Bøger udgivet af NY Research Press

The process of using mass media to exchange information with a large segment of the population is known as mass communication. It is generally used to transmit information to a large number of people who are situated at a considerable distance from the source of information. The way in which the content of mass communication persuades or otherwise affects the behavior, the attitude, opinion, or emotion of the people receiving the information is studied under this discipline. There are many mediums which are used for mass communication such as television, radio, social networking, billboards, newspapers, film, and the Internet. A few of the tools of mass communication are advertising, journalism, public relations and social media. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The production and distribution of reports on recent events is known as journalism. A few forms of journalism are access journalism, advocacy journalism, broadcast journalism and citizen journalism. Journalistic media include print, television, internet and radio. Journalism can be produced by media organizations or individuals. There are no universal codes of conduct for the journalists, but there are common core elements present in all codes. These elements include remaining objective, being honest and providing the truth. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of journalism. Its objective is to give a general view of the different areas of this field. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The study of interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation is known as spectroscopy. It measures the radiation intensity as a function of wavelength. Spectroscopy is used as a basic exploratory tool in various fields such as physics, chemistry and astronomy. It allows the electronic structure, composition and physical structure of matter to be analyzed at atomic, macro and molecular scale. Some of the measurement devices that are used in this field are spectrometers, spectrophotometers and spectral analyzers. There are various types of spectroscopy which are characterized by the nature of interaction between the material and energy. A few of these types are absorption spectroscopy, emission spectroscopy, impedance spectroscopy and reflection spectroscopy. The topics included in this book on spectroscopy are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies related to this field have been included herein. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The approach towards manufacturing which aims to automate the entire production process using computers is known as computer-integrated manufacturing. This system uses computers to link materials handling and management with functional areas such as inventory control, distribution, planning, purchasing, design and analysis. It finds application in a variety of industries like ship building, automotive and aviation industries. There are three key challenges which are faced in the development of a smoothly operating computer integrated manufacturing system. These are integrating components from different suppliers, data integrity and process control. A computer-integrated manufacturing system makes use of a number of subsystems such as computer aided design, enterprise resource planning, computer-aided quality assurance and computer-aided engineering. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of computer-integrated manufacturing which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary approach. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The branch of mathematics which is concerned with questions of size, shape, relative position of objects and the properties of space is known as geometry. Some of the important concepts in geometry are axioms, points, angles, planes and curves. There are several divisions within geometry such as Euclidean geometry, non-Euclidean geometry, differential geometry, topology, and algebraic geometry. Geometry has applications in other branches of mathematics as well as the fields of physics, art and architecture. It relates geometric curves to algebraic equations, thereby applying algebraic methods to geometric questions. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of geometry. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

The chemical compounds which lack carbon-hydrogen bond are known as inorganic compounds. Inorganic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that focuses on the study of the behavior and synthesis of inorganic compounds. Inorganic chemistry is broadly divided into a few major sub-fields which are involved in studying different aspects of inorganic compounds. Some of these sub-fields are descriptive inorganic chemistry, theoretical inorganic chemistry and mechanistic inorganic chemistry. It is utilized in diverse industries such as materials science, surfactants, medications, fuels, pigments and agriculture. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of inorganic chemistry. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. For all those who are interested in inorganic chemistry, this textbook can prove to be an essential guide.

Condensed matter physics is the sub-field of physics that is concerned with the study of macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter. It is involved in measuring various material properties by using experimental probes and methods from theoretical physics. It also focuses on studying the behavior of condensed phases such as solids and liquids by using physical laws. This discipline is broadly divided into experimental condensed matter physics and theoretical condensed matter physics. Some of the laws which are used for conducting research in this field are laws of quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics and electromagnetism. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of condensed matter physics. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying condensed matter physics as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts of this field.

