Bøger udgivet af Walter de Gruyter

Acquisition of the native language proceeds in a stage-wise manner for both typically developing (TD) children and children with developmental language disorder (DLD). As shown in TD children learning Dutch and German, the ability to establish contextual cohesion serves as the driving force to proceed from a simple, lexical system to a more complex, functional system. It is argued that precisely this ability is challenged in children with DLD. The present book offers an account of the functional linguistic features fit to achieve contextual cohesion in language production. It provides a rationale for practitioners to develop linguistically founded tools to be used in speech therapy.

Archives are popularly seen as liminal, obscure spaces -- a perception far removed from the early modern reality. This examination of the central English archival system in the period before 1700 highlights the role played by the public records repositories in furnishing precedents for the constitutional struggle between Crown and Parliament. It traces the deployment of archival research in these controversies by three individuals who were at various points occupied with the keeping of records: Sir Robert Cotton, John Selden, and William Prynne. The book concludes by investigating the secretive State Paper Office, home of the arcana imperii, and its involvement in the government's intelligence network: notably the engagement of its most prominent Keeper Sir Thomas Wilson in judicial and political intrigue on behalf of the Crown. 　 　

Lynchjustiz, Volkstribunale, Säuberungswellen - die Abrechnung mit dem Faschismus in Italien war ein unerhört dramatischer Prozess. Sie richtete sich nicht, wie im besetzten Deutschland nach 1945, gegen einen bereits überwundenen Gegner, der für seine Verbrechen büßen und von künftigen Abenteuern abgehalten werden sollte. Die italienische Abrechnung richtete sich vor allem gegen einen aktuellen Feind, den es erst noch niederzuringen galt in einem zweijährigen Bürgerkrieg, der in einen Klassenkrieg einzumünden drohte. Nirgends sonst im westlichen Europa hat der Vergeltungsfuror so viele Opfer gefordert, nirgends sonst haben die Gerichte so rasch und unerbittlich auf die Herausforderung der Abrechnung reagiert, nirgends sonst hat man danach freilich auch so schnell eine Generalamnestie erlassen und damit für längere Zeit jede weitere Auseinandersetzung mit der faschistischen Vergangenheit unterbunden.

Die Landständische Verfassung stand lange im Schatten des dominanten borussisch-kleindeutschen Geschichtsbildes, das allein die absolute Monarchie als Trägerin des Fortschritts auf dem Weg zum nationalen Machtstaat sah. Alles Beharrende oder Entgegenstehende wurde als rückständig und eigennützig abgewiesen und möglichst ausgeblendet. Damit wurde die genossenschaftliche Alternative der deutschen Verfassungs- und Gesellschaftsentwicklung im historischen wie politischen Bewusstsein verschüttet, ein Verbindungsglied zum modernen Parlamentarismus ins Vergessen gedrängt. Der vorliegende Band soll den auch in Deutschland stark entwickelten Frühparlamentarismus in Mittelalter und Neuzeit wieder in das Bewusstsein heben. Er war reich entwickelt. In der überwiegenden Mehrzahl der Territorien des Heiligen Römischen Reiches gab es parlamentarische Versammlungen mit beachtlichen politischen Mitbestimmungsrechten - nicht geringer als die des englischen Parlaments. Es lassen sich mehrere Ebenen vom Kommunalismus bis zum Föderalismus unterscheiden. Herrschaft war lange nur mit dem Konsens der Regierten durchzusetzen und zu gestalten. Gewiss minderte der erstarkende Absolutismus die Rechte der Landstände, ja hob sie bisweilen ganz auf. Aber dennoch blieb die Landständische Verfassung ein fester Bestandteil im Erleben wie im Bewusstsein der Menschen im Ancien Régime, an welche die Diskussionen des 19. Jahrhunderts über Verfassungsreformen anknüpfen konnten.

The aim of this volume is to bring together researchers interested in investigating the role that Discourse Markers play in language production and comprehension from an experimental or corpus-based perspective. In any kind of human communication, Discourse Markers are part of the game. This omnipresence informs us of a crucial inherent aspect of human language. Yet, as a linguistic category, Discourse Markers remain underdetermined. To gain deeper insight into this complex linguistic category, more systematic work is needed on the production and on the interpretation of Discourse Markers in a variety of situational settings, resorting to different methodological approaches. The contributions in this volume aim at drawing more attention to the double face of Discourse Markers, namely as signals intentionally used by the speaker to facilitate the addressee's interpretation of the discourse, but also as potential traces of the speaker's production difficulties. The combination of experimental and corpus-based approaches and the focus on processing of Discourse Markers in both production and comprehension makes this volume a unique contribution in answering the question why we use Discourse Markers in certain situations, but also when we do not.

