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The branch of science and medicine concerned with the health of the breasts and the female reproductive organs-the vagina, uterus and ovaries, is known as gynecology. The main tools of diagnosis in gynecology are physical examination and clinical history. A medical tool, called speculum, is often used to examine the female reproductive organs. Rectovaginal examination, abdominal ultrasound and vaginal ultrasound are some of the common ways to diagnose gynecological problems. Some of the common gynecological problems are incontinence of urine, infertility, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, menorrhagia, etc. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of gynecology. It aims to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

Minimally invasive surgical operations are the surgical procedures, which limit the size of incisions required. Consequently, they reduce the risk of infections, pain and wound healing time. Angioplasty and endovascular aneurysm repair are some examples. Such surgeries are guided by tracked surgical instruments in addition to preoperative or intraoperative images. Using cameras, ultrasonic and electromagnetic fields or a combination of these, the patient's anatomy and the surgeon's precise movements are captured and relayed in real-time. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of minimally invasive surgical operations. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. As this field is emerging at a fast pace, this book will help the readers to better understand the concepts of minimally invasive surgical operations.

Rheumatology is a specialization in medicine that deals with musculoskeletal immune-mediated disorders, soft tissue conditions, autoimmune diseases and heritable connective tissue disorders. Physical examination for the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases involves multiple joint-inspection, Schober's test, along with general, regional and screening musculoskeletal exams. Laboratory tests such as anti-CCP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ANA, etc. combined with X-ray and ultrasound imaging of affected joints aid in making a correct diagnosis. Treatment of rheumatic diseases is customized to suit individual needs of each patient. Apart from medications that address pain, inflammation and other symptoms, physiotherapy is key to rheumatic disease management. Various surgical interventions are also devised by integrating orthopedics with rheumatology for enhanced function, pain relief and reduced disease activity. This book traces the progress in the field of rheumatology and highlights some of its key principles and practices. The various advancements in the understanding of rheumatic diseases are glanced at and their implications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. Students, researchers, rheumatologists, experts and all associated with this area of research will benefit alike from this book.

Rheumatology is concerned with the diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases. These diseases can be classified into degenerative arthropathies, systemic conditions and connective tissue diseases, inflammatory arthropathies and soft tissue rheumatism. Rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, etc. are categorized as inflammatory arthropathies. Tennis elbow, low back pain and Golfer's elbow fall within soft tissue rheumatism. The incorporation of biologics such as inhibitors of JAK-STAT signaling pathway, TNF-alpha and certain interleukins are one of the most important developments in this field. Autoimmune diseases are a principal cause of many rheumatic disorders. Therefore, much of research in rheumatology is focused in this direction. Clinical trials of monoclonal antibody therapies for the treatment of arthritic disorders are another emerging focus in rheumatology. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to rheumatology. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on rheumatology.

Reproductive biology is the field of biology, which delves into both sexual and asexual reproduction. It includes several other fields like, sexual development, sexual maturity, endocrinology, fertility and reproduction. Endocrinology is an area of reproductive biology, which deals with the endocrine system, and the diseases related to it. It is a system of glands, which is responsible for the secretion of hormones. They are the major drivers of human reproduction. They are responsible for controlling the menstrual cycle and for sexual reproduction. The main reproductive hormones are testosterone and estrogen. While testosterone stimulates sperm production in men, estrogen causes eggs to mature in the ovaries after a girl reaches puberty. The topics included in this book on reproductive biology and endocrinology are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It traces the progress of these fields and highlights some of their key concepts and applications. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Reproductive health is concerned with the sexual and reproductive health of a human being. It focuses on enabling individuals to lead a satisfying, responsible, and safer sexual life, in which they are able to reproduce according to their own will. Reproductive health is also concerned with the awareness among people regarding affordable, safe and effective methods of birth control. The methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy are known as birth control or contraception. Some of the commonly used birth control methods include the use of oral pills, vaginal rings, condoms, intrauterine devices, tubectomy and vasectomy. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to reproductive health. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

