Bøger udgivet af Willford Press

Leadership is the practice of leading or guiding individuals, teams or organizations. Research and studies in this field have led to the formulation of theories that seek to comprehend the dynamics of power, vision, behavior, charisma, intelligence, situational interaction, etc. The emergence of a leader can happen in a variety of different situations and tasks. Intelligence, conscientiousness, adjustment, self-efficacy, extraversion and openness to experience are some of the qualities that play a positive role in the emergence of a leader. Some of the other factors that affect the emergence of leadership are gender identity, dominance, emotional intelligence, assertiveness, self-monitoring, character strength, etc. Different leadership styles suit different situations. These can be classified as authoritarian, Laissez-faire, participative, task-oriented and relationship-oriented. This book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on the varied aspects of effective leadership. It is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of leadership. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

A machine designed to perform a complex series of tasks automatically is called a robot. The design, construction, operation and use of robots to achieve sensory feedback, control and information processing is under the scope of robotics. It integrates the concepts and principles of computer science, mechanical engineering and electronics engineering. The chief components of a robotic system are a power source, actuators, sensors, manipulators, etc. Research in this field has led to various advancements like speech recognition, gesture recognition, artificial emotions, social intelligence, facial expression, etc. in robots. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of robotics. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on robotic systems, especially with regards to their design, system and control, have been included herein. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with robotics will benefit alike from this book.

Tourism is the travel for either pleasure or business purposes. It includes the practice of attracting tourists, accommodating them, entertaining them, and operating tours for them. Tourism is crucial for the sociocultural, economic and educational growth of societies as well as for the betterment of international relations. It produces excellent opportunities for employment in all the service industries that are associated with tourism. These include transportation, accommodation, hospitality and entertainment industries. Venues such as casinos, amusement parks, shopping malls and restaurants provide entertainment to tourists and generate revenue. Transportation services are provided by trains, cabs, airlines, cruise ships, etc. Modern tourism can be classified into winter tourism, niche tourism and mass tourism. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of tourism development. It picks up individual branches and explains their need and contribution in the context of a growing economy. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

The branch of physics that studies the properties of light and its interactions with matter is known as optics. Lenses, mirrors, fiber optics, lasers, telescopes and microscopes are some of the common applications of optical systems. Optical wireless communications is a form of optical communication. It uses unguided visible, ultraviolet and infrared light for carrying a signal. The wireless communication that operates in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum is known as visible light communication. This form of communication has applications in wireless local area networks, chip-to-chip communications, underwater communications, etc. At near infrared frequencies, communication is achieved using free space optical systems. The ever-growing need of advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the research in the fields of optical systems and wireless communications in recent times. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in these fields. The extensive content of this book will provide the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Artificial neural networks refer to the computing systems inspired by biological neural networks. They are based on nodes or artificial neurons, which are a replica of biological neurons found in the brain of animals. This enables them to learn and thereby perform tasks by considering examples. The use of artificial neural networks is vast as they are applied in varied fields like medical diagnosis, speech recognition, computer vision, machine translation, etc. Some common variants include convolutional neural networks, deep stacking networks, deep belief networks, deep predictive coding networks, etc. The theoretical properties of artificial neural networks are capacity, generalization and statistics, computational power, convergence, etc. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of artificial neural networks. The book attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into this field. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail.

E-learning refers to the practice of using, managing and creating technological processes to improve performance and facilitate learning. In the present age, it is practiced in four different ways, which are synchronous and asynchronous, computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL), flipped classroom and computer-based training (CBT). E-learning is a vast field, which uses different platforms to function, such as virtual learning environment (VLE), learning content management system (LCMS), training management system, etc. A significant aspect of educational technology is e-assessment, which enables the use of information technology for educational assessment. Some common examples of e-assessment include e-marking, computerized adaptive testing and computerized classification testing. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of e-learning. The topics covered herein deal with the core aspects of this domain. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of e-learning as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

