Bøger udgivet af Springer Netherlands

Heterogeneous catalysis provides the backbone of the world's chemical and oil industries. The innate complexity of practical catalytic systems suggests that useful progress should be achievable by investigating key aspects of catalysis by experimental studies on idealised model systems. Thin films and supported clusters are two promising types of model system that can be used for this purpose, since they mimic important aspects of the properties of practical dispersed catalysts. Similarly, appropriate theoretical studies of chemisorption and surface reaction clusters or extended slab systems can provide valuable information on the factors that underlie bonding and catalytic activity. This volume describes such experimental and theoretical approaches to the surface chemistry and catalytic behaviour of metals, metal oxides and metal/metal oxide systems. An introduction to the principles and main themes of heterogeneous catalysis is followed by detailed accounts of the application of modern experimental and theoretical techniques to fundamental problems. The application of advanced experimental methods is complemented by a full description of theoretical procedures, including Hartree-Fock, density functional and similar techniques. The relative merits of the various approaches are considered and directions for future progress are indicated.

This book is a translation of the 8th edition of Prof. Kazuhiko Nishijima's classical textbook on quantum field theory. It is based on the lectures the Author gave to students and researchers with diverse interests over several years in Japan. The book includes both the historical development of QFT and its practical use in theoretical and experimental particle physics, presented in a pedagogical and transparent way and, in several parts, in a unique and original manner. The Author, Academician Nishijima, is the inventor (independently from Murray Gell-Mann) of the third (besides the electric charge and isospin) quantum number in particle physics: strangeness. He is also most known for his works on several other theories describing particles such as electron and muon neutrinos, and his work on the so-called Gell-Mann-Nishijima formula.The present English translation from its 8th Japanese edition has been initiated and taken care of by the editors Prof. M. Chaichian and Dr. A. Tureanu from the University of Helsinki, who were close collaborators of Prof. Nishijima. Dr. Yuki Sato, a researcher in particle physics at the University of Nagoya, most kindly accepted to undertake the heavy task of translation. The translation of the book can be regarded as a tribute to Prof. Nishijima's memory, for his fundamental contributions to particle physics and quantum field theory.The book presents with utmost clarity and originality the most important topics and applications of QFT which by now constitute the established core of the theory. It is intended for a wide circle of graduate and post-graduate students, as well as researchers in theoretical and particle physics. In addition, the book can be a useful source as a basic material or supplementary literature for lecturers giving a course on quantum field theory.

This handbook provides tools for nurse educators, ethics educators, practicing nurses and allied health professionals for developing confidence and skill in ethical decision making in interdisciplinary settings such as acute and chronic care hospitals and clinics. It is useful for all healthcare personnel who face ethical issues in the course of their work and who work with nurses to resolve these issues. While the content is based on a US context, the concerns of nurses internationally are discussed and emphasized. Nurses working in acute and chronic care settings face many obstacles to providing good care and are often the first line of defense related to patient safety and meeting the needs of patients and their families. Some of the obstacles to optimal patient care are institutional, some sociocultural, and others the result of inadequate communication.  Evidence points to the idea that while nurses do have the knowledge and skills to address practice problems of various sorts, they may not be confident in their skills of ethical decision making and advocacy actions. This is a resource to develop moral agency on behalf of individuals and to address broader barriers to good care raised at the local, community, or social levels. 

Among the many intense light sources, excimer lasers have a unique set of properties that place them at the forefront of tooling for material processing. Their extreme versatility means that they can be used in many areas of materials science and medicine. But three conditions need to be fulfilled in order that their versatility be truly appreciated and exploited: the characteristics and limitations of the sources must be known; the basic excimer laser processes should become reasonably widely known; and problems in search of a solution should be clearly identified. Excimer Lasers covers all three of these points in an instructive and logical way. Probably for the first time, both instrumental and fundamental aspects of excimer laser interaction with matter are presented side-by-side, with examples drawn from the widest range of materials. The articles gathered here are tutorial in their nature, thus making them suitable for a wide readership, from recent graduates and postgraduate students to those established scientists entering the field, all of whom could not find a better, nor more authoritative work with which to start their reading.

This unique richly-illustrated account of the landforms and geology of the world's coasts, presented in a country-by-country (state-by-state) sequence, assembles a vast amount of data and images of an endangered and increasingly populated and developed landform. An international panel of 138 coastal experts provides information on "e;what is where"e; on each sector of coast, together with explanations of the landforms, their evolution and the changes taking place on them. As well as providing details on the coastal features of each country (state or county) the compendium can be used to determine the extent of particular features along the world's coasts and to investigate comparisons and contrasts between various world regions. With more than 1440 color illustrations and photos, it is particularly useful as a source of information prior to researching or just visiting a sector of coast. References are provided to the current literature on coastal evolution and coastline changes.  