The branch of biology which includes the study of reproduction, reproductive systems, sexual development, sexual maturity, endocrinology and fertility is known as reproductive biology. Human reproductive biology is mainly controlled through the hormones. They are responsible for the growth and maturation of the human reproductive structures as they send signals to the body. The female reproductive system and the male reproductive system are the two main components of human reproductive biology. The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries, oviducts, vagina, uterus and mammary glands, whereas, the male reproductive system consists of the sex accessory glands, testes, sex accessory ducts and external genitalia. The topics included in this book on human reproductive biology are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of human reproductive biology and its utmost significance in modern times. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with human reproductive biology will benefit alike from this book.

All the infectious diseases related to the respiratory tract can be categorized as respiratory tract infection. Such type of infection can be divided into two types, namely, upper respiratory tract infection and lower respiratory tract infection. The upper respiratory tract consists of the nose, larynx, pharynx and sinuses. Some of the common types of infection associated with it include sinusitis, tonsillitis, influenza, common cold, laryngitis and pharyngitis. The lower respiratory tract consists of the lungs, trachea, bronchioles and the bronchial tubes. The common infections associated with the lower respiratory tract are bronchitis, influenza and pneumonia. The topics included in this book on respiratory infections are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. This book on respiratory infections is a collective contribution of a renowned group of international experts.

A common pulmonary condition associated with the chronic inflammation of respiratory tubes, tightening of respiratory smooth muscle and episodes of bronchoconstriction is known as asthma. Its symptoms include shortness of breath, chest tightness, wheezing and coughing. Asthma can be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. It is usually diagnosed on the basis of one's pattern of symptoms. Quick-relief medications such as Beta2-adrenergic agonists, anticholinergic medications and selective adrenergic agonists are used to treat acute cases of asthma. Long-term medications include leukotriene receptor antagonists, corticosteroids, mast cell stabilizers, etc. The various advances in the treatment of asthma are glanced at in this book and their applications and ramifications are looked at in detail. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques of diagnosing and managing this condition. Students, researchers and doctors will benefit alike from this book.

Respiratory medicine, widely known as pulmonology, is a field of medicine concerned with diseases related to the respiratory tract. The human respiratory tract is that part of the respiratory system which is involved with respiration. Respiratory medicine is a branch of internal medicine. A specialist in this field is called a respiratory therapist. Such doctors deal with chest conditions, including asthma, pneumonia and tuberculosis. Interventional pulmonology is a new sub-speciality, which falls under the domain of respiratory medicine. It is concerned with the use of minimally invasive endoscopic procedures for diagnosing and treating respiratory diseases. Pleuroscopy and bronchoscopy are two therapeutic procedures used in interventional pulmonology. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of respiratory medicine which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

A medical condition involving an increase in the pressure of blood within the arteries of the lungs is known as pulmonary hypertension. Its common symptoms include shortness of breath, fast heartbeat, chest pain, syncope, tiredness and swelling of the legs. A detailed analysis of the person's family history and physical examination are required for diagnosing pulmonary hypertension. Other diagnostic techniques include echocardiography, electrocardiography, chest X-rays, arterial blood gas tests and computed tomography scans. Prostacyclin, treprostinil, sildenafil, calcium channel blockers, etc. are some medications that may be used for the management of pulmonary hypertension. This condition can also be surgically addressed via atrial septostomy, pulmonary thromboendarterectomy and lung transplantation. This book explores all the important aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension in the present day scenario. The various advancements in its diagnosis and treatment are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students.

