Bøger udgivet af Palgrave MacMillan

This book explores the nature, scope, merits and limits of international responses to Myanmar's February 2021 coup. The novelty of this book lies in its analysis of the coup in the digital age. While the literature on Myanmar addresses issues such as earlier periods of reform, Myanmar's political transition, the Saffron revolution, and human rights, there is still limited research that looks into the influence of digitalised Myanmar on the post-coup Civil Disobedience Movement and protestors. Myanmar opened and changed enormously in the past ten years. The use of technology and the Internet increased phenomenally, exposing Myanmar's citizenry to new ideas, experiences and ways of viewing the world. The impact of these developments on responses to the 2021 coup is the focus of this book.Myanmar's opening to the world and its digitalisation has made this coup different from the three previous coups. The book's starting point is that diplomacy is no longer (if it everwas) the preserve of governments and diplomats. International organisations, not-for-profit organisations, large corporations, academia, civil society, social media, and even individuals have all been engaged and sought to influence developments.Drawing extensively on primary sources (official statements by UN agencies, foreign governments, international corporations, NGOs and Burma campaign activists) and experiences as a senior diplomat and an academic working with Myanmar's government to build cyber capacity and cyber security awareness, this book takes a fresh look at all forms of international behaviour that seek to bring about change in a rogue or pariah state. The book will be the first to study the part played by Gen Z and their facility with smart phone technology to mobilise, inform and build opposition to the coup. To what extent did the youth of Myanmar learn from Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand and the so-called "milk tea alliance"? How has dependenceon the internet affected the operations of the security forces and the Civil Disobedience Movement? How did both sides deploy misinformation and disinformation to achieve their respective goals?The book thus provides an informative guide for those seeking an understanding of what has happened and what, short of a military intervention, can be done about it. It examines international responses in the first year following the coup, candidly assessing their feasibility, efficacy and utility. Recent developments are situated within the context of Myanmar's modern history and the discourse on the effectiveness of sanctions compared with engagement.The book also critically examines ASEAN's role - how does ASEAN see its role, how does the National Unity Government regard ASEAN endeavours, and how does the rest of the world view ASEAN's capacity to address Myanmar's problems? We evaluate ASEAN's principle of non-interference in the internalaffairs of member states. Does this principle matter more to it than judgments about its weakness and inability to deal with breaches of the ASEAN Charter?

This textbook explores the histories of royal women in Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Asia in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. It argues that by dint of an unprecedented conjunction of historical shifts and powerful personalities, it was these women, and not men, who sat at the helm of global politics; moreover, it was they who in truth steered our world's transition from the Middle Ages to modernity. Organized into chapters devoted to each of the era's great states, the book sets out to challenge several historical premises. First, it shows that women were the actual, if not always formally crowned, sovereigns of these states, or at least played a decisive role in shaping their policies. Second, the book dissolves the conventional dichotomy between East and West, showing that in both Christian Europe and Islamdom, women achieved their high status by means of similar strategies and at similar periods in history. Third, by demonstrating that there was a precedent for female authority long before the first harbingers of the women's movement in the eighteenth century, the book calls into question received ideas about historical progress and the evolution of women's liberation.

Polarization in the United States has been on the rise for several decades. In this context, few observers expect politics today to stop "at the water's edge," as the old cliché goes. But key questions about the relationship between polarization and US foreign policy remain to be fully answered. To what extent are American ideas about foreign policy now polarized along partisan lines? How is polarization changing the foreign policy behavior of the US Congress and President? And how is polarization altering the effectiveness of US foreign policy and influencing America's role in the world? This edited volume explores these questions and more, bringing together existing knowledge as well as considering how the political dynamics and execution of US foreign policy may evolve in the years ahead.

This handbook takes a comprehensive approach to studying and understanding modern slavery, particularly forced labour and human trafficking. It considers the historical and cultural roots of modern slavery and suggests that analyzing the issue from humanities, social sciences, criminological, and business perspectives could lead to a better understanding of its emergence worldwide. The handbook also highlights the role of religions/spiritualities and multinational corporations in the expansion of modern slavery and argues that exploring their potential ethical responsibilities is essential. Furthermore, it combines theoretical frameworks of intersectionality and globalization to study the interconnectedness of various factors in shaping and understanding modern slavery. Finally, it contains an impressive range of geographic and conceptual approaches to the problems of combating modern slavery.

