century. While all three have written poems, the content and form varied greatly. Ovid, who is primarily known for writing Metamorphoses, wrote love poetry of erotic nature during the early part of his literary career. Shakespeare has written love poetry primarily in the form of sonnets. These love sonnets are intensely personal and reflect deep issues of life. Donne has written a diverse range of poems, ranging from religious to secular, however, he is mainly known for writing metaphysical poems. The objective of this book is to give a critical view of the different types of love poems. It will be of great value to graduate and postgraduate scholars of literature who are interested in the theme of love in poetry.

Human societies exhibit a diversity of social organizations that differ in structure, size and complexity. Social complexity is a conceptual framework used in the analysis of the society. It can be measured through the diversity of social relationships in a social unit or the number of relationships within that social unit. It plays an integral role in the study of the evolution of diverse social systems and the cognitive innovations which help the individuals in dealing with the demands of social life. Cultural complexity is used as a variable in cross-cultural research. It is generally used as a measure of cultural evolution and is connected to various other variables. This book aims to shed light on the impacts of social and cultural complexity on politics. It presents studies performed by experts across the globe. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Human societies exhibit a diversity of social organizations that differ in structure, size and complexity. Social complexity is a conceptual framework used in the analysis of the society. It can be measured through the diversity of social relationships in a social unit or the number of relationships within that social unit. It plays an integral role in the study of the evolution of diverse social systems and the cognitive innovations which help the individuals in dealing with the demands of social life. Cultural complexity is used as a variable in cross-cultural research. It is generally used as a measure of cultural evolution and is connected to various other variables. This book aims to shed light on the impacts of social and cultural complexity on politics. It presents studies performed by experts across the globe. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The Talmud refers a record of rabbinical discussions on Jewish law, the interpretation of the Bible, history, ethics and customs. It was assembled and edited between the third and sixth centuries CE. The Gemara and the Mishnah are the two components of the Talmud. The Jerusalem Talmud and the Babylonian Talmud are the two available versions of the Talmud. The Jerusalem Talmud is a compendium of rabbinic notes on the Jewish oral tradition of the second century. It was compiled in Israel. The Jerusalem Talmud is a collection of teachings from the schools of Caesarea, Tiberias and Sepphoris. The language of the Jerusalem Talmud is mainly a western Aramaic dialect, which is distinct from the Babylonian dialect. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about the Jerusalem Talmud through this book. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

The Talmud refers a record of rabbinical discussions on Jewish law, the interpretation of the Bible, history, ethics and customs. It was assembled and edited between the third and sixth centuries CE. The Gemara and the Mishnah are the two components of the Talmud. The Jerusalem Talmud and the Babylonian Talmud are the two available versions of the Talmud. The Jerusalem Talmud is a compendium of rabbinic notes on the Jewish oral tradition of the second century. It was compiled in Israel. The Jerusalem Talmud is a collection of teachings from the schools of Caesarea, Tiberias and Sepphoris. The language of the Jerusalem Talmud is mainly a western Aramaic dialect, which is distinct from the Babylonian dialect. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about the Jerusalem Talmud through this book. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

A particle accelerator refers to a machine that produces a beam of fast-moving, electrically charged atomic or subatomic particles. Large accelerators are employed for fundamental research in particle physics. The largest accelerator in the world is the Large Hadron Collider. The two fundamental types of accelerators are electrostatic and electrodynamic (or electromagnetic) accelerators. Electrostatic particle accelerators make use of static electric fields to accelerate particles. The most common types of electrostatic particle accelerators are the Cockcroft-Walton generator and the Van de Graaff generator. Electrodynamic or electromagnetic accelerators involve the use changing electromagnetic fields to accelerate particles. These accelerators can be linear or circular. The particles are accelerated in a straight line in linear accelerators. In the circular accelerator, particles move in a circle until they attain sufficient energy. Some applications of accelerators are particle therapy for oncological purposes, radioisotope production for medical diagnostics, and ion implanters for the manufacturing of semiconductors. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of particle accelerators and colliders. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on this topic.

