Bøger udgivet af Institute of Physics Publishing

Understanding Stellar Evolution is based on a series of graduate-level courses taught at the University of Washington since 2004, and is written for physics and astronomy students and for anyone with a physics background who is interested in stars. It describes the structure and evolution of stars, with emphasis on the basic physical principles and the interplay between the different processes inside stars. Based on these principles, the evolution of low- and high-mass stars is explained from their formation to their death.The physical effects described include nuclear reactions, energy transport, chemical mixing, pulsation, mass loss, and rotation. A short description of the evolution of interacting binaries is also included. Modern state-of-the-art evolution models that follow from these basic principles are compared with observations, providing a test for the understanding of the processes that occur inside stars. Where physical processes are complex, intuitive explanations are given in addition to the proper mathematical derivations, and simple figures are used to explain the key effects. In addition to homework exercises for each chapter, the text contains a large number of questions that are meant to stimulate the understanding of the physical principles. An extensive set of accompanying lecture slides is available for teachers in both Keynote® and PowerPoint® formats. 

Solitons in Crystalline Processes presents the soliton theory applied to crystalline processes for the first time. Starting with critical anomalies in binary transitions, the soliton idea leads to nonlinear waves in crystals, constituting the basic objective in this book. The theory explains logically not only structural transformations and mesoscopic disorder, but also the nonlinear mechanism of superconductivity with respect to the charge-current continuity substantiated by experimental studies; in contrast, for magnetic systems where solitons are relatively insignificant. Generally, solitons play the fundamental role in ordering processes in crystals, where the collective motion are essential for mesoscopic disorder in thermal equilibrium.This book is written as an introductory treatise with respect to the soliton concept, from structural transitions where the crystal symmetry changes, to magnets and superconductors, describing the role of nonlinear excitations in detail. Parts I and II introduce the theory and experimental techniques, while Part III discusses soliton theory of lattice dynamics in detail, and Part IV discusses the applications of this theory to superconductivity and magnetism. Exercises are given for each chapter to further develop understanding, and mathematics are limited to those needed to understand the theory.

Whilst general relativity is not complex in its formulation, the physical interpretation of its mathematical descriptions gives rise to a range of exciting consequences in cosmology. A detailed understanding of general relativity is therefore a prerequisite for students wishing to pursue further courses or commence research projects in cosmology and its various captivating subfields including black holes and gravitational waves.This is not a book on general relativity per se and the author’s treatment of this fundamental topic is concise, with the required differential geometry summarized in an appendix. Instead, the primary goal of this book is to allow students to understand in a critical way two pillars of modern theoretical physics: inflationary theory, and quantum black holes and the information-loss problem. Accordingly, the book extensively introduces black holes and cosmology before proceeding to the important issues found in inflation and the information-loss problem. Other important topics discussed in detail include the cosmological constant and its relation to dark energy and an introduction to quantum field theory on curved backgrounds.Including numerous exercise problems, the material provides a single rigorous text for advanced students in theoretical physics and mathematics requiring an introduction to the implications and interpretation of general relativity in areas of cosmology. Readers of this text will be well prepared to follow the theoretical developments in the field and undertake research projects as part of an MSc or PhD programme.

Charged Beam Dynamics, Particle Accelerators and Free Electron Lasers summarises different topics in the field of accelerators and of Free Electron Laser (FEL) devices. It is the result of the considerable research activities of the authors at the Frascati Laboratories, which gathers together some of the most significant Italian research institutions. This environment has provided the conditions to merge different expertise, allowing the growth and the maturation of the FEL technologies in their various aspects, with the synergic superposition of fields of research such as accelerators, lasers, and magnetic material.This book is intended as a reference manual for the different aspects of FEL devices, explaining how to design both a FEL device and the accelerator providing the driving beam. It covers both theoretical and experimental aspects, allowing researchers to attempt a first design of a FEL device in different operating conditions. It provides an analysis of what is already available, what is needed, and what the challenges are to determine new progress in this field. All chapters contain complements and exercises that are designed in such a way that the reader will gradually acquire self-confidence with the matter treated in the book.