Moscow is one of the largest cities in Europe. Over the last three decades, the linguistic, cultural, and religious diversity in the Russian mega-city has increased substantially. On the other hand, language policy and language situation received little or no academic attention. The collection is closing this gap in the literature and investigates the urban multilingual practices in Moscow. A particular focus is placed on the investigation of multimodal interactions within minority groups. Ideologies about language play an important role in how communities form and differentiate themselves from others. Interestingly, the book unearths significant ideological views held about language varieties spoken in Moscow. The collection offers interdisciplinary contributions from areas such as education, intercultural communication, migration studies, geography, ethnography of communication, and community practitioners. In sum, the reader benefits from an insightful introduction to the complex linguistic situation in the dynamic capital of Russia.

Mit den "Frankfurter Dokumenten" erteilten die westalliierten Militärgouverneure den Ministerpräsidenten ihrer Besatzungszonen im Juli 1948 den Auftrag zur Ausarbeitung einer Verfassung für den Weststaat. Die Autorin stellt den Beitrag der Länder zur Entstehung der Bundesrepublik in das Zentrum ihrer Untersuchung und fragt nach den Motiven und Interessen hinter den Entscheidungen. Neben dem Aspekt der Verfassung behandelt sie das Problem des Besatzungsstatuts und der Ländergrenzenreform. Ihre Studie zeigt, welche bedeutende Leistung Ministerpräsidenten 1948 vollbrachten: Trotz länderpolitischer Sonderinteressen, taktischer Rücksichtnahmen und persönlicher Eitelkeiten sowie innen- und außenpolitischer Sachzwänge trafen die Länderchefs Entscheidungen, die ihre Tragfähigkeit bis auf den heutigen Tag bewiesen haben.

This volume is the first dedicated to the comprehensive, in-depth analysis of constructions with nouns like 'type' and 'sort'. It focuses on type noun constructions in Romance, Germanic and Slavic languages, integrating the different descriptive traditions that had been developed for each language family. As a result, a greater variety of type noun constructions is revealed than in the hitherto more fragmented literature. But attention is also drawn to the cross-linguistic similarity of the new pragmatic meanings, such as ad hoc and approximative categorization, hedging, focus and filler uses, and the new grammatical functions in NPs (e.g. phoric uses), clauses (e.g. adverbial uses) and complex sentences (e.g. quotatives). The volume offers survey chapters of type noun constructions in each language family as well as contributions focusing on specific aspects in one or two languages, such as their grammar, semantics and pragmatics, diachronic development, discursive and sociolinguistic variety. These complementary methodologies elucidate the unique cross-linguistic field of type noun constructions both descriptively and theoretically. Hence, this volume can also serve as a model for similar surveys in other functional domains.

Linguistic variation, loosely defined as the wholesale processes whereby patterns of language structures exhibit divergent distributions within and across languages, has traditionally been the object of research of at least two branches of linguistics: variationist sociolinguistics and linguistic typology. In spite of their similar research agendas, the two approaches have only rarely converged in the description and interpretation of variation. While a number of studies attempting to address at least aspects of this relationship have appeared in recent years, a principled discussion on how the two disciplines may interact has not yet been carried out in a programmatic way. This volume aims to fill this gap and offers a cross-disciplinary venue for discussing the bridging between sociolinguistic and typological research from various angles, with the ultimate goal of laying out the methodological and conceptual foundations of an integrated research agenda for the study of linguistic variation.

Island phenomena are a central topic in generative grammar, especially because of principled exceptions to these general extraction constraints. This volume investigates exceptional extractions from phrasal adjunct islands. It argues, based on experimental studies, that several factors identified in the previous literature are uninformative about locality conditions because they show effects in both extraction and non-extraction sentence forms. The volume develops a multifactorial model to account for these effects without appealing to universal extraction conditions and argues that the relative acceptability of the underlying proposition determines acceptability across sentence types.

The handbook Language and Emotion is intended to give a historical and systematic profile of the area. It will aim to connect contemporary and historical theories, approaches, and applications and to cover eastern and western perspectives of language, communication, and emotion. It will present all relevant aspects of language and emotion and thus contribute significantly to research in the field of linguistics and semiotics of emotion.

This book provides a usage-based perspective to the study of multi-word compounding, analyzing the structural, functional and cognitive aspects of tripartite compounds (e.g. day care center, football game, hotel bedroom). It highlights the heterogeneity of these word-formation products, but also carves out surprising differences to two-word compounds. In order to reveal the step from two-word compounding to multi-word compounding, the book explains why only some compounds are used productively for the formation of more complex compounds. Building on the idea of entrenchment, it provides a theoretical account that allows understanding speakers' ability to produce multi-word compounds.