This book provides an authoritative overview of public administration, public management and public governance in Japan. Japan is one of the leading countries on the international stage, with a reputation for effective government and administration. The book covers a wide range of themes, including social welfare, public employment, the education system, public finance, and crisis management. Written by a team of expert scholars, it will appeal to international researchers and practitioners interested in Japan, as well as public administration and public management more broadly. It will be the definitive guide to public administration and governance in Japan for years to come.This is an open access book.

This edited book brings together a range of expert voices - academics, researchers, practitioners, activists, and policy leads - in responding to domestic and sexual violence (DASV) while also centring the victim's voice. It offers a compelling analysis of how systems thinking can enhance and transform the efforts in tackling DASV. It provides a unique guide to applying systems thinking to the "what works, and for whom" agenda for tackling DASV. The chapters are united in the need to embed responses to these social issues within a broader system of accountability and support. It provides a timely and refreshing take on how to tackle a pervasive social issue(s) while exploring the real world consequences and impacts of service provision through case studies, rather than simply quantifying outcomes that say little about what did or didn't work.

This Open Access edited volume presents twelve African case studies that systematically reconstruct, document and analyse how national governments and other stakeholders took equity into account in their initial policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. At the onset of the pandemic, many African governments acted quickly to suppress the virus through various public health measures, including lockdowns, mobilizing healthcare resources and designing responses to support the economy and the population. There were, however, significant variations in the severity and type of measures taken, as well as their accessibility and impacts. Equity was not a given and, therefore, important questions have been raised about who benefitted and who were left unprotected from the interventions, particularly those designed to protect income and basic services? The book, based on a variety of empirical data and disciplinary perspectives of research teams from across the continent, examines the inclusivity of mitigation and policy responses. It situates these findings on short-term interventions and impact in debates about the longer-term implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of the African continent and proposes new directions for policy, research and practice in responses and interventions during crises.

Postcolonial African migration to the West is not only a spatial movement in search of material and physical security but also an expression of the mimetic desire for being by imitating the West or "whitening" oneself against the background of the dehumanizing historical legacies of slavery, colonialism, and Western dominance. It is a flight from oneself, from perceived inadequacies. To migrate to the West is an expression of the desire for being, not through detachment from the "fascinating" West but rather through adoration and imitation of its lifestyle, beauty ideals, and soft and hard power, and by living in the West. The model (the West) builds ubiquitous anti-migrant physical and virtual fences, which the imitator tries to overcome. The more the model re-strengthens these fences, the more the imitator tries to scale them. The anti-migrant fences are the meeting point of the model's perceived superiority, admirability, and desirability on the one hand, and on the other hand the imitator's inferiority complex and inner tension between the paradoxical desire for detachment from the model and its passionate imitation at the same time. This book argues that African migration to the West will continue even in the absence of poverty, conflicts, and climate change because it is also about the mimetic desire for being.

This book provides a new perspective on behavioral public policy. The field of behavioral public policy has been dominated by the concept of 'nudging' over the last decade. As this book demonstrates, however, 'nudging' is one of many behavioral techniques that practitioners and policymakers can utilize in order to achieve their goals. The book discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these alternative techniques and demonstrates empirically how the impact of 'nudging' and 'non-nudging' interventions is often dependent on varying political contexts and the degree of trust that citizens have toward policymakers. In doing so, it addresses the important question of how citizens understand and approve of the use of behavioral techniques by governments. The book will appeal to all those interested in public management, public policy, behavioral psychology, and nudging.

This book explores the formation of Catherine of Lancaster (1373-1418) and her arrival in Castile, linking that to the new interest in collecting and writing court poetry and the new production of religious lyric at her court. This book introduces a Castilian Queen of English extraction to contribute to the growing field of queenship and the influence of powerful women. Relatively little is known about Catherine from an English perspective. How she might have influenced court poetry and its production is only beginning to be explored, and this book marks an important contribution to that project in the way it enhances understanding of possible areas of influence from one country's religious production to another. It also addresses whether and in which ways Catherine might have influenced the development of a new court culture of poet-administrators, similar to the one she had left behind in England.

