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Bible Translation: An Introductory Course in Translation Principles continues to provide crucial, practical training for those preparing to translate the Bible or contribute to Bible translation in other ways.The fourth edition of this classic textbook is a leading voice in addressing the following developments in the Bible translation world: The priority of oral communication and its value in drafting, testing, and polishing draft translations. The availability of software and online resources specifically designed for Bible translation; exercises and assignments include practice in the use of these resources. The increase in Old Testament translation projects worldwide; more examples and exercises from the Old Testament are included. The value of partnership and teamwork in translation projects, recognizing the different gifts, skills, and roles of those involved, helping each team member to serve effectively as a member of a team. The involvement of local churches and community in the translation process; planning for local responsibility, ownership and sustainability as fully as possible in each translation project. The importance of ongoing training for translators, including training translators to train others and preparing capable translators to serve as translation consultants in due time.The materials are designed for the classroom but are also suitable for self-study, for example, by those who are already qualified in biblical languages and exegetical skills and are training as translation consultants. A companion Teacher's Manual is also available.Documents, references, and links to videos and other published works can be found online at: publications.sil.org/bibletranslation_additionalmaterials.Bible Translation: An Introductory Course in Translation Principles has previously been translated in whole or in part into French, Hindi, Indonesian, Kannada, Malagasy, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Portuguese, Russian, Slovak, Spanish, Swahili, Tamil, and Telugu. For information on translation or repbublishing, contact: sil.org/resources/publications/about/contact.

Whether you are an instructor preparing a course, a trainer of beginning translators, or a self-study student of Bible translation, this teacher's manual is an essential complement to the fourth edition of Bible Translation: An Introductory Course in Translation Principles. It includes an introduction to planning the training program lesson plans and suggested assignments directions for use of additional resources, including PowerPoints, PDFs, and links to reference materials and videos guidance for planning and organising a Bible translation project

For New Testament biblical scholars, this book constitutes a vital summary of contemporary, theoretically-sound interpretations of the linguistic functions of the Post-Classical (Koine) Greek article in a way that will inform exegesis of the text, especially in the fi eld of larger discourse units. There is also signifi cant payoff for the as-yet signifi cantly under-researched fi eld of Koine linguistics. The essays included in this volume are written by notable experts, off ering contributions to the linguistic analysis of the Post-Classical Greek language. While there remains no comprehensive treatment of the grammar of the Post-Classical dialects, individual elements of that grammar continue to be fruitfully explored. The collection presented here off ers interpretations of the functions and grammar of the Greek article (¿, ¿, τ¿) from a variety of perspectives, including generative grammar and discourse analysis, along with studies that make use of text-critical and diachronic data. Together, these supply readers of Greek with a thorough understanding of the functions of the article and constitute a starting point for further research efforts.

The Semantic and Structural Analysis (SSA) commentaries are designed to assist Bible translators and Bible translation consultants. Due to the careful attention to meaning at all levels of the discourse, they should also be useful for Bible scholars, teachers, preachers, and anyone interested in a thorough understanding of the biblical text. The analysis is firmly based on discourse linguistics and assumes that each New Testament book is an integrated whole. The analytical process involves detailed study of the grammar, lexicon and discourse structure of the Greek, with the aim of clearly presenting the meaning of the text and the linguistic evidence on which the meaning is established.

Scholars generally apply the New Testament Greek terms s¿ma 'body', pneuma 'spirit', psych¿ 'soul', and kardia 'heart' to the individual. But what is Paul is referring to with these terms? Dr Chen explores the whole picture. He illustrates that these terms carry social and corporate dimensions, focusing on community or communal unity, thus emphasising the place of the human person within the ecclesial community.Chen's helpful contribution to our understanding of Paul continues in the growing tradition of Moisés Silva, David Black, Stanley Porter, Joel Green, and others, using discourse linguistic principles to refine our understanding of biblical texts. His integrated investigation of the semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic features of Paul's anthropological terms in the context of the entire epistles in which they are used rightly challenges us to rethink all that Paul is referring to with these terms-which in turn will challenge us to rethink Paul's understanding of the Church and, indeed, of the entire Gospel message.Dr Sunny Chen (PhD, University of Divinity, Melbourne, Australia) currently teaches New Testament Greek at Pilgrim Theological College, Melbourne. He is the Chaplaincy Coordinator at The University of Melbourne, and an Honorary Researcher at the University of Divinity.