The book is the first full-size Encyclopedia which simultaneously covers such well-established and modern subjects as quantum field theory, supersymmetry, supergravity, M-theory, black holes and quantum gravity, noncommutative geometry, representation theory, categories and quantum groups, and their generalizations. The extraordinary historical part "e;the SUSY story,"e; more than 700 authored articles from more than 250 high-level experts (including Nobel Prize Winner Gerard 't Hooft), a detailed (50 pages) Subject/Article three level index and an Author index, make the SUSY Encyclopedia an outstanding and indispensable book on the desk of researchers, experts, Ph.D. students, specialists and professionals in modern methods of theoretical and mathematical physics.

This handbook focuses on some important topics from Number Theory and Discrete Mathematics. These include the sum of divisors function with the many old and new issues on Perfect numbers; Euler's totient and its many facets; the Mobius function along with its generalizations, extensions, and applications; the arithmetic functions related to the divisors or the digits of a number; the Stirling, Bell, Bernoulli, Euler and Eulerian numbers, with connections to various fields of pure or applied mathematics. Each chapter is a survey and can be viewed as an encyclopedia of the considered field, underlining the interconnections of Number Theory with Combinatorics, Numerical mathematics, Algebra, or Probability Theory.This reference work will be useful to specialists in number theory and discrete mathematics as well as mathematicians or scientists who need access to some of these results in other fields of research.

Contrary to common belief, infectious diseases are not as well under control as we would like. We are now at a crossroads regarding the impact of the environment on infectious diseases. Renewed interest in biological weapons and the emergence of new pathogens, coupled with a better understanding of the impact of infectious agents on other conventional diseases, has led us to realise that we can no longer remain complacent about the impact of infectious agents on human, animal and crop health. The present book first discusses current and emerging military and civilian policies on the environment. In addition, the impact of environmental biology on the future of space exploration is discussed, especially in reference to the Mars mission. There follows a discussion of the state of bacteria in the environment, with a presentation of current and emerging techniques of microbial investigation. Finally, two case studies are presented on the impact of these techniques on both political and environmental problems.

Sensors and Sensory Systems for an Electronic Nose reviews the current state of progress in the development of an electronic instrument capable of olfaction. The instrument -- the so-called electronic nose -- has enormous potential for application in such areas as product flavor control and environmental monitoring. The book discusses the essential elements of an electronic nose, such as chemical sensors, signal processing, and pattern recoginiton techniques. It is also one of the first contributions to the new and exciting field of machine olfaction.

This volume provides an overview of the fast-developing field of tidal disruption events. For several decades, astronomers speculated that a hapless star could wander too close to a massive black hole and be torn apart by tidal forces. Yet it is only with the recent advent of wide-field transient surveys that such events have been detected.Written by a team of prominent researchers, the chapters detail the discoveries made so far in this burgeoning field of study across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from gamma-rays through X-rays, ultra-violet, optical, infrared, and radio. In addition, they show how tidal disruption events can be used to study the properties of otherwise undetectable supermassive black holes; the populations and dynamics of stars in galactic nuclei; the physics of black hole accretion, including the potential to detect relativistic effects near a SMBH; and the physics of (radio) jet formation and evolution in a pristine environment.Finally,the book outlines important outstanding questions about TDEs. With more than 100 color images, the volume will be useful to researchers and others interested in learning more about this promising area of astrophysics.Previously published in Space Science Reviews in the Topical Collection ¿The Tidal Disruption of Stars by Massive Black Holes¿

The increasing prevalence of nanotechnologies has led to the birth of "nanoelectromagnetics," a novel applied science related to the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with quantum mechanical low-dimensional systems. This book provides an overview of the latest advances in nanoelectromagnetics, and presents contributions from an interdisciplinary community of scientists and technologists involved in this research topic. The aspects covered here range from the synthesis of nanostructures and nanocomposites to their characterization, and from the design of devices and systems to their fabrication. The book also focuses on the novel frontier of terahertz technology, which has been expanded by the impressive strides made in nanotechnology, and presents a comprehensive overview of the: - synthesis of various nanostructured materials; - study of their electrical and optical properties; - use of nano-sized elements and nanostructures as building blocks for devices; - design and fabrication of nanotechnology devices operating in the THz, IR and optical range. The book introduces the reader to materials like nanocomposites, graphene nanoplatelets, carbon nanotubes, metal nanotubes, and silicon nanostructures; to devices like photonic crystals, microcavities, antennas, and interconnects; and to applications like sensing and imaging, with a special emphasis on the THz frequency range.