Discharge in Long Air Gaps: Modelling and applications presents self-consistent predictive dynamic models of positive and negative discharges in long air gaps. Equivalent models are also derived to predict lightning parameters based on the similarities between long air gap discharges and lightning flashes. Macroscopic air gap discharge parameters are calculated to solve electrical, empirical and physical equations, and comparisons between computed and experimental results for various test configurations are presented and discussed. This book is intended to provide a fresh perspective by contributing an innovative approach to this research domain, and universities with programs in high-voltage engineering will find this volume to be a working example of how to introduce the basics of electric discharge phenomena.

In response to the growing global health challenge in the fight against cancer, there is now a greater need for radiation oncology health professionals across institutions to collaborate and be more globally engaged. Emerging Models for Global Health in Radiation Oncology is a response to the need for a book that comprehensively covers the important and emerging field of radiation oncology. The recent World Health Organization (WHO) Cancer Report describes the growing global burden of cancer as alarming, a major obstacle to human development and well-being, with a growing annual economic cost of ca. US$1.16 trillion. The report also highlights major global cancer disparities, and these major disparities in cancer deaths are in part a reflection of poignant underlying differences in radiation oncology services. In parallel with this, there has been a major recent upsurge in radiation oncology global health interest and a common issue expressed at global health summits, seminars, and symposia is that people want to participate in global health but do not know how. This insightful book highlights the emerging models for global radiation oncology, and serves as a useful resource to facilitate participation and greater effective collaborative global cancer care, research, education, and outreach. It is suitable for researchers, students, health professionals, and anyone interested in the global oncology community.

Technical Fundamentals of Radiology and CT is intended to cover all issues related to radiology and computed tomography, from the technological point of view, both for understanding the operation of all devices involved and for their maintenance. It is intended for students and a wide range of professionals working in various fields of radiology, those who take images and know little about the workings of the devices, and professionals who install, maintain and solve technological problems of all radiological systems used in health institutions. Additionally, the author provides students of biomedical and related technologies such as biomedical engineers the knowledge he has accumulated over many years to maintain, repair, calibrate and install X-ray equipment in all its varieties, in part due to the technical work he developed in leading companies. Having developed many specialized courses, this book has been written taking special care to correctly explain and share the experiences acquired in all the technical aspects of radiology.

Concerns around global warming have led to a nuclear renaissance in many countries. Meanwhile, the nuclear industry is already warning of a need to train more nuclear engineers and scientists who are needed in a range of areas from healthcare and radiation detection to space exploration and advanced materials, as well as for the nuclear power industry. Here, Karl Whittle provides a solid overview of the intersection of nuclear engineering and materials science at a level approachable by advanced students from materials, engineering and physics. The text explains the unique aspects needed in the design and implementation of materials for use in demanding nuclear settings. In addition to material properties and their interaction with radiation, the book covers a range of topics including reactor design, fuels, fusion, future technologies and lessons learned from past incidents. Accompanied by problems, videos and teaching aids, the book is suitable for a course text in nuclear materials and a reference for those already working in the field.

Renewable energy sources are large but some are variable and intermittent. The wide-scale use of renewable energy sources for energy supply will require the adoption of ways to compensate for their variability. This book reviews the technical options looking at their pros and cons and how they might work together to support a reliable and sustainable energy system. Renewable energy use is expanding rapidly - it supplies nearly a quarter of global electricity at present and there are plans to expand that dramatically. In which case, the need for balancing measures to deal with the variability of some of the sources, will become vital. This is a rapidly advancing area of research and practice and Balancing Green Power offers an ideal introduction to the field. It follows on from David Elliott''s previous book, Renewables: A review of sustainable energy supply options.

Physics is fundamental to all aspects of digital photography. This book works through the photographic imaging chain starting from the physics of image capture and the physics underlying the nature of the captured camera raw data, through to the conversion of the raw data into a viewable output image. The goal of the book is to show how knowledge of the underlying physics can be used by a photographer or imaging scientist to maximise the technical quality of the final image.Surprisingly, given the ubiquity of digital photography, while there are numerous academic titles devoted to areas of digital photography, there is not a single text providing an overview of the detailed physics involved for an audience of scientists and engineers. The numerous introductory books ignore the technical and physics aspects and tend to concentrate on a photography approach. With the increasing use of digital photography in a research environment, and in areas where it is used as a tool in support of research, modern scientists and engineers need to better understand the science behind all aspects of digital photography to maximise the exploitation of digital photography in their research.In addition to an academic readership, this book will be of interest to professional and serious amateur photographers wanting a better understanding of the technical aspects of digital photography.

