Bøger udgivet af MOHAMMED ABDUL SATTAR

The internet has made distances shorter and the world smaller for communication. As per the survey done by Internet World Stats in June 2019, 58.8% (i.e. approximately 4.5 billion) of the total world population are using the internet. World Economic Forum report of 2018 suggests that by 2030, nine out of ten persons above fifteen would be online and digital conscious. Nowadays, the internet has become essential for living and running businesses smoothly. The latest web-enabled devices and high-speed communication technology have revolutionised the sharing of multimedia documents. It can be for various purposes, including social, commercial and industrial applications. Therefore, the first requirement is to protect the digital content from unauthorised access. As a result of rising cyber-terrorism and the widespread availability of the internet, data integrity is jeopardised. It can cause financial and emotional damage by stealing data or manipulating it. Thus, it is necessary to provide comprehensive security solutions with continual updates to counter fraud and evil intents. Effective prevention of forgery of digital works and identification of intellectual property rights of digital media have become an urgent problem which needs to be solved. A possible solution leads to data hiding technologies which embed valuable secret data within the multimedia objects such as image, audio or video to protect from adversaries. Data hiding can be achieved through cryptography, steganography and watermarking techniques. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Over the years, various data hiding techniques developed can be classified as reversible or irreversible. In reversible techniques, original host file, referred as cover, can be recovered after extraction of the secret message from the media in which the secret data was hidden (stego). Medical and military fields where the original image is as vital as the secret message prefers reversible techniques. Any changes to the original cover during transmission can affect the recoverability of the secret message. An irreversible data hiding algorithms enables the recovery of the hidden secret data however, fails to recover the original cover image.

The world's population and infrastructure have led to an ever-increasing need for other forms of energy and electricity. In order to accommodate the rising demand for other forms of energy and electricity, traditional power plants like hydroelectric dams and thermal power plants may be expanded. Traditional power plants have a number of drawbacks, including the production of greenhouse gases, the need for extensive building space, and the need for a steady supply of raw materials in order to generate electricity. For the reasons described above, a renewable power plant or a non-conventional power plant has been constructed. Wind, solar, wave, and ocean technologies are all examples of renewable energy sources. Compared to other renewable energy plants, the production cost of the photo voltaic (PV) panel for the solar PV system is quite cheap. This makes the solar PV system attractive to the existing electrical energy generating industry. Grid-connected solar photovoltaic systems have improved conversion efficiency, but they still face intermittent power generation and dynamic energy demand. Solar PV systems connected to the network can benefit from the addition of an energy storage system.

The agricultural sector is vital to the economic growth of industrialized and developing nations alike since it offers the raw materials, food, crops, and vegetables needed for urbanization as well as the raw materials for manufacturing. Food consumption is rising in both wealthy and deprived countries. The rate of economic growth will deteriorate if we are incapable of meeting demand. Furthermore, the number of pesticides in the food supply was once supplementarily elevated for economic development. Only 25% of the country's total gross domestic product is produced by the department of agriculture, which facilitates an enterprise that employs almost 70% of the people. Agriculture departments have had maximum billing during the past 50 years, particularly in a number of five-year plans. It also has a substantial impact on a number of businesses, notably food grains, sugar, tea, and textiles, all of which fall under distinct categories. For these reasons, the success of inputs in industries endangers agronomy. 58% of rural households rely on it for the development of their means of subsistence, and mankind plays a significant role in the economic goals of the agriculture department's employment. India produces more tomatoes than China, although this is second in the world, according to the 2021 report. India came fourth in terms of agricultural production, with a yearly output of 21 million metric tons of tomatoes. Chemical pesticides have been widely used in agriculture continuously, but sometimes this has been demonstrated to be neither practical nor cost-effective. For this reason, a lot of insecticides are used, which causes major problems for people and biodiversity. In addition, a majority of the pesticide travels deep into the ground and contaminates the water level. Eventually, many chemical pesticides arrive in the aquatic environment and are deposited in the soil. So far, chemical fertilizers and insecticides have been used to enhance productivity, but this has resulted in poor soil quality, and plant development that has led to genetic variances. These are problematic for both the plant and mankind to directly harm them. Numerous negative consequences on the environment have been noted as a result of the development and ongoing use of chemical pesticides and insecticides. Consequently, a greener option was required, which represents a way to enhance pest management techniques so that more agricultural goods of higher quality and quantity might be produced. As a result, there is a growing need to create new biopesticides. They play a crucial role in the conservation of the environment and crops because they suppress bio-pests in a non-toxic manner.