This book explores the challenges that individuals of African, Caribbean, Asian and South-East Asian descent (Global Majority leaders) living in the UK may face in attaining, practising, and experiencing leadership within organisations. By drawing firstly on critical race theory, the author shines a light on the underlying contextual and power structures of societies like the UK, in which these individuals' leadership and identity construction is shaped, experienced, and practised. Secondly, the author uses a qualitative research strategy to uncover the dominant genres and occluded themes hidden within the narratives of Global Majority leaders as they illuminate the fine-grained detail of their lived experience with and in leadership. With these two lenses, the book allows us to understand and theorise how, through the shaping and influencing of meaning, Global Majority leaders continue to develop and practice leadership, which has implications for theory, policy and practice. Contributing to critical leadership and organisational studies, as well as the UN Sustainable Goals that relate to reducing inequality, decent work and economic growth, and promoting inclusive and accountable institutions, this book is a valuable resource that can influence leadership practice, diversity, equality and inclusion strategies within contested spaces.

The book provides a comprehensive exploration of the the evolution in sustainability reporting and non-financial disclosure from three perspectives: regulatory, literary, and empirical. First, the book discusses the variety of frameworks and standards, normative sources, and regulatory initiatives aimed at promoting and standardizing sustainability reporting at the international level. Second, the book offers a systematic review of academic literature on sustainability reporting and non-financial disclosure. Third, the book examines the concept of materiality in sustainability reporting and provides an empirical analysis of the quantity and quality of materiality disclosures in sustainability reporting across the globe. The book concludes by discussing future directions for developments in sustainability reporting research and practice, and is relevant to academics, practitioners, and students interested in the intersection of sustainability, corporate reporting, and corporate finance.

There has been a steady stream of articles written on the relations between ethics and the interpretation of literature, but there remains a need for a book that both introduces and significantly contributes to the field - particularly one that shows how we can think more openly and creatively about the multiform powers of ethical narrative by considering ethically significant literature. This volume offers an analytically acute and culturally rich way of understanding how it is that we can productively think philosophically about the narrative structures that describe our ethical lives and what kind of distinctive conceptual, and in some cases personal, progress we can make by doing so. Given the extremely widespread interest in ethical issues, this volume will strike resonant chords far and wide on arrival, while offering something new in bringing together the study of long-form narrative, the language of moral psychology, and detailed literary case studies. Given the vast expansion of narrative studies in recent years, the time for just such a volume is right.

This book reconsiders Marx's critique of political economy through the concept of labour as "not-capital" to generate a critical social theory. Engaging with thinkers who have dealt with Marx's concept of "not-capital" and "anti-value," Tetler examines whether and how the concept of labour as not-capital and not-value can contribute significantly towards a renewal of the critique of political economy beyond the limits of traditional Marxism. In doing so he provides the first in depth interrogation of these concepts, both within Marx's work itself and within and across the various intellectuals who have put them to use in their attempts to address the faults of traditional Marxism. He argues that the theory of value that sits at the heart of Marx's critique of political economy requires a negative conception of labour. He concludes that the notions of labour as not-capital and not-value are shown to have formidable ramifications concerning the crisis-ridden nature of capitalist social relations and the struggles operative within and against them.

Between 1926 and 1928, the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein designed a house for his sister in Vienna (the Kundmanngasse). This book aims to clarify the relation between that house and Wittgenstein's early philosophy. The starting point of its main argument is a remark from Diktat für Schlick (c. 1932-33) in which Wittgenstein proposes an analogy between ornaments and nonsensical sentences. The attempt to extract from it an account of the relation between the Kundmanngasse and the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921) leads to the writings of Adolf Loos (whose influence Wittgenstein recognized). The discussion of Loos's writings suggests that the analogy should be understood, not as one between actual ornaments and nonsensical sentences, but as one between Loos's and Wittgenstein's uses of these notions. So understood, it favors the (so-called) resolute reading of the Tractatus and reveals that both Wittgenstein's use of 'nonsense' and Loos's use of 'ornaments' are means to the end of promoting self-understanding. The book concludes that both the Kundmanngasse and the Tractatus are results of Wittgenstein's efforts at this kind of self-understanding. These can be construed as ways of acknowledging our humanity, which in turn can be seen as a unifying element of Wittgenstein's philosophy.