A particle accelerator refers to a machine that produces a beam of fast-moving, electrically charged atomic or subatomic particles. Large accelerators are employed for fundamental research in particle physics. The largest accelerator in the world is the Large Hadron Collider. The two fundamental types of accelerators are electrostatic and electrodynamic (or electromagnetic) accelerators. Electrostatic particle accelerators make use of static electric fields to accelerate particles. The most common types of electrostatic particle accelerators are the Cockcroft-Walton generator and the Van de Graaff generator. Electrodynamic or electromagnetic accelerators involve the use changing electromagnetic fields to accelerate particles. These accelerators can be linear or circular. The particles are accelerated in a straight line in linear accelerators. In the circular accelerator, particles move in a circle until they attain sufficient energy. Some applications of accelerators are particle therapy for oncological purposes, radioisotope production for medical diagnostics, and ion implanters for the manufacturing of semiconductors. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of particle accelerators and colliders. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on this topic.

Digital economy is defined as an economy based on digital technologies. It is a worldwide network of economic activities, commercial transactions, and professional interactions that are enabled by information and communications technologies (ICT). Digital economy also refers to the web economy and the Internet economy. The three main components of digital technology are e-business, e-business infrastructure, and e-commerce. Digital economy is integrated into every aspect of a user's life such as healthcare, education, banking, and entertainment. Some merits of this type of economy include the growth of e-commerce, digitization of goods and services, and transparency. The emergence of digital technology has led to a dramatic rise in investments on hardware, technological research, software, services and digital communication. There is a substantial rise in e-commerce with the advent of digital economy. As most transactions are done online, digital economy helps to reduce corruption in the market, thereby making the economy more transparent. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about digital economy. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Piezoelectric materials or piezoelectrics are the materials that can produce electric energy when mechanical stress is applied on them. There are two broad categories of piezoelectric materials. First category includes piezoelectric materials that exist in nature and the second category comprises man-made or synthetic materials. Quartz, Rochelle salt, topaz, and tourmaline-group minerals are a few examples of naturally-existing piezoelectrics which are anisotropic dielectrics crystals having a non-centrosymmetric crystal lattice. Piezoelectric materials are widely used in electronic devices such as actuators, sensors, accelerators, ultrasonic motors, transducers, filters, resonators, and micro-electromechanical systems. A perovskite is any material that has a crystal structure that follows the basic chemical formula ABX3. Some of the prominent physical properties of these materials are magnetoresistance, superconductivity and ionic conductivity. They find a variety of applications as photovoltaics, lasers, scintillators and light-emitting diodes. This book outlines the synthesis, properties, and applications of piezoelectric and perovskite materials in detail. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and researchers alike and contribute to the growth of study on these materials.

Optical communication refers to any type of communication that uses light to carry information. An optical communication system is composed of three major components, which include a transmitter, channel and receiver. Transmitter is used to encode a message into an optical signal. Semiconductor devices such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes are the most commonly used transmitters. The function of a channel is to carry the signal to its destination. Receiver is a component that reproduces the message from the received optical signal. Modern communication relies on optical networking systems which use optical fiber, optical amplifiers, lasers, switches, and routers. The most common type of channel used for optical communications is the optical fiber. The light in an optical fiber is guided by the principle of total internal reflection. The main advantages of optical communication include high bandwidth, exceptionally low loss, large transmission range, and no electromagnetic interference. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world on various topics related to optical communications. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Cultural heritage refers to the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that is inherited from previous generations. It is essential to preserve and protect the cultural heritage by passing it from one generation to the next generation. Virtual reality (VR) technologies create a virtual environment with realistic sense of vision, hearing, and touch. VR plays an important role in the protection and preservation of cultural heritage. During the process of research, exhibition and inheritance, cultural heritage may be damaged or corroded. This damage can be prevented by the use of VR. The three-dimensional models of material cultural heritage can be constructed by using the VR technology. It can also be used for virtual reproduction of cultural heritage based on archaeological research data and literature records for sites and remains that have not been excavated or annihilated. VR technology is also used to create a virtual museum that facilitates the protection and dissemination of cultural heritage. This book outlines the role of virtual reality technologies in preserving and protecting cultural heritage. A number of latest researches have been included herein to keep the readers abreast with the most recent concepts in this area of study.