Wireless communications have evolved significantly over the past few decades, and the current scenario is characterized by a widespread variety of wireless technologies, applications, and services. Some of the key trends and developments in wireless communications include: 5G Networks: 5G networks deployed in many countries around the world, offering enhanced data rates, reduced latency, and additional capacity compared to previous generations of wireless networks. 5G networks use massive MIMO, beamforming, and network slicing to provide high- quality, high-speed wireless connectivity to users.Internet of Things: It is a network for devices connected wirelessly, which can communicate with each other and with the internet. IoT devices include smart sensors, wearables, and home automation systems, among others. Wireless technologies for example Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and Zigbee are commonly used for IoT applications.Smart Homes and Cities: Wireless communication plays significant part in the implementation of smart-homes and cities, which use interconnected devices and sensors to improve energy efficiency, safety, and quality of life. Wi-Fi, Zigbee, and Bluetooth are the technologies connect devices and sensors to the internet and to each other wirelessly.Autonomous Vehicles: Wireless communications are critical for the development of autonomous vehicles, which rely on high-speed, low-latency wireless networks to communicate with other vehicles, infrastructure, and the cloud. 5G networks and other advanced wireless technologies are being developed to support the communication needs of autonomous vehicles. Satellite Communications: Satellites are being used increasingly for wireless communications, particularly in areas where terrestrial networks are unavailable or unreliable. Satellite communications are used for applications such as remote sensing, navigation, and communication with remote locations. Cellular networks (e.g. 5G, 4G LTE), satellite communications, and near-field communication (NFC) also fall into connectionless communication.Wireless communication systems must constantly function at faster speeds while making use of the available spectrum. Error-correcting codes, modulation techniques, and multiple access techniques are essential for achieving high spectrum efficiency. Channel codes, significant part of communication system that enhances reliability of data transmission by adding redundancy to the data. They make the receiver enabled such that it can identify and correct errors if any in the received signal owing to interference, or other impairments that affect the signal during the transmission through the channel.

Rwanda's agriculture is central for creating growth, jobs, exports and livelihoods necessary to transform the economy to knowledge based middle-income economy. Agriculture remains the backbone for sustained economic growth, providing better quality of life and living standards for the population in Rwanda. About 96 percent of rural households rely directly or indirectly on agriculture for their livelihoods. Increasing agricultural productivity is the key to improve income and decreasing poverty. The existence of good climatic condition, efficient local and domestic markets and the provision of an enabling environment by the Government of Rwanda, may act as impetus for improving agricultural production in the country. The Rwanda's Vision 2050 in Agriculture aims at increasing agricultural productivity, income and improving livelihood and underscores the importance of agro-processing and technology intensive Agriculture with a commercial focus. The recently enacted Government NST1, the National Agriculture Policy 2018, and PSTA 4 recognize the importance of agriculture extension in bridging the gap between current productivity and potential productivity. The National Agriculture Policy specifically highlights the importance of the interface with farmers, mainly through the agricultural extension service, as a key priority to be addressed. The Strategic Plan for Agriculture Transformation TV provides a clear orientation toward transformation of the agricultural sector via. strengthening the commercialization of crops and animal resource value chains. Significant contributions from the private sector (including farmers) are envisioned both in terms of funds and implementing capacity. Moreover, the participation of Youth and Women will be required to achieve an inclusive extension system. Tn addition, the strategy asserts that more pluralistic partnerships with both public and private universities, farmer organizations and the private sector in synergy to produce innovations in science, technology, extension, policy and social learning to meet Rwanda's agricultural goals.

Road crashes are, unquestionably, the leading cause of death worldwide. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), accident related deaths are known to be the 8th leading cause of death. Of the 56.9 million deaths worldwide in 2016, road injuries killed 1.4 million people about 74% of whom were men and boys. Road accidents kill drivers as well as pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists. Drunken driving, mobile phone use during driving, drowsiness, distractions, the weather, the state of the road, the condition of the vehicle and fatigue are major drivers of road accidents. Road crash injuries are projected to become the 5th foremost cause of death by 2030, unless action is taken. The 2018 WHO Global Status Report on road safety states that in 180 countries worldwide, the total number of annual road traffic deaths increased from 1.25 million to 1.35 million in one year, with vulnerable road users such as cyclists, pedestrians and motorcyclists accounting for more than 50% of the deaths. Drowsy driving was reportedly found to involve 2.3% of the total fatalities (35,092) that occurred in the U.S.A in 2015. The record from developing economies also indicates a higher rate of road traffic injuries, resulting in 93% fatalities in low- and middle- income countries. Both children and adults in between the ages of 5 and 29 died as a result of road accident injuries. The reasons for these accidents include over speeding, drunken driving, distraction, unsafe road infrastructure, non-use of safety devices such as helmets and seat belts, traffic rule violations, unsafe vehicles and inadequate post-crash care. Accidents stemming from human error can be rectified by monitoring driver behaviour appropriately while driving. Driver safety technology includes airbags as well as systems such as anti-lock braking system (ABS) and ultrasonic warning to check vehicle failure-related accidents. Road accidents are unlikely when driver behaviour can be predicted. Detecting driver states is critical, for it prevents accidents and saves lives, and is reflected in several ways, including eye blinking and closure patterns, frequent yawns, and the nature of vehicle movements.

Mango is one of the world's most popular fruits. It originated from Indo-Burma (Myanmar) region. It holds a prominent position in fruit crops and has the largest area under fruit cultivation in India. It is a member of the Anacardiaceae family and the genus Mangifera. Mango fruits are put to various uses right from the initial stage of development to maturity and ripening. Indian mangoes are known for their delicious taste, excellent flavor, and attractive fragrance. It is a rich source of carbohydrates, sugars, fibers, protein, vitamins, and minerals, raw mango fruits are used mainly for chutney, pickles, and RTS beverages. The ripe fruit besides being used for dessert is also utilized for preparing several products like squash, syrup, nectar, jam, jelly, etc. (Mondal et al., 2018). India is the largest producer of mango (18 million tonnes) in the world but its productivity (7.2 MT/ha) is low as compared to other mango-growing countries like Indonesia (22..4), U.S (22.2), Brazil (16.1), Philippines (1.4.0), Italy (13.2), Turkey (12.8), and Mexico (12.6), whereas average world productivity of fruit is 21 t/ha (NHB, 2013). The primary causes of low productivity are old and senile orchards, low-yielding varieties, poor orchard management, and inadequate technology up-gradation and adoption by growers. Amrapali a hybrid between Dashehari and Neelum has very positive characteristics to be used in high density as it is a regular bearer and dwarfing nature. The mango plants grown under different high-density planting systems show a progressive decline in yield as well as fruit quality after 10-11 years of planting owing to overlapping/ intermingling of branches, poor light interception, low photosynthetic rate, and high relative humidity within the tree canopy. For improvement of fruit quality and yield potential of old and unproductive fruit orchards, rejuvenation pruning is highly recommended if trees are in healthy conditions. But mango rejuvenation alone could not overcome the problem. The height of the trees more than 30 years old becomes a limiting factor. Severe pruning i.e. beheading is needed to alter not only the physiology but also the biochemical behavior of these senile old mango trees. As a result, it is necessary to standardize the beheading height of old mango trees in order to avoid shading in the tree canopy skirts and adjacent rows. Shorter trees have more accessible canopies and are easier to harvest, prune and spray, requiring fewer labor inputs.