This book provides an accessible introduction to Marx's seminal work Das Kapital and explores some of the core ideas of Marxian political economy relevant for modern day economies. It brings together a mixture of historical and contemporary perspectives on the implications of Marxian political economic analyses of capitalism. Chapters in the book cover a broad range of topics in Marxian political economy, and more specifically Marx's theory of value. The first section of the book gives an overview of Das Kapital, providing a historical background and making the authors' original thinking in the methodologies of Das Kapital and the Marxism/Neo-Ricardianism debate available in English for the first time. This section also introduces readers to an important discussion of productive versus unproductive labour. The second part of the book discusses the application of these ideas to some understudied questions of measuring surplus value, including the reconstruction of national income accounts and input-output tables, and the role of the welfare state and social wage. The final part of the book sets forth new research in Marxian analysis in the 21st century, facing the challenges brought about by digital technology, digital labour, lean production and the long-run recessionary state of the global economy. This book will be of interest to scholars of Marxist economics and political economy, as well as related areas in the history of economic thought, sociology and political science.

This study argues that allusion is a central part of classic British detective fiction. It demonstrates the fraught status of Shakespeare and the Bible during the Golden Age of the British detective novel, and the cultural currents which novelists navigated whilst alluding to them. The first part traces the complex web of allusions to Shakespeare and the Bible which appear in the novels of Agatha Christie and Dorothy L. Sayers, examining the meanings these allusions produce. The second part explores the way in which Sayers' own collection of detective novels became a canon, on which later novelists exercised those same allusive practices. It studies allusions to Sayers' novels throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-first, from Gladys Mitchell and P.D. James to Reginald Hill and Sujata Massey. This study reveals allusion as a shaping force at the origin of the classic British detective novel, and a continuing element in its identity.

This book provides an engaging insight into the responses of teenage audiences to British period drama, presenting original data collected from young people across England. Situated in relation to debates regarding the heritage film and young people's consumption of the media, Teenage Audiences and British Period Drama challenges the often homogenous characterisation of teenagers by demonstrating the range of responses this genre inspires in young viewers. Arguing for the period drama's underestimated relevance to younger audiences, the book details the varied ways that young people use film and television drama to make sense of the world and their place in it, and highlights the under-researched significance of group watching in influencing viewer response. Analysis demonstrates the key role that values play in influencing judgements amongst youth audiences, the importance of perceived historical accuracy and the potential for screen texts to inspire a deeper relationship with the past.

This book is the first comprehensive history of the British Trade Corporation, which was constituted under a Royal Charter on 21st April 1917. Its charter was meant to last for sixty years, but in 1926, after a turbulent existence of only nine years, it was amalgamated with the Anglo-Austrian Bank, and absorbed into the Anglo-International Bank. The corporation together with its two main subsidiaries, the Levant Company and the National Bank of Turkey, conducted business not only in Britain but in Russia, Turkey, the Middle East and in Continental Europe. Although the corporation was not an agent of empire, it reflected Britain's imperialistic ambitions after the First World War. As a result, it invested in some of the most unstable regions of the world. It was also severely affected by British foreign policy, which was often misjudged and, at times, duplicitous, resulting in serious damage to British trade. Within five years of its launch, the British Trade Corporation needed to be refinanced. The economic downturn in the early 1920s and ongoing hostilities in Eastern Europe and the Near East meant that it struggled to survive. Its difficulties reflected many of those faced by Britain in general after the war and the need to come to terms with the new realities of the post-war world. Despite its innovative attempt to address the perceived deficiencies in Britain's financial system, especially in respect of industrial finance, the British Trade Corporation has been largely ignored by financial historians. Based on substantial archival research, this book rectifies this neglect and makes an important contribution to the financial history of interwar Britain.