The human respiratory system is a biological system that facilitates the exchange of gases between the organism and the environment. In humans, the respiratory tract is involved in respiration and is divided into the upper and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract comprises of the nose, nasal cavities, pharynx, sinuses and the part of the larynx that is above the vocal folds. The lower tract includes the trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. The disorders of the respiratory system affect these parts and can be classified into several groups, namely airway obstructive conditions, vascular diseases, pulmonary restrictive conditions, infectious and environmental diseases, cancers and surfactant deficiency disorders. Emphysema, asthma and bronchitis are airway obstructive conditions. Pulmonary restrictive conditions are fibrosis, pleural effusion, sarcoidosis, etc. while some vascular diseases are pulmonary embolism, pulmonary edema and pulmonary hypertension. Respiratory distress syndrome is a condition that occurs in premature babies due to a structural immaturity in the lungs and due to the developmental insufficiency of pulmonary surfactant production. All disorders of the respiratory system are treated with respiratory medicine. Various surgical and therapeutic strategies are employed for the treatment of these conditions. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the domain of respiratory medicine. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Asthma is a long-term inflammatory disease associated with the airways of the lungs. It involves reversible airflow obstruction and bronchospasm. Some of the common symptoms of asthma include chest tightness, wheezing, coughing and shortness of breath. In some cases, sputum is also produced from the lungs while coughing. These symptoms usually become worse in the early morning and at night, during or after exercise, or on exposure to cold air. Smoking during or after pregnancy, air pollution, exposure to indoor volatile organic compounds, exposure to indoor allergens and bacteria like C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae are some of the common causes of asthma. Spirometry is the most common test used for its diagnosis. Atopic and non-atopic asthma are the two broad classifications of asthma. If the symptoms are precipitated by allergens it is categorized as atopic asthma; if not, it is called non-atopic asthma. This book unfolds the causes and mechanisms of asthma which will be crucial for the progress of research in this field. It consists of contributions made by international experts. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Pulmonology or respiratory medicine is a branch of internal medicine and an integral aspect of intensive care that is concerned with the provision of pulmonary care. It is especially significant in patients requiring life support or those suffering from conditions such as emphysema, asthma, tuberculosis, etc. Many complications can arise in the pulmonary health of an individual, which include, percussion of the lung fields, auscultation, clubbing or cyanosis, and palpation of the cervical lymph nodes, among others. A physical diagnosis and review of exposures to toxins, infectious agents, etc. as well as a thorough cardiac investigation are vital for making a diagnosis. Diagnostic tests such as pulmonary function tests, polysomnography, scintigraphy, bronchoscopy, etc. provide significant insights into the pulmonary condition. Medications can be oral or inhalatory. Oral medications include leukotriene antagonists and antibiotics, while inhalation medicines are steroids and bronchodilators. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of pulmonology. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this field.

Pulmonology is the branch of science and medicine, which is concerned with the disorders related to the respiratory tract. It is a sub-field of internal medicine. Some common disorders associated with the respiratory tract include common cold, pulmonary embolism, asthma, sinusitis, pneumonia, pharyngitis and tuberculosis. Auscultation for unusual breath sounds and percussion of the lung fields for dullness or hyper-resonance, pulmonary function tests, chest X-rays and CT scans are common ways to diagnose respiratory diseases. Inhalers are considered effective in the treatment of asthma. Other treatment methods include oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation. Pulmonary medicine is an upcoming field of medicine that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. The various advancements in pulmonology are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

A brain disorder manifested by compulsive substance use despite of its adverse consequences is known as addiction. The two main properties which attract addictive stimuli are that the substances are often reinforcing, and appear to be intrinsically rewarding. Some of the common types of addiction include drug addiction, gambling addiction, food addiction and sexual addiction. Any substance which on inhalation, consumption, injection and absorption causes a temporary physiological and psychological change, is called a drug. The process of medical treatment for treating one's dependency on psychoactive substances, like alcohol, street drugs and prescription drugs is known as drug rehabilitation. This book will provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to drug addiction. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system, which affects the motor system. At the onset of the disease, symptoms such as rigidity, difficulty in walking, shaking and slowness of movement appears. Difficulties in thinking and behavioral changes may also occur. In the advanced stages of the disease, dementia sets in. The cause of Parkinson's disease is not completely understood, but it is believed that it may occur due to genetic and environmental factors. The motor symptoms of the disease can be attributed to the death of cells in the substantia nigra. The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is based on a clinical examination of symptoms. In the initial stages, antiparkinson medication levodopa and dopamine agonists are prescribed. However with the progression of the disease and with the continued loss of neurons, these medications are rendered ineffective. Surgeries aimed at deep brain stimulation can also be performed in severe cases. This book explores the clinical aspects of Parkinson's disease in the modern day scenario. It strives to provide a fair idea about the symptoms and complications of Parkinson's disease and its medical care and management strategies. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post-graduate students.