Text is one of the greatest inventions of humankind it has a vital role in human's lives starting from ancient times. The rich and meaningful information lies in the text, and it is the crucial element in the development of computer-vision applications. The text is a symbolic representation of any language known as script. It is necessary to identify the script from the document image to develop an Optical Character Recognition (OCR) system. For processing the document image, it is essential to locate the script in the document and identify the script to decide the appropriate OCR system to recognize. Once the computer successfully recognizes the underlying script of the document, then the task like editing, searching, indexing etc. can be performed on the document image. Traditionally, the documents are scanned by flat-bed scanners. The trend has gradually moved from the scanner to digital cameras with high-resolution lenses used to capture the document. The camera has advantages over the traditional scanner in a lightweight, small in size, ability to capture the seen text, boards displayed on the roads, vehicle numbers etc. and document can be captured without touching the hard copy, and capturing too fragile documents. The camera captured documents have some challenging problems like uneven illumination, blur, shadow, perspective distortion, out of focus, and many more. The script identification system is an important area in document image analysis. This has broadly categorized as printed or handwritten text from document images. Till date, many algorithms have been presented in the literature to perform this task for a specific language, and such OCRs will not work for a document containing more than one script. Hence script identification is crucial for the automatic processing of textual documents in multi-lingual information management. Identification of the script in document image is the primary steps towards processing the multi-lingual documents. It is necessary to identify the scripts of a multi-lingual document before submitting them to the appropriate OCR system.

Graphs. Most people identify this phrase with a statistical graph, such as a bar, line, circle or a graph of a function. But, the analysis of graphs is referred to as graph theory in mathematics. Graphs are a central topic in discrete mathematics. Graphs, which are comprised of vertices (nodes or actors) and edges (links), are used as models in graph theory. These mathematical models represent real-world problems and circumstances. The concept of graph theory is derived from a mathematical depiction of this type of situation. In mathematics, graph theory is an exciting and dynamic field. It is used to examine real-world challenges in various fields ranging from chemistry to linguistics, geography to sociology, transportation to infrastructure networks, social science to biological networks and so on. Graphs are mathematical constructions used to represent pair wise relationships between objects. They can be found on maps, in constellations and in the design and drafting process. Graphs highlight various computer applications that enable modem communication and technological processes. They serve to strengthen logical and abstract thinking. Graph theory emerged as an academic discipline in 1736, when Leonhard Euler solved the renowned Konigsberg bridge issue. Euler solved the Konigsberg bridge problem by expressing it as a graph theory problem, with the land areas represented as vertices and the bridges as edges. Euler introduced the concept of degree by stating that if a graph has no more than two odd vertices, then there exists some path that traverses each edge once. Complex network graphs differ greatly from ordinary graphs. Network science is the study of complex networks, which can represent any distinct system, from different interaction networks to social networks. Over the last two decades, network research has contributed to the identification of universal and surprising patterns in a wide range of domains, from ecological and social systems to technical and biological systems. From the research of last two decades in various domains, it will help to create innovative multidisciplinary tools for transforming many real world problems into models so that it can easily solvable.

Transportation features a major contribution to the country's economy. It plays a significant role in connecting business to its supply chain partners, like suppliers and customers; by moving goods from source location to the demanded location. Transportation involves almost every stage in business, like export/import of raw material; transport products to the warehouses, to the seller and to the end customer. Also, transferring people from one location to another is the largely used transportation system worldwide. Apart from this, we all know how e-commerce market is growing day by day, because these days everyone wants the products to be delivered at their doorstep. Thanks to e-commerce and logistics-distribution, now people can order a variety of goods of national or international brands at their home without any hassle of delivery. It is the responsibility of the seller to deliver products to the customer, supporting the economic utilities of place (demand location) and time (delivery time). Such challenges give rise to applications of vehicle routing problem, where several variants are considered in order to fulfil seller and customer requirements. They include applications such as goods and food delivery, school bus services, pick-up and drop services, and many other applications that are strictly capacity and time-restricted.

