Bøger udgivet af Karlsruher Institut Fur Technologie

A single-crystal plasticity model as well as a gradient crystal plasticity model are used to describe the creep behavior of directionally solidi¿ed NiAl based eutectic alloys. To consider the transition from theoretical to bulk strength, a hardening model was introduced to describe the strength of the reinforcing phases. Moreover, to account for microstructural changes due to material ¿ux, a coupled diffusional-mechanical simulation model was introduced.

This work proposes novel approaches for object tracking in challenging scenarios like severe occlusion, deteriorated vision and long range multi-object reidenti¿cation. All these solutions are only based on image sequence captured by a monocular camera and do not require additional sensors. Experiments on standard benchmarks demonstrate an improved state-of-the-art performance of these approaches. Since all the presented approaches are smartly designed, they can run at a real-time speed.

This work presents the design and commissioning of a new low-temperature Scanning Tunnelling Microscope equipped with an innovative light collection setup using an integrated, micro-fabricated mirror tip. Commissioning experiments demonstrate the capabilities of this new instrument and reproduce known effects regarding gap plasmons on noble-metal surfaces. Furthermore, different contrasts in the plasmon-mediated light emission from Cobalt nano-islands on a Copper (111) substrate are reported.

This book explores the extent to which electric cars might reduce oil demand and greenhouse gas emissions in key markets: China, France, Germany, India, Japan and the United States. The developed model consists of an econometric sub-model, soft-linked with a system dynamics sub-model. The model captures feedback loops that may stimulate the market development of electric cars. The six countries are interlinked to simulate technological progress concerning the electric vehicle battery.

Two aspects of anthropogenic impacts on the atmosphere are investigated using means of numerical weather prediction. A case study is conducted to estimate the impact of such artificial clouds on the incoming solar radiation at the Earth's surface with special regard to photovoltaic power production. Furthermore, simulations are performed to assess the efficacy of injecting particles into the Arctic troposphere with the aim of modifying cirrus clouds for counteracting global warming.

Der Einfluss der Fußgeometrie auf die Energieeffizienz beim zweibeinigen Gehen wird untersucht. Es wird eine Methode zur Optimierung der Fußgeometrie für einen zweibeinigen Roboter entwickelt. Grundlage ist ein ebenes Modell mit beliebieger, konvexer Fußgeometrie in Kombination mit einer Regelung auf Basis der hybriden Nulldynamik. Es werden optimale Bewegungen und Fußgeometrien ermittelt. Im Vergleich zu einem Modell mit Punktfüßen ergeben sich Energieeinsparungen von über 80%. The influence of foot geometry on energy efficiency in bipedal walking is investigated. A method for the optimization of the foot geometry of a bipedal robot is developed. It is based on a planar model with arbitrary convex foot geometry in combination with a hybrid zero dynamics based controller. Optimal gaits and foot geometries are determined. The average energy consumption can be reduced by more than 80% compared to a model with point feet.

In this work, the deposition of ZIF-8 surface-anchored metal-organic framework (SURMOF) films was systematically studied. A proper characterization and optimization of the synthesized films was performed and their separation performance was determined. Furthermore, a general description of the system was achieved using the Maxwell-Stefan surface diffusion model.

Schrägscheiben Axialkolbenpumpen werden in diversen mobilen sowie stationären Anwendungen zur Leistungsübertragung eingesetzt. Eine Optimierung dieses Verdrängerprinzips kann durch die aktive Beeinflussung der Schmierspaltausprägung in tribologischen Kontaktstellen erzielt werden. Anhand der beschriebenen kennfeldbasierten Druckregelung von Druckreservoirs, anhand derer betriebspunktspezifisch der Entlastungsgrad der einzelnen betrachteten Kontaktflächen ausgeregelt werden kann. Swash plate axial piston pumps are used in various industrial & mobile applications. An optimization of this displacement principle can be achieved by the active influence of the hydrostatic relief in tribological contacts. The approach addressed in this work is a characteristic field-based pressure control of pressure reservoirs, which can be used to adjust the degree of relief of the individual contact surfaces according to the operating point.