Work refers to employment, which is a relationship between two individuals or parties where one is being paid by the other to perform a certain task. Besides payment, an employee may receive bonus payments, gratuities, disability insurance, health insurance, etc. The well-being of societies and individuals, comprising of the positive, as well as the negative aspects of life, is known as the quality of life. Physical health, wealth, employment, education, family, etc. are all important considerations for the analysis of the quality of life. It is an important concept of international development. It is measured in terms of the human development index, Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI), Happy Planet Index, etc. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as the modern approaches to work and quality of life. It provides significant information on these disciplines to help develop a good understanding of the subjects and their related fields. For all those who are interested in the subject of work and quality of life, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Computer simulations are the tools used to mathematically model natural systems in diverse fields of chemistry, astrophysics, biology, computational physics, social science, climatology, psychology, etc. They can be categorized into small simulations and large-scale simulations depending upon their usage. The different types of computer simulations are dynamic system simulation, stochastic or deterministic, local or distributed, and continuous or discrete simulations. Research in the field of computer simulation has extended its applications in the domains of weather forecasting, organizational management, traffic engineering, crop-soil systems, etc. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and development of computer simulation. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The sensors used for monitoring and capturing data related to the physical conditions of the environment are known as wireless sensors. These sensors are spatially dispersed to monitor environmental and physical conditions like pollution, sound and temperature. A major use of wireless sensor networks is found in environmental and earth sensing which includes forest fire detection, water quality monitoring, air pollution monitoring, natural disaster prevention, etc. Some other areas of application include health care monitoring and industrial monitoring. This book strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within the field of wireless sensor networks. The topics included in it are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with wireless sensor networks will benefit alike from the book.

A technological innovation system refers to a network of agents that interact under an institutional infrastructure for the generation and utilization of technology. It is applicable to the analysis of technology, product or a set of products that are aimed at satisfying a targeted function. Structures in technological innovation system comprises of elements that are static with time. A major focus of this field is the study of all activities that contribute to a system function, with respect to its development, diffusion and usage. Some of the significant system functions are entrepreneurial activities, knowledge development, market formation, resource mobilization, etc. In the age of innovation, new technologies are developed by business firms to improve competitiveness and sustainability. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different aspects of innovation technology and its applications. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital aspects and emerging trends in this field. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

The systematic approach to the study of people and their cultures is under the discipline of ethnography. It involves the study of the history, terrain, climate and the habitat of a group of people. Confessional ethnography, realist ethnography, feminist ethnography, critical ethnography, etc. are some of the branches of ethnography. Surveys, interviews and participant observation are some techniques of data collection. Document analysis and secondary research are employed for gaining insights. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around ethnography. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of ethnography as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

Culture is a complex integration of human beliefs, customs, habits, knowledge, morals and art. Humans acquire culture due to the processes of socialization and enculturation. Cultural variations are observed with change in region and circumstances. Cultural anthropology is a sub-discipline of anthropology that is concerned with the study of the cultural variation among humans. The critique of evolutionism and cultural relativism are the theoretical foundations of cultural anthropology. Besides these, cultural materialism, feminism, structuralism, functionalism, etc. are other theoretical approaches to this field. Some of the methods used in this discipline are participant observation, cross-cultural comparison, ethnography and multi-sited ethnography. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of cultural anthropology. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying cultural anthropology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Urban planning and development concerns the physical layout of human settlements, the development of land use and design of the built environment for ensuring the provision of municipal services to people living or frequenting these areas. It involves the planning and development of agricultural land, water resources, etc. with a focus on sanitation, efficiency and protection of the environment. It focuses on the strategic development of rural, suburban and urban areas. The sub-fields of urban planning include economic development, land-use planning, environmental planning, zoning and transportation planning. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of urban planning and development. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying this field as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

The understanding of human prehistory and history through the recovery and analysis of material culture is under the domain of archaeology. It is a multidisciplinary science that integrates anthropology, history, geography, geology, semiology, paleontology, etc. It involves the study of artifacts, biofacts, cultural landscapes and architecture. Surveying, excavation and analysis of the data collected are significant aspects of archaeology. Remote sensing is used for detecting historical sites in a large area. This may involve satellite imagery or the use of lidar and laser altimeter. Historical archaeology, ethnoarchaeology, archaeometry and experimental archaeology are important subdisciplines of archaeology. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of archaeology. It attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under this discipline and their fundamental principles and concepts. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The planning, design and construction of buildings and other structures is under the domain of architecture. Architectural designs and approaches have undergone change due to the philosophies of rationalism, structuralism, post structuralism, empiricism and phenomenology. The modern concept of sustainability has marked influence on contemporary architecture and urban design. This is evident in the recent movements of New Classical Architecture, New Urbanism and metaphoric architecture, which approach construction from the perspective of sustainability. While architecture focuses on individual buildings, the field of urban design deals with the design and planning of cities, towns and villages. It works with the objectives of environmental sustainability, economic viability and social equity. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around architecture and urban design. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies have been included herein. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into these fields.