For the first time in the history of chemical sciences, theoretical predictions have achieved the level of reliability that allows them to - val experimental measurements in accuracy on a routine basis. Only a decade ago, such a statement would be valid only with severe qualifi- tions as high-level quantum-chemical calculations were feasible only for molecules composed of a few atoms. Improvements in both hardware performance and the level of sophistication of electronic structure me- ods have contributed equally to this impressive progress that has taken place only recently. The contemporary chemist interested in predicting thermochemical properties such as the standard enthalpy of formation has at his disposal a wide selection of theoretical approaches, differing in the range of app- cability, computational cost, and the expected accuracy. Ranging from high-level treatments of electron correlation used in conjunction with extrapolative schemes to semiempirical methods, these approaches have well-known advantages and shortcomings that determine their usefulness in studies of particular types of chemical species. The growing number of published computational schemes and their variants, testing sets, and performance statistics often makes it difficult for a scientist not well versed in the language of quantum theory to identify the method most adequate for his research needs.

It is now established that dysregulated cell stress response pathways play a critical role in tumorigenesis, and a refined mechanistic understanding of this phenomenon at the molecular level promises to open new avenues for targeted therapeutic strategies that may benefit cancer patients in the near future. Coauthored by recognized leaders in cancer research from five continents, this novel book provides a comprehensive perspective on cell stress response pathways and therapeutic opportunities. Focusing on the role of genotoxic, proteotoxic, oxidative, metabolic, and inflammatory stress in tumorigenesis, the book is essential reading for students, basic researchers, and biomedical health care professionals interested in cancer and therapeutic development.

Microwave ablation is a simple, affordable, and highly precise technique. After its successful application in treating liver tumors, it is now widely used to combat renal tumors, adrenal tumors, thyroid nodes, uterine fibroids and other solid tumors. This book presents 40 successful cases of treating these diseases. A series of picture before treatment, after treatment and from different angles is provided for each kind of tumor treatment. In each chapter, step by step operative techniques and illustrations are included. This book also examines CT, NMR and ultrasonography to evaluate the effect of microwave ablation.Editor Ping Liang, is the Director and Professor at Dept. of Interventional Ultrasound, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China. Editor Xiaoling Yu is Professor and Chief physician, Editor Jie Yu is Associate Chief physician at the same department.

Weed scientists are confident of increasing production through agricultural technology, including herbicides, but do not must ask if the moral obligation to feed people is sufficient justification for the benefits and harms achieved. A continuing, rigorous examination of the science's goals that leads to appropriate change is advocated. Weed scientists have a research consensus - a paradigm - Weeds must be controlled. Herbicides are the best control technology. Agriculture's practitoners should discuss the necessity and risks of their technology. Discussion must include scientific evidence and value-laden arguments.

Modern research in neural networks has led to powerful artificial learning systems, while recent work in the psychology of human memory has revealed much about how natural systems really learn, including the role of unconscious, implicit, memory processes. Regrettably, the two approaches typically ignore each other. This book, combining the approaches, should contribute to their mutual benefit. New empirical work is presented showing dissociations between implicit and explicit memory performance. Recently proposed explanations for such data lead to a new connectionist learning procedure: CALM (Categorizing and Learning Module), which can learn with or without supervision, and shows practical advantages over many existing procedures. Specific experiments are simulated by a network model (ELAN) composed of CALM modules. A working memory extension to the model is also discussed that could give it symbol manipulation abilities. The book will be of interest to memory psychologists and connectionists, as well as to cognitive scientists who in the past have tended to restrict themselves to symbolic models.

This volume contains the courses given at the Sixth Summer School on Complex Systems held at Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas y Maternaticas, Universidad de Chile at Santiago, Chile, from 14th to 18th December 1998. This school was addressed to graduate students and researchers working on areas related with recent trends in Complex Systems, including dynamical systems, cellular automata, complexity and cutoff in Markov chains. Each contribution is devoted to one of these subjects. In some cases they are structured as surveys, presenting at the same time an original point of view and showing mostly new results. The paper of Pierre Arnoux investigates the relation between low complex systems and chaotic systems, showing that they can be put into relation by some re­ normalization operations. The case of quasi-crystals is fully studied, in particular the Sturmian quasi-crystals. The paper of Franco Bagnoli and Raul Rechtman establishes relations be­ tween Lyapunov exponents and synchronization processes in cellular automata. The principal goal is to associate tools, usually used in physical problems, to an important problem in cellularautomata and computer science, the synchronization problem. The paper of Jacques Demongeot and colleagues gives a presentation of at­ tractors of dynamical systems appearing in biological situations. For instance, the relation between positive or negative loops and regulation systems.