Caijia, [meŋ²¹ni33ŋoŋ33] 'Caijia speech', is an endangered language in the Sino-Tibetan family with less than 1000 speakers in Hezhang and Weining counties in northwest in Guizhou Province in Southwest China. Its sub-classification remains unclear. It was almost four decades ago when the Caijia language was officially reported for the first time in 1982 by the Language Team of Bureau of Ethnic Identification in Bijie, yet this language has nevertheless remained neither well-described nor studied. This book, a linguistic description of the Xingfa variety of Caijia based on the fieldwork data in Xingfa township of Hezhang county, is the first reference grammar of the Caijia language, covering its sound system, word formation, parts of speech and syntactic structures in fifteen chapters. Being analytic, Caijia presents many common grammatical features attested in East and Southeast Asian languages, for example, compounds, quadrisyllabic idiomatic expressions or elaborate expressions, lack of inflection, a classifier system, a strong relationship between nominalization and relativization, pro-drop and grammaticalization of verbs. Moreover, Caijia shares more similarities with Sinitic languages. Apart from these common areal features, this book will also reveal some special features of Caijia.

This book presents a new extended framework for the study of early multicompetence. It proposes a concept of multilingual competences as a valuable educational target, and a view of the multilingual learner as a competent language user. The thematic focus is on multilingual skill development in primary schoolers in the trilingual province of South Tyrol, northern Italy. A wide range of topics pertaining to multicompetence building and the special affordances of multilingual pedagogy are explored. Key concepts like language proficiency, native-speakerism, or monolingual classroom bias are subjected to critical analysis.

Das Münchener Abkommen von 1938 zerstörte endgültig die nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg in Europa etablierte Friedensordnung. Seine Bedeutung geht somit weit über die erzwungene Abtretung der böhmisch-mährischen Grenzgebiete an Deutschland hinaus. Es war der Auftakt zur Zerstörung der Tschechoslowakei und der Beginn der nationalsozialistischen Okkupationspolitik. Es dynamisierte bestehende Revisionsansprüche und konfrontierte alle europäischen Mächte mit der Herausforderung des Hitler-Regimes, das Europa schon 1938 an den Rand eines Krieges getrieben hatte. Im vorliegenden Band analysieren Historiker aus Deutschland, Tschechien, der Slowakei, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Italien, Polen, Ungarn und Russland die europäischen Zusammenhänge des Münchener Abkommens über den engeren deutsch-tschechoslowakischen Kontext hinaus. Mit Beiträgen von Jaromir Balcar, Josef Becker, Christoph Boyer, Detlef Brandes, Valerián Bystrický, Patricia Dogliani, Angela Hermann, Peter Krüger, Zdenko Marsálek, Peter Neville, Jörg Osterloh, Ignac Romcics, Michal Schvarc, Sergej Slutsch, Vít Smetana, Georges-Henri Soutou, Christoph Studt, Joachim Tauber, Emil Vorácek, Jürgen Zarusky, Stanislav Zerko, Volker Zimmermann, Martin Zückert

The last decades have witnessed a renewed interest in near-synonymy. In particular, recent distributional corpus-based approaches used for semantic analysis have successfully uncovered subtle distinctions in meaning between near-synonyms. However, most studies have dealt with the semantic structure of sets of near-synonyms from a synchronic perspective, while their diachronic evolution generally has been neglected. Against this backdrop, the aim of this book is to examine five adjectival near-synonyms in the history of American English from the understudied semantic domain of SMELL: fragrant, perfumed, scented, sweet-scented, and sweet-smelling. Their distribution is analyzed across a wide range of contexts, including semantic, morphosyntactic, and stylistic ones, since distributional patterns of this type serve as a proxy for semantic (dis)similarity. The data is submitted to various univariate and multivariate statistical techniques, making it possible to uncover fine-grained (dis)similarities among the near-synonyms, as well as possible changes in their prototypical structures. The book sheds valuable light on the diachronic development of lexical near-synonyms, a dimension that has up to now been relatively disregarded.

This handbook provides broad coverage of the languages indigenous to North America, with special focus on typologically interesting features and areal characteristics, surveys of current work, and topics of particular importance to communities. The volume is divided into two major parts: subfields of linguistics and family sketches. The subfields include those that are customarily addressed in discussions of North American languages (sounds and sound structure, words, sentences), as well as many that have received somewhat less attention until recently (tone, prosody, sociolinguistic variation, directives, information structure, discourse, meaning, language over space and time, conversation structure, evidentiality, pragmatics, verbal art, first and second language acquisition, archives, evolving notions of fieldwork). Family sketches cover major language families and isolates and highlight topics of special value to communities engaged in work on language maintenance, documentation, and revitalization.

Keine ausführliche Beschreibung für "Elemente der Graphischen Statik" verfügbar.