Wireless Communication technology is deeply rooted in history. This field has grown to a wide area in a very short interval of time. Over the past 100 years, wireless communication has been prominently developed from satellite transmission, radio and television broadcasting to common mobile phones. Wireless communication is a rapidly developing area in the communications scenario. In the present world, wireless communication has established itself as a crucial component. Practice of digital systems expands the performance and efficiency of wireless communication systems. During the 1990s, the concept of wireless communication suddenly acquired more flesh and blood due to the growth in technology. The omnipresence of computers and, particularly, the invention of the World Wide Web and the massive development of Internet use, have concretized the originally abstract idea. The mobile internet and multimedia are current favourite topics of the press, industry thinkers, management professionals and successful populists. The world is moving towards 5 G, LTE, high speed video and audio streaming. For all these data services, we need rapid and reliable data transmission. The essential prerequisite for reliable data transmission techniques, are the major issues associated with error control. Quality maintenance is one of the major issues in the current communication system. The immoderately presented ideas of wireless communication specify evidently, that this topic should be explored more. Researchers from many fields, namely mathematics, Physics, electrical engineering, Information theory shook their hands to resolve these issues. Error control schemes play an important role in sending reliable and efficient data in digital communication systems. The quality of transmitted data can be improved by using various coding schemes. Coding schemes help in detection and correction of errors in the received signal. Because of these reasons, many error control techniques have been developed.

Image processing is the process of applying various procedures to an image in order to improve it or extract some relevant information from it. It is a sort of processing where the input is an image and the output can either be another picture or features/characteristics related to that image and is one of the technologies that is rapidly developing. It is a primary subject of research in the fields of engineering and computer science as well. Image processing comprises importing the image using image capture tools, analysing it, and then altering it such that the output can be a changed image or report depending on the image analysis. Analog and digital image processing are the two categories of image processing techniques. Image analysis makes use of a variety of interpretational foundations while utilising these visual approaches. Digital image processing methods are useful for modifying digital pictures when utilising computers. When employing digital method, all sorts of data go through three main phases: pre-processing, improvement, and presentation, as well as information extraction. Red, green, and blue planes with high resolution make up a digital colour image. The red, blue, and green planes would ideally be collected by three distinct sensors, but this is too expensive for practical usage. The most common pattern employed is the Color Filter Array (CFA) Bayer pattern, which is made up of a mosaic of red, blue, and green sensors arranged to collect the image data. Demosaicing approaches were first based on traditional picture interpolation techniques as bilinear interpolation, cubic spline interpolation, and nearest neighbour replication. Better results were obtained using the technique that took use of the inter-channel correlation between colour components. After that, edge directed interpolation techniques were created. This served as the foundation for numerous algorithms that either used gradients or edge classifiers. To determine the interpolation direction, some algorithms used the absolute sums of first- and second-order directional derivatives at a pixel. A different algorithm worked with two sets of colour interpolated photos. The main reasons for reconstruction mistakes are incorrect edge direction estimate, the interpolation filter's low-pass characteristic, and a localised weak correlation in the mid-frequencies across the three colour bands.

Bladder stones were more common in ancient days, but from past 100 years, kidney stones become more prevalent. Looking at the current scenario, our understanding about the disease has improved. Today we have statistics which says, around 12% population worldwide is suffering from kidney stone disease. Global scenario says that this disease is more common in western hemisphere (5-9% in Europe, 13-15% in USA, 12% in Canada) than eastern hemisphere (1-5%). Formation of kidney stones is broadly described by two key processes, formation of crystal and retention of a crystal. Crystal formation takes place when urine is super saturated with crystal forming salts. Volume, osmolarity, and pH of the urine vary and decrease the solubility of calcium salts in tubular fluid. The literature on the urolithiasis revolves around the question whether crystal binding is the consequence or the outcome of the epithelial injury and repair. In in vitro studies crystal binding take place to injured or regenerating epithelia and not to the normal cells. Urinary calculi have been found to cause injury and oxidative stress when come in contact with epithelial cells in vitro, suggesting that the cellular dedifferentiation is a consequence and not a cause of crystal binding

Hadith holds a significant position in Islam, serving as a compilation of the Prophet Muhammad's (peace be upon him) sayings, actions, approvals, and descriptions. Its importance in Islam can be delineated through various facets: Elucidation of Quranic Verses: While the Quran is the primary guide for Muslims, Hadith provides essential context and clarification for many verses, aiding in a deeper understanding of Quranic teachings and their practical applications. Exemplification of Sunnah (Prophetic Traditions): Hadith is instrumental in preserving the Sunnah, the Prophet's exemplary lifestyle. Muslims strive to emulate his character and actions, and Hadith serves as a comprehensive guide for adopting these practices. Legal and Ethical Guidance: Hadith plays a vital role in Islamic jurisprudence, offering detailed insights into legal matters, ethical conduct, and societal principles. It forms the basis for deriving rulings on various issues, shaping personal behavior and interactions. Preservation of Authenticity: The meticulous science of Hadith criticism ensures the authentication of reported statements and actions of the Prophet. Scholars rigorously examine chains of narration and content, preserving the integrity of original Islamic teachings. Hadith's importance in Islam lies in its role as a supplementary and clarifying source alongside the Quran. It provides a detailed understanding of the Prophet's life, offering Muslims a comprehensive framework for living in accordance with Islamic principles. The meticulous preservation and authentication of Hadith contribute significantly to the continuity and authenticity of Islamic teachings across generations. Anwar Shah Kashmiri was a prominent Islamic scholar and a leading figure in the field of Hadith literature during the early 20th century. His contributions were significant.