Microgravity is the condition in which people or objects appear to be weightless. The microgravity lab consisting of only-in-space conditions facilitates a wide range of investigations in various disciplines. This lab provides a platform with greatly reduced non-gravitational sources of noise, access to the vacuum conditions of space, extreme heat and cold, large distances, and high velocity that is beneficial for physics research. The concept of microgravity is used in advanced materials science research, because it changes the processes such as crystal growth, fluid mixing, separation between gases and liquids, heat transfer, solidification, and combustion. Access to microgravity is beneficial for biology and human health. Data about how different organisms react to a microgravity environment and the ways various biological functions change in the absence of gravity increase the understanding related to organisms. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends on the subject of microgravity. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and researchers alike.

Ionic liquids are molten salts which exist as a group of non-molecular compounds having an ionic structure. The synthesis of ionic liquids involves the formation of the desired cation and anion exchange. Ionic liquids can be categorized under five basic classes that include ammonium, phosphonium, imidazolium, pyridinium, and pyrrolidinium. Characteristic features of ionic liquids are low vapor pressure at room temperature as well as high thermal stability for a wide range of temperatures. The physical and chemical properties such as thermal stability, viscosity, and solubility in water can be varied by just altering the combination of cations and anions. A solvent is any liquid that can dissolve another substance. Ionic liquids are used as solvents in different areas of chemistry such as organic synthesis, electrochemistry, extraction, spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. They are also applied in separation techniques such as liquid and gas chromatography or capillary electrophoresis. This book includes researches related to the synthesis, characterization and applications of solvents and ionic liquids. It includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights into this area of study.

Education is the process that facilitates learning and acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, morals, beliefs, and habits. The education system refers to the network of different types and levels of educational institutions such as kindergartens, middle schools, high schools and colleges. Education can be used as a tool for the integral development of individuals including personal, cultural, economic, political and social development. International perspectives on education mainly emphasize on making comparisons to evaluate different educational processes and products. Educational researches and policymaking focus on international comparisons of education for understanding the educational systems, assessing the quality of educational systems, schools, teachers and students, and making decisions based on all such information. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world on educational systems. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Electron microscopy (EM) is a technique through which high resolution images of biological and non-biological specimens are obtained. Electrons are the primary source of illuminating radiation that provide high resolution images. This technique is applied in biomedical research to examine the detailed structure of tissues, cells, organelles and macromolecular complexes. The two main types of electron microscopes include transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The TEM is used to view thin specimens such as tissue sections and molecules through which electrons can pass, generating a projection image. Common applications of TEM include viewing the interior of cells (in thin sections), the structure of protein molecules (contrasted by metal shadowing), and the arrangement of protein molecules in cell membranes (by freeze-fracture). In SEM, the image is formed by scanning a focused electron beam onto the surface of the specimen in a raster pattern. SEMs with appropriately equipped devices can be used to study the topography and atomic composition of specimens. The book studies, analyzes and presents the recent developments related to electron microscopy and its significance in modern times. Students, researchers, and experts of electron microscopy will likely benefit from this book.

Supercomputing is a technology for high-performance computing that makes use of supercomputers. These computers are made up of interconnects, input-output systems, memory and processor cores. They have more than one CPU which consists of circuits for deciphering program instructions and executing the arithmetic and logic operations in a proper order. Another characteristic feature of supercomputers is their use of vector arithmetic. This feature provides them with the ability to operate on pairs of lists of numbers rather than only on pairs of numbers. Supercomputers are primarily used for scientific and engineering work that requires exceedingly high-speed computations. Some applications of supercomputers include weather forecasting, climate research, oil and gas exploration, molecular modeling, physical simulation, and cryptology. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of supercomputing. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about this area of study.

An induction motor refers to an alternate current electric motor for which the electric current is required to produce torque in the rotor through electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. Three phase induction motors play an important role in various industries because of their benefits over other electrical motors. As a result, there is a high demand for their dependable and secure operation. Any breakdowns or faults in the motor might result in longer downtime and can cause significant maintenance and revenue losses, requiring early fault detection for motor protection. Condition monitoring of induction motor is a new technology for detecting potential faults online. It entails taking measurements on a machine, while it is in operating condition for detecting faults. The goal of online condition monitoring is to lower maintenance costs and unexpected failure. This book outlines the applications of induction motors as well as their condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.