As governments, corporations, and settlers race to take the world’s forests for their own, what happens to the indigenous peoples who live there? Are they at the mercy of overwhelming forces, destined to lose livelihood, identity, and respect as they are dispossessed and assimilated? This account of the Dulangan Manobo—an indigenous people of the Philippines whose rainforest homeland is being appropriated by loggers and settlers from the country’s dominant society—explores how one embattled society is changing its social organization to withstand outside forces.Environmental Invasion and Social Response examines the evolution of coordinated action among the Manobo, from its roots in religious response, through the development of numerous civil organizations, to its culmination in the emergence of indigenous land rights organizations.Despite government favoritism toward loggers and settlers—longstanding enemies of natural forests—the Manobo have continued to develop new social structures for cooperation in pursuit of rights to their ancestral homeland. The success of their efforts will play a large part in determining the forest’s future—destruction at the hand of outsiders, or effective and sustainable management by those who have always lived there.

Based on in-depth fieldwork, research, and personal interviews, this comprehensive ethnographic study of the Bajju people of southern Kaduna State in Nigeria covers their origins, history, culture, religious beliefs, and practices. Bajju precolonial political-religious organization, economy, legal system, social organization, and values are described. Also included are chapters on the Hausa-Fulani, the colonial context, the Christian era, and cultural change. Ethnologists, missiologists, development personnel, and the Bajju themselves will find this a rich resource. For me as a Bajju scholar, this study is as important as E. E. Evans-Pritchard's classic study, Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande (1937). For that reason, all Bajju sons and daughters must read this important work (from the foreword by Dr. Samuel Waje Kunhiyop). Baranzan's People: An Ethnohistory of the Bajju of the Middle Belt of Nigeria is a companion volume to Bajju Christian Conversion in the Middle Belt of Nigeria, published by SIL International® 2019.

Why have large numbers of the Bajju people of the Middle Belt of Nigeria become Christians? The first conversions occurred in 1929 and today almost one hundred percent of the Bajju claim to be Christians, so this people movement happened within a relatively short period.McKinney details the various contexts in which religious change took place among the Bajju: in traditional Bajju culture, in their relations with the Hausa-Fulani, in the British colonial context, and in the missionary context. She presents the results of an in-depth interview schedule administered in 1984 and 2011 to respondents in both a rural village and a Kaduna suburb. This longitudinal study, together with the author's involvement in participant observation, personal language learning, and archival records research, help provide answers to the questions of why, and to what degree, a worldview paradigm shift has occurred among the Bajju. The author also discusses some traditional religious beliefs retained by Bajju Christians, and charts traditional religious beliefs with biblical texts.Bajju Christian Conversion in the Middle Belt of Nigeria will be essential to anthropologists specializing in conversion studies, and be of interest to missiologists, and to the Bajju people themselves. It is a companion volume to Baranzan's People: An Ethnohistory of the Bajju of the Middle Belt of Nigeria, published by SIL International® 2019.

The Semantic and Structural Analysis (SSA) commentaries are designed to assist Bible translators and Bible translation consultants. Due to the careful attention to meaning at all levels of the discourse, they should also be useful for Bible scholars, teachers, preachers, and anyone interested in a thorough understanding of the biblical text. The analysis is firrmly based on discourse linguistics and assumes that each New Testament book is an integrated whole. The analytical process involves detailed study of the grammar, lexicon and discourse structure of the Greek, with the aim of clearly presenting the meaning of the text and the linguistic evidence on which the meaning is established.

This book describes and compares six different conjoining particles in theGreek language. These include:• ‘Alla as a Marker of Contrast• Gar as a Marker of Con rmation• De as a Marker of Development• Adverbial Kai as a Marker of Addition• Conjunctive Kai as a Marker of Addition• Oun as a Marker of Inference

A textbook for advanced grammar classes that uses tagmemics as the underlying theory.Chapters are: Introduction: the hierarchy of language Taxonomic analysis procedures Grammar write-up procedures Constituent trees Stem-level structures Word-level structures Allomorphs Phrase-level structures Clause-level structures Case grammar Sentence-level structures Propositional Calculus Paragraph-level structures Discourse level Discourse features

Understanding Biblical Hebrew poetry is a formidable task and the complexity rises exponentially when attempting translation. This collection of studies examines both the analysis of select Psalms and their translation into English and a Bantu language. Wendland uses his “literary functional equivalence” (LiFE) approach to translation to discuss parallelism, chiastic structures, and other aspects of Hebrew discourse in poetry, and how these are manifested on both the micro- and macro-levels of a particular Psalm.Readers of this volume will• better appreciate the beauty and power of the Psalms with their diverse artistic and rhetorical features,• be able to develop their own method of investigating biblical poetry,• understand how to apply analytical insights to the practice of translation, and• evaluate translation techniques in published Scripture versions.This book gives analytic insights to translators, researchers, or commentators on biblical poetry.