Software reuse may be defined as the process of developing new software systems by making use of existing software components. Software reusability eliminates the need for developing a software system from the scratch. It also reduces the productivity cost. For example, the software component chosen for reuse may be a software requirement document or software test document or software code modules or programs. Retrieval of appropriate and right software component from the software component repository is an important task. This task has gained importance from the academia, researchers and also from industry perspective in order to reduce the costs. In principle, the retrieval of any software component from the software repository requires a search algorithm. This search algorithm is expected to retrieve the software component with the help of features specified by the user in his query. But, searching requires various parameters to be specified well ahead as part of user query. Therefore, searching task has its own limitations. An alternative approach could be the use of data mining and/or machine learning principles in retrieving appropriate software component with utmost similarity. Clustering of software components means it can group all software components with similar features into one group. From perspective of software engineering, all the components within the same cluster must have high cohesion and low coupling. Clustering reduces the time complexity for searching as all similar components are placed into one group. Clustering is not any one specific algorithm that we can stick firm to, but it must be viewed as the general task to be solved. For example, document clustering is one of the main themes in text mining. It refers to the process of grouping documents with similar contents or topics into clusters. This improves both availability and reliability of text mining applications such as information retrieval, classifying text, summarizing document sets. In similar lines, classification task can also facilitate identification of right and fitting component for reuse from among the existing components available in the repository.

In last few years, the volume of experimental data and publications produced in biomedical domain have scaled up rapidly. This enormous amount of knowledge has been stored in text databases such as MEDLINE, PubMed Central, BioMed Central etc. For example, MEDLINE, one of the largest bibliographic text database of biomedical information science, has more than 27 million research articles ever since its establishment in 1946. While on the one hand biomedical literature provide complete description of novel research, on the other hand its unstructured format makes its management and knowledge discovery process tough for the end user. At this juncture, text mining emerged as a feasible solution for knowledge discovery by using artificial intelligence technology, natural language processing, information mining and machine learning to handle large volume of free text. Specifically, in biomedical field, the term "Biomedica1 Text mining" has gained momentum and actua11y it is an integral part of bioinformatics. In biomedical domain, semantic text mining can be more effective than traditional text mining due to complex semantic relation between domain entities and disparity among domain terminologies. Semantic text mining emphasizes on applying semantic knowledge stored in domain ontology to conventional text mining methods. Ontology has a hierarchically organized set of concepts with all possible relationships mentioned among them. This structure helps to precisely connect the new findings in biomedical literature to the existing knowledge base. Recently Medicinal Plant Domain (MPD) in the biomedical domain has emerged as a research sensation for many researchers owing to the psychological drift of common people from allopathy to naturopathy. The tribes and provincial individuals in India have immense information of therapeutic plants and their utilize in curing different health issues. Parts of the plants such as fruits, bark, leaves, roots and blooms are used for various medicinal preparations. Apart from having a wealthy source of supplements and bioactive properties, treatment using medicative plants hold a solid ground because they are treated to be secure and have hardly any adverse effects. Recent time has also seen a significant use of medicinal plants in allopathy as raw ingredient for some crucial drugs.

Kidney stone is a very common and ancient disease. Evidence of kidney stone has been found in Egyptian mummies of 4000-5000 B.C. Stone treatment reports were there in ancient Egyptian medical writings from 1500 B.C. Symptoms and treatment procedure to dissolve the stone was reported in the Mesopotamian medical text Asutu between 3200-1200 B.C. Lithotomy with only perineal incision was also practiced by ancient Greeks, however, the Greek philosopher and physician Hippocrates stated about lethality of the wounds of peritoneal lithotomy in case of bladder stone and he also described about kidney disease.In 1824, French urologist Jean Civiale invented lithotrite, the first known minimally invasive surgery to crush bladder stone without opening the abdomen. In 1874, a stronger and harder lithotrite was developed by Bigelow and it was introduced into the bladder with the help of anaesthesia and then the stones were crushed followed by evacuation of stone fragments. This process was termed as "litholopaxy" and this technique reduced the mortality rate from 25% to 2.4%. Simultaneously alternative surgical procedures like nephrotomy (surgical incision in kidney) and pyelotomy (surgical incision into renal pelvis of kidney) were being attempted for stone removal. In recent years, there have been a great advancement in endourology techniques [extrashockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy, laser lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)] and there is an ongoing search for even less invasive treatments.

The word obesity is derived from the Latin word Obesitas (Ob - over; Esus - Eating) means fat, stout, or plump. Obesity is associated with more than 200 disorders, that affects the entire human body. Currently, numerous reports are available wherein obesity and its associated conditions worsen the outcomes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Though obesity is a preventable condition, in 20I5, more than four million premature deaths were associated with overweightness and obesity. Over the last century, obesity has emerged as a leading global pandemic through sedentary lifestyle associated with recent physiological, psychological, environmental, socio- economic and genetic factors [5]. Other than these factors, physical inactivity also plays a prominent role in development of obesity. It is reported that 3.2 million mortalities have happened due to physical inactivity across the globe. In 2016, around 1.9 billion people were identified as overweight, wherein 650 million people fell under the category of obese. The prevalence of obesity has tripled during 1975 to 2016. More people are reported to be obese than underweight and malnourished across globe, excluding sub- Saharan Africa and Asia continents. Children's obesity is also increasing drastically, where the affected children mainly belong to the developing countries, posing an additional health burden for the futuristic world. Approximately 10-fold increment in childhood and adolescence obesity was reported during the last four decades. The diagnosis of obesity is currently based only on BMT, without an indication of the impact of excess adiposity on health. Sometimes, the BMT approach also lacks sensitivity towards individuals. To overcome these problems, numerous methods have been suggested. Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR) is another parameter used to determine obesity and is considered more accurate in comparison to BMT. The WHO STEPwise approach to Surveillance (STEPS) provides a simple standardized protocol for measuring waist and hip circumference,