Biomaterial is a substance that is engineered to interact with biological systems for medical purposes. These purposes can either be therapeutic or diagnostic. The study of biomaterials is called biomaterial science or biomaterial engineering. Biomaterial science makes use of elements from medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering and material science. Biomaterials can be derived from nature. They can also be synthesized in the laboratory by using varieties of chemical approaches such as utilizing metallic components, ceramics or composite materials and polymers. Biomaterials comprise a part or a whole of living structure or biochemical device which performs, augments or replaces a natural function. They are used for various medical purposes such as joint replacements, bone plates, intraocular lenses, bone cement, artificial ligaments and tendons, blood vessel prostheses, dental implants, heart valves, etc. The ever growing need of advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the research in the field of biomaterials in recent times. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and the applications of biomaterials. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Differential Equation is a mathematical equation which denotes the relationship between a function and its derivatives. The functions usually represent physical quantities in the applications and the derivatives are used to show the rate of change. The study of differential equations involves pure and applied mathematics, physics and engineering. There are various types of differential equations such as ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, linear differential equations and non - linear differential equations. Ordinary differential equation is an equation that contains unknown function of one real or complex variable. Partial differential equations are the differential equations that involve unknown multivariable functions and their partial derivatives. Linear differential equations are linear in the unknown function and its derivatives, whereas non - linear differential equations are formed by the products of the unknown function. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of differential equations. It elucidates new concepts and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

The use of scientific principles to design and build structures, machines and other things such as bridges, roads, buildings, and vehicles is known as engineering. It uses modeling and simulation as a substitute for the physical examination. This involves using a computer to calculate the results of a physical phenomenon. A mathematical model is built by a computer which contains all the parameters of the physical model and represents it virtually. Simulation is an imitation of the operation of a process and system. It is used in various contexts such as simulation of technology for the optimization of performance, safety engineering, testing and video games. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches to modeling and simulation in engineering. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Optics is a discipline of physics that deals with the study of behavior and properties of light. It examines the light's interactions with matter and also facilitates the construction of instruments that use and detect it. Optics explains the behavior of ultraviolet, visible and infrared light. It treats light as an electromagnetic wave and considers that other forms of electromagnetic radiations like microwaves, X-rays, and radio waves contain similar properties as light. Practical optics is practiced by using simplified models such as geometric optics that treats light as a collection of rays which travels in a straight line. These rays may bend when they pass through reflective surfaces. Another model of light is physical optics, which focuses on wave effects like diffraction and interference. Optical science is significant in many disciplines such as astronomy and various fields of engineering, medicine and photography. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of optics and the recent researches in this field. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Gas turbine is a type of continuous combustion, internal combustion engine. The main elements that are common to all gas turbine engines are an upstream rotating gas compressor, a combustor and a downstream turbine on the same shaft as the compressor. Some of the most common types of gas turbines are jet engines, turboprop engines, aeroderivative gas turbines and industrial gas turbines. Gas turbine engineering deals with the design, selection, maintenance and operation of gas turbines. It studies the underlying principles of gas turbine operations as well as the economic considerations and implications of operating these machines. The topics included in this book on gas turbine engineering are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The discipline of thermal engineering which is concerned with the generation, use, conservation and exchange of thermal energy between physical systems is referred to as heat transfer. The transfer of mass of varying chemical species to achieve heat transfer is also explored under this field. The fundamental modes of heat transfer include advection, conduction, convection and radiation. Advection is the transport mechanism of fluid that depends on its motion and momentum. Conduction is the transfer of energy between objects that are in physical contact. Convection refers to the transfer of energy between an object and its environment due to fluid motion. The transfer of energy by the emission of electromagnetic radiation is known as radiation. This book covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around heat transfer. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this textbook an invaluable source of knowledge.

Metallurgy deals with the study of the chemical and physical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds as well as their alloys. It falls under the domain of materials science and engineering. It is used for the separation of metals from their ore. Metallurgy also deals with the application of science to the production of metals and the engineering of metal components. Metallurgy is broadly divided into ferrous metallurgy and non-ferrous metallurgy. Ferrous metallurgy includes the processes and alloys that contain iron. Non-ferrous metallurgy deals with the processes involving metals and alloys such as aluminium, copper, lead, brass, etc. This textbook presents the complex subject of metallurgy in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and the applications of metallurgy. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