This work provides a brief overview of the basic relationships of meaning and structure of a language. The overview is followed by a more detailed analysis and practical application of the semantic relationships from the lowest level propositions through the highest level units of the text. A significant portion of the work addresses the semantic relations and roles of the communication units.The theory described in The Semantic Structure of Written Communication is applied in the books in the Semantic Structure Analyses Series. Each book has a systematic presentation, via a standard format and a tightly controlled discourse analysis of the Semantic Structure of the Greek text of the New Testament. The books in the Semantic Structure Analyses Series are designed to be used as a special kind of commentary to help translators find the precise meaning of the Source Language text. The SSA books are especially useful at points where regular New Testament commentaries are in disagreement or do not address themselves to the questions that translators are obliged to answer in the process of their work. In its format, an SSA includes a display of the semantic content and structure of each paragraph and each grouping of paragraphs in the text, in a form somewhat resembling a tree diagram. Also included are notes and comments justifying the analytical and exegetical decisions presented.

Each volume in the Exegetical Summaries series works through the original text phrase by phrase. English equivalents are provided for all Hebrew and Greek words, making this an excellent reference for exegetes of all levels. Questions that occur to exegetes as they study the text are stated and then answered by summarizing the ways many scholars have interpreted the text. This information should help translators or students in making their own exegetical decisions.As a basis for discussion, a semi-literal translation of the text is given. The first question to be answered is the meaning of key words in context. Information from standard lexicons is given and then translations of the word are cited from a dozen major Bible versions and from commentaries that other their own translations of the text.Questions about the grammar and discourse structure of the original languages are answered by summarizing the views of many commentators. When exegetical disagreements appear in the commentaries and versions, the various interpretations are listed.This book is not intended to replace the commentaries that are consulted. Rather than being a stand-alone commentary, this book summarizes many important details of exegesis that should be considered in studying the biblical text.

This book was designed to enable someone with no previous knowledge of Arabic to learn to speak Sudanese Colloquial Arabic, also known as Khartoum Arabic. The approach used is eclectic, using a combination of dialogues, drills, grammatical explanation, role plays and ideas for conversation, to help the various kinds of learner, since not everyone acquires a language in the same way. There are also vocabulary lists for each lesson, and a glossary of all words used.People who have previously used the course have either hired a private tutor to take them through the lessons and provide them with practice, or have attended a class where they could interact with other learners. However, fluency can only be attained by using what one learns, so the courseaims to encourage friendship with Sudanese people and immersion in the culture, which are richly rewarding experiences.Despite the length of time since this book’s first publication there is still nothing else like it available for the beginner in Arabic.Andrew M. Persson has an M.A. from Oxford University in Oriental Languages and an M.A. in Sudanese & African Languages from the University of Khartoum.Janet R. Persson has an M.A. in Linguistic Science from the University of Reading. She is joint author with Rianne Tamis of Sudanese Arabic—English, English—Sudanese Arabic: A Concise Dictionary.The Perssons were involved for many years in linguistic research and language development with SIL International in Sudan and what is now South Sudan, including working in Sudanese Colloquial Arabic.

This articulatory phonetics course is designed especially for students whose aim is to learn an unwritten language. It teaches how to pronounce and transcribe virtually all the known sounds of the world’s languages. The authors incorporate data from current research on a number of sounds, including two recently documented sounds (the labial flap and the interdental approximant). The McKinneys also provide fresh information on fortis-lenis consonants based on research of the Nigerian language, Jju.The majority of the book teaches the articulatory details of specific speech sounds, but chapters also include acoustic phonetics, palatography, the fascinating area of dialectal differences, and practical considerations for conducting phonetic field work.Anecdotes from the authors’ and others’ field experiences enliven the book. Another strength is phonetic exercises given in each chapter and the Appendices that cite data from many of the lesser-known languages of the world.An extensive Glossary and list of references help to not only review the basic concepts, but also provide resources for the interested student to dig deeper.Norris McKinney (Ph.D., University of Michigan) and Carol McKinney (Ph.D., Southern Methodist University) conducted fieldwork for over ten years while living among the Bajju people of northern Nigeria. Both have taught articulatory phonetics, and Norris also taught acoustic phonetics. He began writing this book as an update on data taught in SIL phonetics courses. Norris passed away before this book could be published, and Carol has brought this work to completion on his behalf.