Biomaterials are used for a wide range of medical applications because of their specific properties. The utmost significant property of biomaterials used for fabricating implants is biocompatibility, followed by corrosion resistance. The biomaterials are used to direct, supplement, or replace the functions in living tissues of the human body. Biomaterials in the form of implants (sutures, bone plates, total hip and knee replacement, ligaments, vascular grafts, heart valves, intraocular lenses, dental implants, etc.) and medical devices (pacemaker, biosensors, artificial heart, bone tubes, etc.), are broadly used to replace the traumatized or degenerated tissues and organs, to assist in bone healing, to improve function, to correct irregularities, and thus to improve the quality of life of the patients.Biomaterials can be classified into two broad categories: biomedical materials which have a synthetic origin and biological materials like natural origin are used to replace the failure of a biological structure and to recover its form and function to improve the quality and durability of human life. Metals and alloys used in extreme heat and electricity conditions are not translucent to visible light; a metal surface polished has a glossy appearance. Metallic biomaterials are engineered systems that are designed to provide internal support to biological tissues and they are being used in medical devices such as bone plates, screws, stents, joint replacement and dental appliances. Ceramic biomaterials are used in variety of applications such as joint/tissue replacement, to improve biocompatibility of metal coating and resorbable lattice to offer a brief structure that is eventually replaced by the body's tissues.

Optical wireless communications, which are often referred to as free-space optical communication (FSO), function by sending data across the atmosphere using light. Even while these systems often function well in clear weather, prolonged rain might cause problems and affect their efficiency. Signal Loss and Attenuation: Enhanced Absorption: Raindrops in the atmosphere have the ability to both absorb and scatter optical signals, which causes the transmitted light to be attenuated.Signal Loss: The performance of the link as a whole is impacted by the absorption and scattering of light.Decreased Signal Clarity: Heavy rain produces scintillation, which is characterized by abrupt changes in signal intensity (fading) due to variations in the refractive index of the raindrops. Data transmission may be impacted by this deterioration of the optical signal's quality. Effects on Signal Stability: Beam Misalignment: The light divergence brought on by raindrops can lead to beam misalignment, which calls for changes to keep the connection stable.Differential Attenuation: Rainfall might not be evenly distributed along the link, which could cause differential attenuation and upset the transmitter-to-receiver signal balance. The performance, stability, and signal quality of optical wireless networks are all impacted by severe rain. However, these systems may still deliver dependable communication in inclement weather with careful design, flexible tactics, and routine maintenance.

A heart attack which is the main reason behind heart tissue damage also scientifically known as myocardial infarction (MI). A decrease in blood flow or a complete cessation of blood flow to a portion of the heart causes this condition. Casket pain or soreness is the most distinctive symptom brought on by a MI. The discomfort caused by this pain was primarily what set off the scarifying process. This kind of discomfort originates in the coffin and spreads to other areas of the body, including the shoulders, arms, back, neck, and even the jaw in rare occasions. The discomfort usually starts in the middle or left side of the chest and stays there for more than a few seconds, eventually spreading to the arms and shoulders. After the attack the case principally feels a heartburn like situation including that briefness of breath, feeling of fainting, nausea, tired feeling as well as cold sweat. In numerous former studies it has been reported that women substantially feel neck pain, arm pain or may feel tired during this MI attack rather of any discomfort in casket or casket pain. Chronic vascular diseases (CVD) are a catch-all term for a group of disorders that affect the heart and vascular system. Diseases including angina, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease are included here. The most modern kind of cardiovascular disease, coronary heart complaint, includes disorders of the coronary vasculature and always presents as coronary roadway problem (CAD). Two important types of coronary heart disease are acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and stable angina. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a group of clinical symptoms caused by active myocardial ischemia, typically the result of underlying atherosclerotic plaque rupture and/or thrombus within the coronary artery.

Water is the soul of all living things it is the most and top of any other needs, Apart from this requirement in this world industrialization going on rapidly such as Pharma, food, textiles, Chemicals, Motor, Vehicle etc when these industries are leaving their effluent untreated directly in to water bodies it is the main root cause of major water pollution Common contaminant of water has been classified into physical, chemical and biological sources. Physical sources are turbidity, color, odour and other floating matter. Chemical sources comprises of Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), chlorides, alkalinity, pH, hardness etc. biological source of contaminants are the coliform bacteria and pathogens causing gastrointestinal disorders in all of these industries water is playing important role no Industries can run without source of water so water consumption from different sources are day by day increasing by the side water exploitation also increasing by so many activities. The main reason that can be mentioned here is water management is not right enough to accept. When the waste water is managed appropriately with the applications of recent technology it is possible to reduce waste water creation also to reuse the waste water produced. Water is the basic thing that must be available for the existence and evolution of all living organism but nowadays the quality as well as the quantity of drinking water is deteriorates to major level of polluting sources due to mismanagement of government in saving water during the rainy season and treating waste water by the industrial activities as well as domestic people activities.