The field of chemistry which deals with the study and utilization of instruments and methods that are used to separate, quantify and identify matter is referred to as analytical chemistry. It can be divided into classical and modern methods. The classical methods have been divided into qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Some common classical methods include chemical tests, flame tests, and gravimetric analysis and volumetric analysis. Instrumental methods include spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, electrochemical analysis, thermal analysis and microscopy. Analytical chemistry has applications in various fields including forensic science, clinical analysis, environmental analysis, bioanalysis, clinical analysis, and materials analysis. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of analytical chemistry. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The scientific branch that deals with the behavior of objects at rest or motion under the influence of forces is referred to as mechanics. Engineering mechanics focuses on the application of the principles of mechanics in order to solve real-time engineering problems. It can be broadly classified into two branches- statics and dynamics. Statics is concerned with the study of objects at rest that may or may not be under the influence of forces. Dynamics is the branch of mechanics which focuses on the study of objects in motion as well as the forces causing such motion. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of engineering mechanics. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The branch of chemistry which focuses on the application of quantum mechanics in physical models is referred to as quantum chemistry. It deals with the study of ground state of individual molecules and atoms as well as the transition and excited states that occur during chemical reactions. The two major branches of quantum chemistry are experimental quantum chemistry and theoretical quantum chemistry. Experimental quantum chemistry seeks to obtain information regarding the quantization of energy on a molecular scale. It relies extensively on spectroscopy. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy are a few of the common methods used in this area. The predictions of quantum theory are calculated within the field of theoretical quantum chemistry. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of quantum chemistry. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Medicinal chemistry deals with the design, chemical synthesis and development of pharmaceutical agents for the market. It makes use of principles from numerous sciences such as synthetic organic chemistry, pharmacology and other biological fields. The organic compounds which are used as medicines are classified into small organic molecules and biologics. This field also studies the inorganic and organometallic compounds which are used as drugs. Medicinal chemistry plays an important role in studying the chemical aspects of identification and synthetic alteration of new chemical entities to make them suitable for therapeutic agents. This book presents the complex subject of medicinal chemistry in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Photoenergy is the renewable energy which is derived from sunlight using a variety of technologies such as photovoltaics, solar architecture and solar heating. Photovoltaics refer to the conversion of light energy into electricity by using semiconductors which show photovoltaic effect. The solar cells in the photovoltaic system produce DC electricity from sunlight which can be used to charge batteries or power equipment. Solar architecture incorporates principles from architecture in order to harness clean and renewable solar power. Solar heaters make use of solar thermal collectors for collecting heat using sunlight. A few examples of solar heaters are solar parabolic troughs, solar water heaters and solar air heaters. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of photoenergy. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The laboratory technique which deals with the separation of a mixture is known as chromatography. This technique involves the dissolution of the mixture in a fluid which is known as the mobile phase. It is then introduced to another material which is known as the stationary phase. Separation occurs when various constituents of the mixture travel at different speeds. Chromatography is mainly classified into two types, preparative and analytical. Preparative chromatography is aimed at separating the constituents of the mixture for later use. It can also be considered as a form of purification. Analytical chromatography generally makes use of lesser amounts of material and is usually used to measure the relative quantity of analytes. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of chromatography. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students. This book is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Optical sensors are devices that are used to convert light rays into electronic signals. It measures the physical quantity of light and translates it into a form that is read by the instrument. It primarily measures the changes from one or more beam lights that are based around alternations to the intensity of the light. Optical sensors are used for contact-less detection and counting or positioning of parts. There are various types of optical sensors, the most common of them include photoconductive devices, photovoltaic cell and the photodiodes. Photoconductive optical devices are used to measure the resistance by converting a change of incident light into a change of resistance. Photovoltaic cells are used to convert an amount of incident light into an output voltage. The photodiodes convert an amount of incident light into an output current. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of optical sensors. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The engineering and science of interacting surfaces in relative motion is known as tribology. It studies and applies the principles of friction, wear and lubrication. Tribology is an interdisciplinary field which draws upon other disciplines such as physics, materials science, biology, engineering, chemistry and mathematics. The fundamental concepts of tribology include tribosystem, tribofilm and stribeck curve. Tribosystem is useful in providing a comprehensive assessment of the important outputs, inputs and losses to tribological systems. Tribofilms are layers which form upon surfaces that are tribologically stressed, and reduce friction and wear in the tribological systems. The stribeck curve is used to understand how the friction in fluid-lubricated contacts is a non-linear function of lubricant viscosity, contact load and entrainment velocity. The topics included in this book on tribology are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This book consists of contributions made by international experts. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Mathematical physics is the field of science that is concerned with the development of mathematical methods for applications to the problems in physics. Partial differential equations and the related areas of Fourier analysis, variational calculus and vector analysis are applied in the domains of celestial mechanics, thermodynamics, hydrodynamics, celestial mechanics, electricity, magnetism, etc. The special and general theories of relativity are built on the mathematical principles of group theory, topology and functional analysis. Statistical mechanics builds on Hamiltonian mechanics that is closely associated with mathematical ergodic theory and probability theory. This book outlines the applications of mathematical physics in detail. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Wireless communication refers to the transfer of information or power between two or more points that are not directly connected by an electrical conductor. Such communication is achieved with the help of radio waves. These waves cover a wide range of distance, from a few meters in the case of Bluetooth to as far as millions of kilometers in the case of deep-space radio communications. Wireless communication can also be achieved via free-space optical communication, sonic waves and electromagnetic induction. Various portable, fixed and mobile applications allow such communication to be established. GPS units, satellite television, radio receivers, cordless telephones and broadcast television are examples of systems that operate on wireless technology. This book outlines the process and applications of wireless communications in detail. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in this field. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in the field of wireless communication.