Since the end of the USSR, post-Soviet Jewry has evolved into an ethnically and culturally diverse Russian speaking community. This process is taking place against the gradual inflation of a collective identity among Russian-speaking Jews that survived the first post-Soviet decade. The infrastructure for this new entity is provided by new local (or ethno-civic) groups of East European Ashkenazi Jewry with specific communal, subcultural, and ethno-political identities ("Ukrainian," "Moldavian," or "Russian" Jews, e.g.). These communities demonstrate a changing balance of identification between their countries of residence and the "transnational Russian-Jewish community", and they absorb a significant number of persons of non-Jewish and ethnically heterogeneous origins as well. This book discusses identity, community modes, migration dynamics, socioeconomic status, attitudes toward Israel, social and political environments, and other parameters framing these trends using the results of a comprehensive sociological study of the extended Jewish population conducted in 2019-2020 by this author in the five former-Soviet Union countries (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, and Kazakhstan).

New Diplomatic History has turned into one of the most dynamic and innovative areas of research - especially with regard to early modern history. It has shown that diplomacy was not as homogenous as previously thought. On the contrary, it was shaped by a multitude of actors, practices and places. The handbook aims to characterise these different manifestations of diplomacy and to contextualise them within ongoing scientific debates. It brings together scholars from different disciplines and historiographical traditions.The handbook deliberately focuses on European diplomacy - although non-European areas are taken into account for future research - in order to limit the framework and ensure precise definitions of diplomacy and its manifestations. This must be the prerequisite for potential future global historical perspectives including both the non-European and the European world.

The phenomenon of labour takes the character of a prism. Labour is thereby always context dependent and constituted through the actions of all protagonists involved in any labour relationship. On the basis of three case studies in colonial German East Africa - the construction of the Central Railway (1905-1916), the Otto Plantation in Kilossa (1907-1916) and the palaeontological Tendaguru Expedition (1909-1911) - labour and labour relations are analysed. The focus lies on hitherto neglected actors and groups of actors of labour in the colonial context of East Africa. These were especially German companies and their staff, white subaltern railway sub-contractors and labour recruiters, Indian skilled workers and (qualified) East African workers. Furthermore, all three sites of labour proved to have their individual logics and characteristics. But all of them were in tension between the 'global' and the 'local', coercion and voluntariness, machine and manual labour, skilled and unskilled labour, reproductive and wage labour, as well as between black and white. Michael Rösser's dissertation has been awarded with 'honorary distinction' by the European Network in Universal and Global History (ENIUGH).

The theme of the book is the creation of tactics for littoral warfare - as opposed to the more common blue ocean perspective. Themes are how NATO perceived the goals of the enemy; the purposes of the NATO organisations, the military instruments they had to organise, the organization of cooperation among units from sovereign states, and how they tested their military capabilities. Research is based on war plans and tactics of the Danish and West German navies and their planned support from air forces. We follow the modernisations of the navies from guns to missiles. Tactical discussions among military top offi cers are laid bare, and intelligence reports about the Warsaw Pact and its military capabilities are presented. Exercises are analysed based on the military reports.

As a result of rapid advancements in computer science during recent decades, there has been an increased use of digital tools, methodologies and sources in the field of digital humanities. While opening up new opportunities for scholarship, many digital methods and tools now used for humanities research have nevertheless been developed by computer or data sciences and thus require a critical understanding of their mode of operation and functionality.The novel field of digital hermeneutics is meant to provide such a critical and reflexive frame for digital humanities research by acquiring digital literacy and skills. A new knowledge for the assessment of digital data, research infrastructures, analytical tools, and interpretative methods is needed, providing the humanities scholar with the necessary munition for doing critical research. The Doctoral Training Unit "Digital History and Hermeneutics" at the University of Luxembourg applies this analytical frame to 13 PhD projects. By combining a hermeneutic reflection on the new digital practices of humanities scholarship with hands-on experimentation with digital tools and methods, new approaches and opportunities as well as limitations and flaws can be addressed.

In his book 21 Lessons for the 21st Century the historian Yuval Noah Harrari wrote that man had the possibility to conquer the world precisely because he could create fictional stories and believe in them. People created more and more complex stories about themselves that served and continue to serve, according to the professor of the University of Jerusalem, building unity, social harmony and gaining power. A narrative about past, in which memory fragmentation and victimisation play a large role, may be a temptation to instrumentalise the past. This is especially true in relation to the events of the twentieth century, when a series of bloody war conflicts occurred. As shown in the following post-conference volume, today the wars of the past (World War I and World War II, Indian-Pakistani war) and current conflicts (Russo-Ukrainian war, war in Sudan or Nagorno-Karabakh) are also a catalyst for the process of instrumentalisation. This process can be analysed both at the level of the evolution of the language of conflict, including the erosion of the values of democratic dialogue, and the use of specific means of commemorating the past (monuments, museums, the Internet).