Each material has its own specific spectral signature independent if it is food, plastics, or minerals. During the conference we will discuss new trends and developments in material characterization. You also will be informed about latest highlights to identify spectral footprints and their realizations in industry.

Der hybride Aufbau der in dieser Arbeit charakterisierten Sandwichverbunde bewirkt besondere mechanische und materialographische Eigenschaften, die in analytischen Modellen wie z.B. der massespezifischen Biegesteifigkeit, Failure Mode Maps, und der dynamischen Impactkräfte quantifiziert werden. Ein Rückschluss auf den Aufbau der Sandwichverbunde zeigt einen maßgeblichen Einfluss der Deckschicht auf die Biegesteifigkeit, sowie des Sandwichkerns auf die Dichte und das Verformungsverhalten. The hybrid structure of the sandwich composites characterised within this work induces particular mechanic and materialographic properties, which are quantified in analytical models, such as the mass specific bending stiffness, failure mode maps, and the dynamic impact forces. Ascribed to the sandwich build-up, the face sheets show a significant influence on the bending stiffness, whereas the core structure influences the density and deformation behaviour.

The international conference "Group Decision and Negotiation (GDN) 2006" aims at bringing together researchers in the areas of Group Decisions, Negotiations, and Negotiation Support Systems. Participants share a common research focus on complex decision problems, which involve multiple stakeholders as well as the different information sets. The interdisciplinary research does not only seek to improve our understanding of group decision, negotiations, and market processes, but also to support decision makers, negotiators, and market engineers in achieving better outcomes.

Diese Arbeit behandelt den Prozess der Photonen-Hochkonversion in oberflächengebundenen metal-organischen Gerüsten. Bei der Hochkonversion werden zwei niederenergetische Photonen absorbiert und zu einem höherenergetischen Photon verschmolzen, welches emitiert wird. In dieser Arbeit wird dieser Vorgang in oberflächengebundenen metal-organischen Gerüsten mittels spektroskopischer Methoden analysiert. Weiterhin wird die Anwendung für die Effizienzsteigerung von Solarzellen diskutiert. This work deals with the process of photon upconversion in surface-anchored metal-organic frameworks. During the upconversion, two low-energy photons are absorbed and fused into a higher-energy photon, which is emitted. In this work, this process is analyzed in surface-bound metal-organic frameworks by spectroscopic methods. Furthermore, the application for increasing the efficiency of solar cells is discussed.

Ink-jet printed devices on the flexible substrate are inexpensive and large area compatible as compared to rigid substrates. However, during fabrication and service they are subjected to complex strains, resulting in crack formation or delamination within the layers, affecting the device performance. Therefore, it is necessary to understand their failure mechanisms by correlating their electrical or structural properties with applied strain, supported by detailed microstructural investigations.

This works describes an approach to lane-precise localization on current digital maps. A particle filter fuses data from production vehicle sensors, such as GPS, radar, and camera. Performance evaluations on more than 200 km of data show that the proposed algorithm can reliably determine the current lane. Furthermore, a possible architecture for an intuitive route guidance system based on Augmented Reality is proposed together with a lane-change recommendation for unclear situations.

Among the various elements of the silicon photonics platform, electro-optic IQ modulators play an important role. In this book, silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) integration is used to realize electro-optic IQ modulators for complex signal processing. Leveraging the high nonlinearity of organic materials, SOH IQ modulators provide low energy consumption for high-speed data transmission and frequency shifting. Furthermore, the device design is adapted for commercial foundry processes.

To counter lubricant shortage at a frictional contact (starvation), lubrication liquids, e.g. oils, are actively transported from a distant location towards the undersupplied tribocontact. This is done via small channels or generally via structures cut into a flat surface. In this way one can use capillary force as a cheap and reliable driver of the lubricant flow. Numerical modeling and experiments show that this method can be considered a promising new option to enhance tribocontact operation.