This edited collection examines different facets of organizational communication in the context of current technological developments and disruptions brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. AI is making inroads in organizational communication practice, influencing how organizations communicate and interact with their environments. It drives, augments and supplements organizational communication. Chatbots, for example, are becoming increasingly relied upon by organizations, using them to manage basic communication tasks that used to belong solidly to the realm of human. Similarly, developments such as ChatGPT have attracted scholarly attention due to their perceived implications on various aspects of communication. All of this has a profound effect on human interactions and relationships in organizational settings. Filling a gap in scholarship around organizational communication in light of ongoing digital transformation processes and COVID-19 induced transformations, chapters provide an up-to-date account of how new communication technologies, especially AI, are transforming organizational communication. The contributions reflect upon the most current theory and practice in the field in the post-COVID era. Combining theory, applied scholarship and fresh case studies, this is a valuable resource that reflects on the new realities of today's organizational environment.

This book applies the existing literature in the scholarship of teaching and learning to political science, advising discipline-specific tips, approaches, and strategies to put immediately into practice. Keeping in mind the pace of an academic career, it also challenges the widely held misconception that being a good teacher requires a huge time investment. This book is meant for three core audiences: graduate students taking a course on teaching political science or about to embark on their first teaching experience; newly minted PhDs facing their first academic post and trying to figure out how to balance all of their new responsibilities; and veteran instructors looking to prepare a new course or revise an existing one.

This book, structured in two parts, gives a 360-degree view on integrated thinking, the foundation of integrated reporting, a rising trend in corporate reporting practice. This topic is particularly interesting in the context of new regulatory landscape, such as the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) in the EU (shaped by EFRAG's developments), alongside the IFRS Foundation's efforts towards global sustainability standards, both of which are shaping contemporary debates on sustainable value creation. The first part builds a framework for integrated thinking in a multidisciplinary perspective while the second part revises the framework in the light of practices, by bridging the gap with research findings in this field to date. The book concludes with the current shift of paradigm, and the need to address managerial questions in their complexity, building on knowledge across different specialized disciplines. The book will be of specific interest to accounting and finance teams and professional accounting bodies alongside those teaching or doing research within the fields of finance and accounting.

This edited book examines and analyses Heydar Aliyev, the architect and founder of modern, post-Soviet Azerbaijan. The editors of the volume discuss developments between 1993 and 2003 - a decade that saw the establishment of the institutional foundations of the current republic, the adoption of a new form of national identity, the redefinition of the concept of the Azerbaijani state, and the creation of a security establishment designed to gain control of territories Armenia had held since the 1988-1994 war over Karabakh. The book explains why this fateful period had far-reaching consequences for Azerbaijan as a fully formed state and society, as well as major implications for its political future and its geopolitical strategy.

This edited volume presents a multi-perspectival inquiry into the models that have shaped the study of ancient economies in past decades. The contributions collected here respond to the prevailing tendency to measure ancient Mediterranean economies using methods and techniques designed for assessing the performance of modern economies, considering a range of approaches that might generate a more socially and morally attuned history of the ancient Mediterranean. The volume explores the challenges of quantification and critically examines the ideological assumptions implicit within the models usually applied to the study of ancient economic performance. The chapters advocate for more inclusive alternatives to traditional ideas of 'growth' that take factors such as social inequality, fairness, wellbeing and the relationship between humans and the natural environment into consideration. The book examines through a series of different questions the importance of querying the appropriateness of economic methods from an ethical or socially aware position. Rather than condemning older models, methods, and points of view for their inadequacies, this book focuses on leveraging the benefits from existing methods in economics and suggesting new frameworks to reach toward historical approaches that are both methodologically sophisticated and attuned to the moral, ethical, and political concerns of the twenty-first century. This book will be a valuable resource for interdisciplinary researchers in economics, economic history, ancient history and archaeology.

This book unpacks the notion of pedagogy in South African technical and vocational education and training (TVET), enhancing the importance of the psychological dimension of learning. The book is premised on the idea that as stories of actual, grounded teaching and learning practices emerge from South African colleges, a coherent picture of pedagogy can be established. With chapters by practising TVET educators writing about their own work, the volume seeks to reconceptualise vocational teaching and learning processes with diversity and inclusivity in mind. The book will be of interest to students and scholars of TVET and education in South Africa, as well as South African college practitioners and policymakers.