The last few years have seen dramatic advances in the growth, fabrication and characterization of low-dimensional materials (such as graphene) and nanostructures (such as those formed from ultrathin films, wires, discs and other "dots"), formed either singly or in spatially periodic arrays. Most studies of these artificially engineered materials have been driven by their potential for device applications that involve smaller and smaller physical dimensions. In particular, the dynamical properties of these materials are of fundamental interest for the devices that involve high-frequency operation and/or switching. Consequently, the different excitations, vibrational, magnetic, optical, electronic, and so on, need to be understood from the perspective of how their properties are modified in finite structures especially on the nanometre length scale due to the presence of surfaces and interfaces. Recently, the patterning of nanoelements, into periodic and other arrays, has become a focus of intense activity, leading for example to photonic crystals and their analogues such as phononic and magnonic crystals where the control of the band gaps in the excitation spectrum is a basis for applications. The nonlinear properties of the excitations are increasingly a topic of interest, as well as the linear dynamics.

This book is a handbook for advanced applications design and integration of new and future technologies into Smart Grids for researchers and engineers in academia and industry, looking to pull together disparate technologies and apply them for greater gains. The book covers Smart Grids as the midpoint in the generation, storage, transmission and distribution process through to database management, communication technologies, intelligent devices and synchronisation.

Nuclear and Particle Physics provides an introductory course on nuclear and particle physics for undergraduate and early-graduate students, which the author has taught for several years at the University of Zurich. It contains fundamentals on both nuclear and particle physics, giving emphasis to the discovery and history of developments in the field, and is experimentally/phenomenologically oriented. It contains detailed derivations of formulae such as 2-3 body phase space, the Weinberg-Salam model, and neutrino scattering. Originally published in German as Kern- und Teilchenphysik, several sections have been added to this new English version to cover modern topics, including updates on neutrinos, the Higgs boson, the top quark and bottom quark physics.

Evolutionary game theory has the potential to provide an integrated framework to model many aspects of evolution, development, and ecology. The reliable use of game models, however, requires an understanding of their behaviour when the number of players becomes very large, resulting in the emergence of thermodynamic limits. This behaviour is controlled by the symmetries that characterize the game, and the approach to the thermodynamic limit is governed by collective fluctuations in the actions of the players. In this book, the authors present methods to derive large-deviations limits for population processes, and apply these to game models illustrating the many roles of symmetry and collective fluctuations in evolutionary dynamics.

This book deals with the development of particle physics, in particular an area that has now become known as phenomenology. The author presents a solid and clear motivation for the developments witnessed by the particle physics community at both high and low energies over that last 50 or 60 years. Including exercises and references to original experimental and theoretical papers, as well as other useful sources, it will be essential reading for all students and researchers in modern particle physics.

Knowledge of scientific principles is also mandated as a result of a need to understand best and safest practice, especially in the use of ionising radiation where legislation, guidance and risk all form part of a medical specialist''s pressures at work. It is no surprise therefore that radiologists are obliged to study and pass physics exams. Such exams can present a considerable challenge and the authors of this work recognise and sympathise with that challenge and have created a volume that is intended to be an educational resource and not just a pre-exam ''crammer''. Both authors have considerable experience in teaching, supporting and examining in medical science and have developed an awareness of where those sitting professional exams have traditionally struggled. This text is a distillation of that experience.

This text provides a self-contained introductory course in atmospheric physics suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in meteorology or physics. Assuming no prior knowledge other than basic mechanics and calculus, it offers a solid overview of how the atmosphere functions, including topics such as moist thermodynamics, cloud microphysics, atmospheric radiation and remote sensing.

The embedding method is a powerful theoretical and computational technique that is relevant to a great many technologically and scientifically important problems. This general nature encompasses many important and topical problems in for example surface and interface electronic structure, adsorption, physics of nanostructures, molecular electronics, plasmonics and photonics, and it has become an important tool for researchers in these fields. More recently it has also been extended into the time domain. Supplemented with demonstration programmes, code and examples, this book provides a thorough review of the method and would be an accessible starting point for graduate students or researchers wishing to understand and use the method, or as a single reference source for those already familiar with the subject and applying it in their research.

Physics of Shock and Impact is a two volume set of work that looks at the shock physics of solids and covers physical, material, mechanical and thermodynamic fundamentals. Volume 1, provides an introduction to the fundamentals of shockwave physics and progresses to the modes of shock failure through spall, fragmentation and shear localization.