A computer network is a digital telecommunications network that allows the exchange of resources across nodes. These can be personal computers, servers, phones or networking hardware. The connections between these nodes are established over wireless media, optic cables or wires. The protection of digital data from unauthorized access and actions is called data security. Cyberattacks and data breaches can cause unwanted changes to data. Disk encryption, backups, data erasure, data masking, etc. are some of the technologies generally employed to ensure data security. Network security is an important consideration in data security. It is used on both private and public computer networks. This book explores all the important aspects of data security and communication networks in the present day scenario. It outlines the processes and applications of these fields in detail. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Quantum physics is a fundamental theory in physics that describes nature at the atomic and subatomic particle level. Wave-particle duality, uncertainty principle, quantization of energy and momentum are central aspects of quantum physics. It has diverse applications in quantum optics, quantum computing, quantum chemistry, medical and research imaging, etc. The behavior of subatomic particles that make up matter, such as electrons, protons, neutrons, etc. is governed by quantum mechanics. It also plays a foundational role in string theory and computational chemistry. The quantum field theory that studies the strong nuclear force is under the scope of quantum chromodynamics. It describes the interactions between quarks and gluons. The weak nuclear force is unified with electromagnetic force in their quantized forms through the approach of electroweak theory. The ever-growing need of advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the research in the field of quantum physics in recent times. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of this field. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The protection of confidentiality, integrity and availability of data, while ensuring policy implementation and organizational productivity is the primary focus of information security. An evaluation of the assets, threats, vulnerabilities, impacts and effectiveness of control measures is crucial for developing an effective risk management plan. The threats to information security can be in the form of software attacks, intellectual property thefts, sabotage and information extortion. Some common examples of software attacks are viruses, Trojan horses, phishing attacks and worms. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of information security. The various advancements in this field are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. For all readers who are interested in information security, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Data security is the practice of protecting digital data from unauthorized access and unwanted actions such as cyberattack or data breach. Various technologies are used for ensuring data security. These include disk encryption, software-based security, hardware-based security, data masking, backups and data erasure. Securing communication in the presence of third parties is under the domain of cryptography. Diverse aspects of data confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation and authentication are fundamental considerations of cryptography. The areas of study in cryptography include symmetric-key cryptography, public-key cryptography, cryptanalysis, cryptosystems, etc. This domain is crucial in the areas of electronic commerce, digital currencies, military communications and chip-based payment cards. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of data security and cryptography. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to these fields. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of these important fields.

Physics is a fundamental science that studies matter and its motion through space-time. The concepts of force and energy are vital to this field. Classical mechanics, thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, electromagnetism, quantum mechanics and special relativity are the fundamental theories of physics. Classical and modern physics represent the two approaches to understanding the diverse phenomena in the universe. Classical physics describes the systems whose length scales are larger than atomic scales. It also studies motions at speeds much smaller than the speed of light. In the study of atomic and subatomic scales and speeds approaching the speed of light, the domain of modern physics is employed. This book outlines the advanced theories and concepts of physics in detail. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to this field. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Tourism is the theory and practice of attracting, accommodating and entertaining tourists. Tourism is a vital source of income for many regions and countries. It can be both domestic and international. It benefits the sectors of transportation, hospitality and entertainment. Various domains in tourism are winter tourism, mass tourism and niche tourism. Modern tourism also explores the areas of ecotourism, pro-poor tourism, medical tourism, event tourism, dark tourism, creative tourism, etc. The development of low-cost airlines and jumbo jets is making tourism more affordable. The hospitality industry is a crucial aspect of tourism, which includes lodging, transportation, event planning, etc. It also involves the provision of accommodation in hotels, motels, inns, flotels, resorts, etc. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to tourism and hospitality industry. It provides significant information of this area to help develop a good understanding of these domains and related fields. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with tourism and hospitality will benefit alike from this book.