In the fields of management and organization, there is an ongoing debate about different ontological assumptions about people in and around organizations, and the dangers of self-fulling prophecies, i.e., the phenomena in which unsubstantiated, unethical, or dysfunctional assumptions about people can lead to adverse practical consequences. This open access book advances this debate, but in a self-reflexive direction, asking: Who do we, as scholars in the fields of management and organization, think we are? What ontological assumptions about ourselves do we live by? Do we think we are something "special", a 'Homo Academicus', distinctively separated from the life-world of managers and employees but linked with other academics such as, say, philosophers and sociologists? If so, what are the consequences and implications of such assumptions? Part of the popular Palgrave Debates in Business and Management series, each of the chapters disclose, problematize, and criticize different ontological assumptions about 'Homo Academicus' that underpins research in the fields of management and organization. It will be of great interest to management and organization scholars and students, as well as those with a broader interest in methodology and critical studies.

This book critically examines the role of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in higher education, against the backdrop of rapid developments in online learning. Reporting on a method by which one could isolate ideologically charged words from websites, the author underlines the need to pause, question and understand the underlying motives behind MOOCs, and ask fundamental questions about their data use, commercial interests, and ability to provide 'good' education. With its step-by-step ideological analysis, the author challenges educators, policymakers, and students alike to reconsider the fabric of online courses and their associated platforms. The book will appeal to scholars of digital education and sociology, as well as scholars from the critical sciences.

The rise and fall of states in the international system has been an interesting problem that has received attention amongst scholars, policy makers, journalists, politicians and leaders of states. Interestingly there have been numerous attempts that have sought to define, explain and interpret the consequences of these developments that occur in the international system (Chan, 2008:1). Efforts have been made to define 'Great Powers', 'Middle Powers', 'Emerging Powers', 'Small Powers', Super Powers', 'Hegemons' etc, of which the idea of 'Great Power' and 'Emerging Power', receives primary attention in this research. The dramatic rise of China and India in particular, in terms of their economy and military capabilities, has brought about a paradigm shift in terms of thinking of world politics that is coupled with the decline of the US' hegemonic status. Randall Schweller points out that there have been arguments that support the fact of the increasing potential for security competition and war between the US and China and on the other hand he also directs the reader to the optimist's argument that the transition of power would be smooth and evolutionary where there will be efforts towards accommodating these changes that are occurring in the international system. He also points out that there will be efforts by great powers to accept these changes through restraint, reciprocity, cooperation and establish a mutually acceptable order that would benefit all (Schweller, 2011: 285). These complexities make it both interesting as well as a serious concern in terms of peace and security in the world.

This book is about the making of justice. Despite the growing scholarship on transitional and transformative justice, contested struggles for justice in times of political change fail to get the nuanced attention we think they deserve. It seeks to understand how the making of justice is a craft and how this process of craft making is itself a source of political change. The authors introduce a new and novel conceptual framework of justicecraft which sheds light upon political change by unpacking five key elements--the skills, knowledge, labor, affect, and materiality--involved in contested struggles for justice. Justicecraft illuminates the stories and struggles for justice, enabling a greater understanding of accompanying social, political, and cultural shifts in society which unfold during times of conflict. By framing justice as craft, the authors offer a more fluid understanding of how people are producing justice on the ground--and identify the means, the instruments, the language, and claims involved in the process. Each chapter applies the framework of justicecraft to diverse global case illustrations of struggles against past, present, and future injustices and wrongdoings and draws out the key elements embedded in these processes.

This book offers a research-based, holistic overview of the entire value chain of the global food industry. It captures and defines over 80 contemporary 'megatrends' in agriculture and the food market that can be empirically documented and have a major impact on business, economies, industries, societies, and individuals. Today the world is characterized by more uncertainty and unpredictability than in previous periods. In the midst of these changing times, the book demonstrates how a number of more stable trends still exist within global agriculture, which can be important indicators in both the short and long term. The book highlights how developments in agriculture, the food industry and food markets have a central position in policy debates around climate change, sustainability, food crises, hunger, and food supply, and shows how by identifying various megatrends and their underlying economic drivers, as well as potential disruptive forces, we can reduce both risk and vulnerability in the future. Megatrends within consumption, food loss, food crises, international trade, retail industry and ownership of farms are discussed and their relevance illuminated for a wide range of stakeholders, including policy-makers and agri-businesses, as well as farmers and consumers. This book will be a useful resource for researchers in agricultural and environmental economics, as well as policy-makers and professionals in agri-food organisations and public food institutions. This is an open access book.