Tuberculosis, commonly known as TB, is a communicable bacterial disease caused by the members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). MTBC is a group of genetically related Mycobacterial species, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium caprae, Mycobacterium pinnipedii, Mycobacterium microti, Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium canettii. These are slow-growing gram-positive bacteria that can infect humans as well as animals via aerosols transmission [1], [2]. Among all, Mtb is responsible for more than 90% of TB cases in humans, where it mainly infects the lungs but can spread to different body parts, including the nervous system. The other microbial species are rarely known to infect humans and are primarily associated with animals. Depending upon the site of infection, TB can be categorized into Pulmonary, Extrapulmonary, Miliary and Central Nervous System TB. Pulmonary TB is mainly the most common type, where Mtb is colonized in the lungs. The infected patients usually have a cough with mucus resulting in breathing difficulties, fever, weight loss and coughing up blood in severe cases. TB related to the central nervous system is referred to as tuberculous meningitis, where the Mtb infection reaches surrounding tissues of the brain and spine from other organs. The patients do not show any symptoms in the early stages of tuberculous meningitis but later may develop low fever, headache, tiredness, loss of appetite and stiff neck. Although this disease is rare, as 1-2% of the total TB cases can progress to tuberculous meningitis, the mortality rate is very high, with 15-30% deaths, despite care and treatment.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are conditions associated with the heart and circulatory system, which is considered as one of the leading causes of morbidities and mortalities across the world. Ischemic Heart diseases (IHD) are regarded as a most prevalent form of the CVD, Cerebro-vascular diseases, peripheral artery diseases, and Aortic atherosclerosis are the other types of CVD. Ischemic heart diseases are manifested by myocardial infarction (MI), angina pectoris, heart failure and coronary death. The overall risk for CVD reaches 50% for an individual at the age of 30 years without a known risk for CVD, Coronary heart disease (CHD) accounts for approximately one-third to one-half of the total cases of CVD. In spite of increases in long life and decreases in age-specific death rates from CVD, CHD, and other CVDs are highly prevalent. There are several risk factors which lead to CVD, some of them such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, tobacco use, lack of physical activity and diabetes are modifiable. However, some risk factors such as age, genetic factors, and family history cannot be modified. Many people in the general population have one or more risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), and over 90 percent of CHD events occur in individuals with at least one risk factor. The five leading modifiable risk factors (hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and smoking) are identified to be accountable for more than half of CVD mortality. Alternatively, the absence of major risk factors calculates a much lower risk of CVD. Cardiovascular diseases and associated chronic ailments were once regarded to be illnesses of developed nations. However, in last decades progressively more strong epidemiological evidence has pointed the propagation of CVD risk factors across the world, including abdominal obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. The deterioration of cardiovascular health around the globe and most notably in developing nations reflects major global changes in attitude and lifestyle.

Today's vehicle uses the number of sensors and actuators to govern its functioning. The key role of sensors is to assure engine efficiency, comfortable driving experience, passenger and vehicle safety, and reduce fuel consumptions and harmful emissions. Sensors are an integral part of a vehicle, designed to detect, transmit, record, analyze and display vehicle performance information of the external and internal environment. Key factors for increased use of sensors in automobile are demand for performance, vehicle personalization and legislation. There are three categories of the sensors depending on the location in automobile viz. powertrain, body, and chassis. The important role of sensors in an automobile is to perform efficient engine management, Brake/traction control, Collision avoidance, Comfort/convenience, HVAC, Navigation, Safety, Smart cruise control, Suspension, Testing, and Vehicle security. The number of sensors developed with various technologies used in the automobile. Development of new applications using nano and micro technology is helping to grow the automotive sensor market. The invention of new sensors and sensing materials, existing sensors performance improvement due to continuous research, and technological advancements in the sensor industry opened up new avenues for sensor applications. Due to unique characteristics, fiber optics is an ideal choice for communication, sensing and lighting requirements. Communication and sensing are of utmost importance due to continual increase in onboard safety devices. Since its early beginnings in the 1970s, fiber-optic sensor (FOS) technology has experienced tremendous growth. Fiber-optic sensors (FOSs) are used to measure quantities like displacements, rotations, pressure, vibrations, temperature, or concentration of chemical species. FOSs offer a set of advantages over traditional electronic sensors such as increased sensitivity and design diversity. These sensors perform real-time measurement with negligible hysteresis because light propagation is highly sensitive to perturbations. Fiber-optic (FO) sensor technology offers the possibility of non-contact measurement. The quality improvement due to continuous research and reduction in component prices have made FO sensors possible to compete and replace conventional sensors.

Coronary artery disease is a largely prevalent category of heart disease, which is responsible for maximum number of mortalities worldwide. Coronary heart diseases mainly atherosclerosis occur when the coronary arteries become hardened and constricted due to the build-up of cholesterol and fatty residues forming a plaque on the vessel wall hampering normal arterial blood flow. Percutaneous coronary angioplasty is usually performed to eliminate stenosis that obstruct blood flow in arteries. During angioplasty, endothelial lining is denuded and the underlying vascular smooth muscle layer gets exposed thereafter. The outcome of this is a highly thrombogenic surface that could lead to formation of clots and re-occlusion of the artery. Metallic coronary stents are implanted within an atherosclerotic artery to overcome the complications following percutaneous coronary intervention and to restore blood flow. The usage of bare metal coronary stents in angioplasty prevents elastic recoil but is complicated during angioplasty by the problem of restenosis. Restenosis occurs as a response to the endothelial injury, characterized by the recruitment of vascular SMCs to the injured area. These cells proliferate in the intimal space and generate an extracellular matrix that develops over a period of a few months, resulting in in-stent restenosis.