Quantum mechanics has brought revolutionary changes in the conceptual foundations of physics and continues to shape the modern world. In this book, the author''s emphasis is on helping students comprehend the significance of the underlying principles and understand the ways the new concepts were introduced. Including many worked examples and problems, this book will be an invaluable resource for students in physics, chemistry and electrical engineering needing a clear and rigorous introduction to quantum mechanics.

This book establishes the foundations of non-equilibrium quantum statistical mechanics in order to support students and academics in developing and building their understanding. The formal theory and key equations are derived from first principles by mathematical analysis, with concrete physical interpretations and worked examples throughout.

In this book, the author charts the developments in nuclear physics since its inception around a century ago by reviewing the key experiments that helped drive and shape our understanding of the field, especially in the context of the wider developments in physics in the first half of the 20th century.

Infrared thermal imaging is a rapid and non-invasive procedure for mapping skin temperature distribution of the human body. Advanced software and high-resolution infrared detectors has allowed for a renaissance in the use of infrared thermal imaging or thermography in medical research and practice. After a review of theory, technology and methodology of medical infrared imaging, the remainder of the book consists of a collection of clinical case studies demonstrating the wide variety of applications of thermography in modern medicine. The combined expertise from a number of centres is used to create this database of images and cases that will be invaluable for medical researchers and practitioners in making diagnoses and measuring treatment efficacy. This book is recommended reading for practising and training radiographers, medical physicists and clinicians.

Physics of Cancer focuses on the mechanical properties of cancer cells and their role in cancer disease and metastasis. It discusses the role of the mechanical properties of interacting cells and the connective tissue microenvironment and describes the role of an inflammation during cancer disease. This outstanding book is the first to describe cancer disease from a biophysical point of view without being incomplete in describing the biological site of cancer. Originating in part from the author''s own courses on tumor biology and cellular biophysics, this book is suitable for both students and researchers in this dynamic interdisciplinary field, be they from a physical, biological or medical sciences background.

Modern electronics is being transformed as device size decreases to a size where the dimensions are significantly smaller than the constituent electron''s mean free path. In such systems the electron motion is strongly confined resulting in dramatic changes of behaviour compared to the bulk. This book introduces the physics and applications of transport in such mesoscopic and nanoscale electronic systems and devices. The behaviour of these novel devices is influenced by numerous effects not seen in bulk semiconductors, such as the Aharonov-Bohm Effect, disorder and localization, energy quantization, electron wave interference, spin splitting, tunnelling and the quantum hall effect to name a few. Including coverage of recent developments, and with a chapter on carbon-based nanoelectronics, this book will provide a good course text for advanced students or as a handy reference for researchers or those entering this interdisciplinary area.

This book is intended as an introduction to a wide variety of biases affecting human cognition, with a specific focus on how they affect scientists and the communication of science. The role of this book is to lay out how these common biases affect the specific types of judgements, decisions and communications made by scientists.

This book, written by experienced scientists and entrepreneurs, deals with businesses started by scientists based on innovation and sets out to clarify for scientists and engineers the steps necessary to take an idea along the path to commercialization and maximize the potential for success, regardless of the path taken.

Liquid Dielectrics in an Inhomogeneous Pulsed Electric Field is intended for a broad audience, from students to engineers and scientists. Written by leading experts in the field, the book comprehensively describes the phenomena that occur in liquid dielectrics under the influence of inhomogeneous pulsed electric fields.

Physics of Surface, Interface and Cluster Catalysis reviews the fundamental physics of catalysis from simple surface models through to complex cluster and catalytic structures. It is the first book to provide a coherent collection of the physics of catalysis, and shows how physics has provided and continues to provide clarity and insight into many complex catalysis problems, reviewing both recent developments and prospects for future developments in the field. Physics of Surface, Interface and Cluster Catalysis covers catalytic activity based on band structure, reaction dynamics at the surface and subsurface, reactions on magnetic and paramagnetic surfaces, electrocatalysis and kinetic monte-carlo frameworks, with contributions written by leading researchers from across the world.

Magnetic excitation in geometrically confined systems exhibit many unique and interesting properties. This book reviews magnetic nanoparticles, layered magnets and in quasi-one-dimensional magnets, their properties and applications for data storage or creating engineered composite materials.