The application of mathematical methods in different fields such as engineering, science, industry, business and computer science is known as applied mathematics. It combines mathematical science with specialized knowledge. Applied mathematics is broadly subdivided into three parts- applied analysis, approximation theory and applied probability. These categorizations are made complex due to the changes in mathematics and science over time. Numerical analysis, algebra, logic, decision theory, financial mathematics are some of the areas of mathematics which are widely applied to the domains of scientific computing, actuarial science, computer science and mathematical economics. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches to the field of applied mathematics, and its various principles and techniques. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with applied mathematics will benefit alike from this book.

Astrophysics is the sub-field of astronomy that uses the principles of physics and chemistry to ascertain the nature of various astronomical objects instead of their positions in space. The objects that are studied under astrophysics are sun, galaxies, stars, extrasoler planets, the cosmic microwave background, etc. The properties that are studied in this field include luminosity, temperature, density and chemical composition. However the modern astronomical studies often involve a substantial amount of work in the domains of theoretical and observational physics. Observational astrophysics includes radio astronomy, infrared astronomy, optical astronomy, ultraviolet, x-ray and gamma ray astronomy, etc. Some other areas of study in this discipline include the properties of dark energy, black holes, dark matter and other celestial bodies. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of astrophysics. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various theories and applications of astrophysics. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Materials science is a multi-disciplinary field that focuses on designing and discovering new materials. It uses concepts from physics, chemistry and engineering. Materials science is an interdisciplinary field which combines areas such as metallurgy, solid-state physics, ceramics and chemistry. It is concerned with the processing of any material and how it influences the structure, properties and performance of the material. This understanding of processing, structure and properties of the material is known as materials paradigm. This paradigm is helpful in getting a better understanding of various research areas such as metallurgy, nanotechnology and biomaterials. Materials science is an important part of forensic engineering and failure analysis which includes investing products, materials, components or structures that do not function as expected. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of materials science and engineering. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies in this discipline have been included in it. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Mathematical analysis is a domain of mathematics that deals with limits and other related theories such as, measure, infinite series, differentiation, integration, and analytical functions. All of these theories are often studied in the context of real and complex numbers along with their functions. The main branches of mathematical analysis include real analysis, complex analysis and functional analysis. The fundamental concepts of this field are metric spaces and sequences and limits. Mathematical analysis has evolved from calculus that includes elementary techniques and concepts of analysis. It can be applied to any space of those mathematical objects that have a topological space or a metric space. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of mathematical analysis. It studies and analyzes various principles of mathematical analysis. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The composite material is made up of the combination of two or more constituent materials that have distinct chemical and physical properties. When two different materials are combined they often produce a material that has different characteristics from either of the individual components. Each component remains separate within the finished structure. There are two categories of these constituent materials, matrix and reinforcement. The matrix material is used to support and surround the reinforcement materials by maintaining their relative positions. The reinforcements enhance the matrix properties by their special mechanical and physical properties. At least one portion of each constituent material should be added in the composition. Composite materials are lighter, stronger and less expensive than the traditionally used materials. They are often used in the construction of bridges, buildings, and other structures such as boat hulls and racing car bodies. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of composite materials. Most of the topics introduced in it cover new techniques and applications of such materials. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for ex

Robots are designed to perform a complex series of tasks automatically. The field which deals with design, operation, construction and use of robots is referred to as robotics. It is an interdisciplinary field of science and engineering which includes mechanical engineering, information engineering, computer science and electronic engineering. Robotics utilizes computer systems for sensory feedback, information processing and to control robots. They are especially used in the situations that are dangerous for humans such as in manufacturing processes, bomb detection and deactivation, high heat, space and clean-up of hazardous materials and radiations. Industrial robots, mobile robots, modular robots, collaborative robots, service robots and educational robots are the examples of the most commonly used modern robots. This book presents the complex subject of robotics in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field.