The focus of this work lies on the microstructure-based modeling and characterization of a discontinuous fiber-reinforced thermoset in the form of sheet molding compound (SMC). A microstructure-based parameter identification scheme for SMC with an inhomogeneous fiber orientation distribution is introduced. Different cruciform specimen designs, including two concepts to reinforce the specimens' arms are evaluated. Additionally, a micromechanical mean-field damage model for the SMC is introduced.

A nonparametric identification method for highly nonlinear systems is presented that is able to reconstruct the underlying nonlinearities without a priori knowledge of the describing nonlinear functions. The approach is based on nonlinear Kalman Filter algorithms using the well-known state augmentation technique that turns the filter into a dual state and parameter estimator, of which an extension towards nonparametric identification is proposed in the present work.

The focus of this work is a generic, intraoperative and image-free planning and execution application for arbitrary orthopedic interventions using a novel handheld robotic device and optical see-through glasses (AR). This medical CAD application enables the surgeon to intraoperatively plan the intervention directly on the patient's bone. The glasses and all the other instruments are accurately calibrated using new techniques. Several interventions show the effectiveness of this approach.

The energy transition not only has an impact on technical infrastructures but also leads to socio-economic changes. To evaluate the sustainability aspects of the German Energiewende, the authors have developed a monitoring system which includes 45 indicators and their corresponding target values for 2020, 2030, and 2050 as well as a rating system for the year 2020 based on a distance-to-target approach and traffic color lights.

This work developed an automatic approach for the assessment of software reliability which is both theoretical sound and practical. The developed approach extends and combines theoretical sound approaches in a novel manner to systematically reduce the overhead of reliability assessment.

This work proposes a feature-based probabilistic data association and tracking approach (FBPDATA) for multi-object tracking. FBPDATA is based on re-identification and tracking of individual video image points (feature points) and aims at solving the problems of partial, split (fragmented), bloated or missed detections, which are due to sensory or algorithmic restrictions, limited field of view of the sensors, as well as occlusion situations.

This work presents a comprehensive investigation of the influence of geometry-dependent factors on performance metrics of superconducting single-photon detectors. With fundamental knowledge, main investigations are focused to extend the spectral bandwidth and to enhance the detection efficiency, especially in infrared range. The developed technology of single-spiral detectors and unconventional electron-beam lithography allows to improve the performance of superconducting detectors.

This book summarizes presentations delivered at the 2017 annual joint workshop of the Fraunhofer Institute of Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation (IOSB) and the Vision and Fusion Laboratory (IES) of the Institute for Anthropomatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). At this meeting, doctoral students from both institutions reported on the status of their research and discussed topics ranging from computer vision to network security and machine learning.

Collision avoidance systems like emergency braking assist systems have demonstrated their effectiveness in increasing the safety of vehicle passengers in various studies. To further increase the effectiveness of collision avoidance systems, the exploitation of the lateral free space by evasive maneuvers is being investigated in this book. This work focuses on methods for integrated trajectory planning and vehicle dynamics control in collision avoidance scenarios by combined evasion and braking.

The goal of this work is the development of a novel computational formalization of whole-body affordances which is suitable for the multimodal detection and validation of interaction possibilities in unknown environments. The hierarchical framework allows the consistent fusion of affordance-related evidence and can be utilized for realizing shared autonomous control of humanoid robots. The affordance formalization is evaluated in several experiments in simulation and on real humanoid robots.

Reservoir quality in fluvial siliciclastic rocks is variable. Permeability is influenced by micron-scale grain coatings or bedding style on the m-/km-scale. Outcrops allow the analysis of depositional environments and diagenesis, thus an investigation of reservoir quality controls. A process-oriented approach is used to understand variability in a meander deposit, compaction and cementation behavior of lithofacies types during burial and the discrepancy between porosity and permeability values.

This work focuses on two topics. The first is the investigation of producing filaments on copper-stabilized coated conductors, with striations made after or before electroplating the tape. The second topic is the applicability of the striations for reducing the AC losses of cables, in particular the CORC® and RACC cables, which are made with high-temperature superconductor (HTS) striated tapes.