In the dawn of human cultural progress, dramatical advancement emerged with the Materia Medica published by Dioscorides and Dictionary of Economic Plants of India by Watt, which describes the properties of the various drugs of the plant origin. The kidney is a vital organ, which serves the purpose of purification and detoxification of the blood by filtration. Hence, this organ is always exposed to toxins, heavy metals, chemotherapeutic agents, and other metabolites which could progress into events of different types of renal disease events. Urolithiasis is a form of kidney stone also known as kidney disease (KSD). It is a progressive disease worldwide with incidence rates and is thought to be related to the enhanced risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The cost of healthcare associated with KSD has increased day by day. Urolithiasis is a complex process of the formation of stones in the kidney, ureter, and urethra. Such processes produce inter-renal multi-crystalline aggregates / fixed structures located in different areas of the kidney system. The continued growth of the stone, at a dimension of 4-10 mm in size, which prevents the passage of the ureter or its presence in the kidneys may cause several symptoms such as blood micturition, painful urination, severe pain in the lower extremities.

Urinary tract infection (UTT) is the infection of urinary tract organs which involves kidneys, bladder and ureters. Tt occurs due to the entry and multiplication of bacteria inside the urinary tract. UTT's initiate with the advent of micro-organisms usually from urethra, causing infection in the bladder and if left untreated it may lead to chronic kidney infection. On the basis of location of infection, UTT is divided into two types: lower UTT and upper UTT. Lower UTT involves the infection of urinary bladder and urethra known as cystitis and urethritis, respectively. Upper UTT involves the infection of ureters and kidneys which is also known as pyelonephritis. Tn the world, UTT comes at the second number among the commonly occurred infections (for any organ). Every year more than I50 million patients of UTT are identified in the whole world and many of them die as a result of infection developed by bacteria which are resistant towards the antibiotics. Usually both types of bacteria, Gram positive as well as Gram negative are responsible for causing UTT, but around 95% of infection is occurred due to the attack of Gram negative bacteria. Among these pathogens, infection is majorly caused by Escherichia coli (85% cases) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (10% cases), while Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas spp. also cause infections. The infection is initiated due to adherence of adhesins, which are special proteins produced by E. coli bacteria. These adhesion proteins adhere to and attack the epithelial cells present on the inner lining of the urinary bladder

Neurological disorders are diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. In other words, they affect the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, Neuromuscular junction, and muscles. These disorders primarily affect neuron cells and ultimately result in neurodegeneration. Maladies such as stroke, stress, depression, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disorders, brain tumors, and traumatic brain injury are included as some of the most common among them. Owing to their widespread prevalence and consequential physiological and psychological effects, these disorders constitute vital contributors to global morbidity and disability. These disorders encompass the progressive deterioration of neuronal structures within the cerebral region and can markedly impact an individual's capacities pertaining to motor function, cognitive processing, and mental health stability. Drugs used to treat neurological issues are a wide range of medications designed to help manage and alleviate the symptoms of conditions that affect the nervous system. These include conditions such as epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, migraines, and many more. These medications work in various ways, depending on the disorder they're treating - they might act to decrease inflammation, prevent or reduce the frequency of seizures, slow the progression of degenerative diseases, or manage symptoms such as pain or tremors. A Drug Delivery System transports therapeutic agents to targeted areas in the body, ensuring optimal concentrations at the site of action while minimizing side effects. By carefully controlling the release rate, dosage, and location of drug administration and ultimately enhance the efficiency and safety of treatment protocols. It encompasses various methods and technologies, ranging from traditional oral and injectable forms to more advanced techniques such as nanoparticles and targeted molecular carriers. The incremental advancements in the treatment of enduring conditions, including neurological disorders, have underscored the necessity for an integrative, multidisciplinary approach to drug delivery. Consequently, this understanding has fostered the formulation of sophisticated strategies aimed at modulating aspects such as pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, immunogenicity, bio-recognition, non-specific toxicity, and the therapeutic efficacy of pharmaceutical agents. Nanoparticles have been demonstrated to be effective in conveying therapeutic agents to distinct sites within the body utilizing multifaceted techniques. These strategies encompass circumventing the reticuloendothelial system, leveraging the phenomenon of enhanced permeability and retention, and implementing receptor- mediated or target-specific approaches to ensure precise delivery to the intended pathological location.

The manufacturing process involves adding value to low-value raw materials and transforming them into high-quality, high-value products that meet customer needs in terms of shape, size, accuracy, and surface finish. To ensure successful manufacturing, the materials and techniques used must be technically feasible, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable. Advancements in manufacturing technology are constantly being made to enhance productivity, improve product quality, and incorporate new materials. Machining refers to a broad range of technologies and techniques used to remove excess material from a workpiece in the form of chips to shape it into a desired design. During the machining process, the workpiece is subjected to shearing, bending, and compression forces from the cutting tool, resulting in high temperatures and complex mechanical and thermal stresses in the cutting zone. Despite recent advancements, the machining process remains incompletely understood due to its highly nonlinear nature and the intricate coupling between mechanical, thermal, frictional, and vibrational fields. Cutting fluids play a vital role in machining processes as they provide lubrication, cooling, chip evacuation, and protection against tool wear. There are various types of cutting fluids, and their application depends on the machining operation and the specific requirements. Nanofluids are suspension of nanoparticles which form a stable colloid and constitute a quasi-single- phase media. Nature of these fluids have strong dependence on the properties of base fluid and nanoparticles, which are influenced by the fabrication technique of nanofluid