Traveling for the purpose of business or just pleasure is known as tourism. It is a major driver of a local economy through the transaction of goods and services. It also creates employment opportunities in the service sector of the economy associated with tourism. Besides these direct influences, tourism has a direct impact on a society's social, cultural, economic and educational sectors as well as on international relations. There are three forms of tourism- domestic tourism, inbound tourism and outbound tourism. The tourism industry caters to people with varied tastes and budgets. A wide variety of hotels and resorts have emerged as a response to such demands. Tourism is said to be sustainable when it strikes a balance between the three pillars of economic, environmental and socio-cultural sustainability. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to the industry of tourism. It picks up individual branches and explains their need and contribution in the context of a growing economy. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying tourism as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Inorganic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that is concerned with the synthesis of inorganic and organometallic compounds, and their behavior. Oxides, carbonates, halides and sulfates are important classes of inorganic compounds. Some common examples are aluminium sulfate, ammonia, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, etc. Inorganic compounds are generally characterized by poor electrical conductivity, high melting points and ease of crystallization. The understanding of inorganic chemistry is crucial for application in all aspects of catalysis, coatings, surfactants, materials science, fuels and agriculture. The subdivisions of inorganic chemistry are cluster chemistry, bioinorganic chemistry and organometallic chemistry. Active research is being done in these fields with the objective of developing new catalysts, superconductors, etc. This book traces the progress in the field of inorganic chemistry and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to synthesis, analysis and applications of inorganic compounds. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Fundamental particles that constitute matter and radiation are studied in the domain of particle physics. Particle interaction and behavior is governed by the laws of quantum mechanics and described by a quantum field theory model called the Standard Model. Particle interactions can be in the form of strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions. Such interactions are mediated by the gauge bosons. Research in modern particle physics focuses on subatomic particles such as electrons, neutrons and protons as well as a wide range of exotic particles. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of particle physics which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It aims to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. Particle physicists, phenomenologists, lattice theorists, researchers and students involved in this area of study will benefit alike from this book.

The study of the patterns of social relationships, interactions and culture is under the domain of sociology. It is a social science that employs different methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to understand the social order, acceptance and change. Study of sociology is crucial for the development of social policy and welfare. Sociology delves into all aspects of social class, gender, sexuality, social stratification, mobility, religion and law. The theoretical foundation of sociology is built on the classical theories of functionalism, symbolic interactionism, utilitarianism and conflict theory. Sociological theory focuses on the three primary dichotomies of subjectivity and objectivity; structure and agency; and synchrony and diachrony. They deal with knowledge, action and time respectively. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around sociology. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies have been included herein. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of sociology as easy and informative as possible, for the readers

Computational science is the field that is concerned with the development of computational models and simulations to understand natural systems and solve complex problems. The methods and frameworks used in this field include high-performance computing, modeling and simulation, algorithms, mathematical foundations, analysis and visualization of data. Computer programming, parallel computing and algorithms are crucial to computational science and engineering. FORTRAN, C and C++, MATLAB, PYTHON, etc. are widely used programming languages in this field. The applications of computational science and engineering are found in the varied domains of engineering, astrophysical systems, medicine, numerical weather prediction, finance, etc. There has been rapid progress in this field and its applications are finding their way across multiple industries. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and applications of computational science and engineering. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this field will benefit alike from this book.

Innovation management refers to the management of product, organizational and business process innovation. It includes a set of tools that enables an organization to use the creative capabilities of the work force in order to introduce new ideas, products or processes. Some of these tools are prototyping, brainstorming, product line planning, etc. The objective of technology management is to allow organizations to manage their technology. The development of technology is valuable only as long as it is useful for the customer. The common concepts of technology management are technology strategy, forecasting, roadmap and project portfolio. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of business innovation and technology management. It traces the progress of these fields and highlights some of their key concepts and applications. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Higher education is the final stage of formal learning that succeeds secondary education. It is delivered in universities, colleges, academies, institutes of technology, etc. It includes education both at the undergraduate and the postgraduate level. It encapsulates teaching, research, social service activities and exacting applied work. This stage of education not only imparts education and training that is specific to any particular degree, but also builds the skills of critical thinking, analytical reasoning, ethical judgment, fluency in speech and writing, etc. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of higher education. It contains some path-breaking studies in this field. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Vibration is a mechanical phenomenon that is characterized by oscillations around the equilibrium point. Such oscillations can be periodic or random. Vibrating structures cause sound or pressure waves. Free, forced and damped vibrations are the different types of vibrations. The study of sound and vibration, as well as the design, analysis and control of sound, is undertaken by the field of acoustical engineering. Vibroscopes are devices that are used to trace or record vibrations. The analysis of vibrations is used in the industrial sector to detect faults in equipment and reduce their downtime. It also helps in minimizing maintenance costs. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of vibrations and their applications. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of this field. As this field is emerging at a fast pace, this book will help the readers to better understand the concepts of vibrations and their engineering.

Radio engineering is a subset of electrical engineering. It deals with the engineering of devices in the radio frequency spectrum, between 3 kHz and 300 GHz. Some of the devices that use radio waves include mobile phones, radios, wifi, etc. A radio communication system comprises of a transmitter and a receiver. It also requires an antenna for converting electric currents into radio waves and vice versa. The principles of transmission, modulation, wave propagation, resonance and demodulation are important aspects of radio systems. An understanding of electronic hardware design, antenna radiation and circuit board material are also crucial in radio engineering. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of radio systems engineering and the recent researches in this field. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this field. This book is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.