Public health is concerned with the prevention of diseases and the promotion of human health through organized efforts of society, organizations, communities and individuals. Some of the common sub-branches of public health include environmental health, sexual and reproductive health, gender issues in health, community health, and mental health and occupational safety. Distribution of condoms, delivery of vaccinations and promotion of breastfeeding are some important preventive public health measures. The personnel involved in promoting public health mainly consist of public health nurses, epidemiologists, midwives, medical assistants and environmental health officers. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of public health. It explores all the important aspects of public health in the present day scenario. For all readers who are interested in this discipline, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Environmental medicine is the study of the interactions between the environment and human health. The role of the environment in causing diseases also comes under the scope of this field. It may be considered a sub-field of environmental health. Some of the current issues in focus under the branch of environmental medicine include mercury poisoning, lead poisoning, food poisoning, indoor air quality, water-borne diseases and effects of ozone depletion. The field of medicine concerned with the prevention and treatment of illnesses and injuries in the workplace, along with the maintenance and increase in the productivity and social adjustment is called occupational medicine. The various advancements in environmental and occupational medicine are glanced at in this book and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of these fields are examined in detail. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of these disciplines as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

Any disorder of the nervous system comprising of the structural, electrical and biochemical abnormalities of the brain, spinal cord or other nerves may be termed as a neurological disorder. They can be divided into brain dysfunction and brain damage, spinal cord disorders, cranial nerve disorders, peripheral neuropathy, seizure disorders, central neuropathy, neuropsychiatric illnesses, etc. Loss of sensation, paralysis, poor coordination, confusion, muscle weakness and altered levels of consciousness are some symptoms of neurological diseases. Some of the causes of neurological disorders include congenital abnormalities, genetic disorders, lifestyle or environmental health problems including malnutrition, or brain, nerve or spinal cord injury. A neurological examination seeks to assess the impact of neurological disease and the damage incurred on brain function relative to memory, behavior or cognition. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of neurological diseases. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on neurological conditions. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Behavioral neurology is a specialization of neurology that is focused on the pathological and clinical aspects of neural processes that are associated with cognitive function, mental activity, emotional states and social behavior. Some of the domains of interest in this field are the understanding of memory, attention, high-order perceptual processing, language, problem-solving operations, etc. Advancements in the field of cognitive neuroscience brought about by brain imaging techniques, experimental cognitive neuropsychology and electrophysiological methods have led to the growth and evolution of behavioral neurology. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of behavioral neurology. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible language. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, it covers the most significant dermatologic treatments.

Cerebral palsy is a group of movement disorders that appear in early childhood involving problems with vision, hearing, swallowing, sensation and speaking. It is observed that babies with cerebral palsy do not sit, crawl or walk as early as compared to other children of their age. Seizures, poor coordination, tremors, problems with thinking and reasoning are some common symptoms. It is caused due to damage to those parts of the brain which control balance, posture and movement. Some of the risk factors associated with the incidence of this disease are having a twin sibling, preterm birth, infections during pregnancy, head trauma, etc. Immunization of the mother and prevention of head injuries in children are some prevention strategies. There is no known cure for cerebral palsy, but medications, supportive treatments and surgery can provide a degree of care to many individuals. This book aims to elucidate the symptoms and diagnostic techniques of cerebral palsy. It unravels the recent studies in the evaluation and therapeutic interventions relevant to this medical condition. It is an essential guide for clinicians, doctors and medical students.

The disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system are studied, diagnosed and treated under neurology. These conditions include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, neuromuscular diseases, neuropathy, and infections and tumors of the nervous system, among others. Such disorders may affect the peripheral, central or autonomic nervous system. These are diagnosed using a range of diagnostic techniques from MRI, CAT and EEG scans to nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography. Lumbar puncture is a common procedure for assessing a patient's cerebrospinal fluid. Surgical interventions for the management of neurological disorders can be a viable option in certain cases, while in others medications and physiotherapy are recommended management strategies. An active area of research in neurology is the role of genetics in the development of neurologic diseases. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to neurology. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on neurology.

Neuroscience studies the nervous system to understand the biological basis of memory, perception, learning, behavior and consciousness. Specific areas of the cerebral cortex codes for specific psychological functions. Nearly 20,000-25,000 genes of the human genome find expression in the brain. Also, owing to the plasticity of the brain, the synaptic structures and their functions change throughout life. These aspects present a complex challenge to the understanding of the brain. Recent advances in neuroscience have been brought about by a progress in the fields of electrophysiology, molecular biology and computational neuroscience. This allows better understanding of the structure of the nervous system, along with the way it works, malfunctions, develops and changes. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of neuroscience. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on neuroscience have been included in this book. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Cognitive neuroscience is the scientific field concerned with the study of the biological basis of cognition. Its focus lies in the neural connections underlying all mental processes. Some of the methods used in cognitive neuroscience involve a number of experimental procedures from cognitive psychology, electrophysiology, behavioral and cognitive genomics, etc. Cognitive psychology and computational neuroscience are two theoretical approaches. Modern neuroscience explores the interactions between the different areas of the brain by applying diverse approaches and technologies for understanding brain functions. Advances in data analysis methods and non-invasive functional neuroimaging have extended the frontiers of cognitive neuroscience. Brain mapping technologies such as PET and fMRI allow the observation of brain function. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around cognitive neuroscience. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the behavioral and psychological perspectives of cognitive neuroscience and the recent advances in this field. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this field.

Chronic kidney disease is a form of kidney disease, in which the loss of kidney's function or failure takes place gradually over a period of months or years. High blood pressure, leg swelling, anemia and loss of appetite are some of its symptoms. The main causes which lead to the loss of kidney function include diabetes, high blood pressure and glomerular nephritis. Urine dipstick, nuclear medicine MAG3 scan and renal ultrasonography are some of the most commonly used techniques to assess the functioning of kidneys. Renal dialysis and kidney transplant are two of the most effective ways to treat chronic kidney disease. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of chronic kidney disease. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this branch.

The process of removing toxins, excess water and solutes from the blood is known as dialysis. It is performed for individuals whose kidneys are unable to perform these functions naturally. Dialysis is usually a temporary treatment for patients suffering from acute kidney injury or awaiting a transplant of the kidney. It may also be a permanent measure for patients whose condition does not allow for a transplant of the kidney. The three primary types of dialysis are hemodialysis, hemofiltration and peritoneal dialysis. Hemodiafiltration and intestinal dialysis are the two secondary types of dialysis. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital and emerging trends in the area of dialysis. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of dialysis as easy as possible, for the readers.

Renal biopsy is a form of medical procedure in which a small piece of kidney is extracted from the body for examination. The examination is usually done under a microscope. It helps in the diagnosis, monitoring and the treatment of kidney problems. Renal biopsy is commonly used in those cases where other less invasive tests are insufficient. Haematuria, proteinuria, kidney failure or kidney tumor are some of the common cases in which a renal biopsy is performed. An ultrasound is usually performed before the biopsy to assess the current structure, position and condition of the kidneys. A nephrologist or interventional radiologist is the one who supervises and performs a renal biopsy. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of renal biopsy. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The study of medicine associated with the functioning of kidneys is called nephrology. It includes the study of the prevention, symptoms and treatment of kidney diseases. The physician who is a specialist in the diagnosis, care and treatment of kidney diseases is known as a nephrologist. Examination of the urine is the most common way of diagnosing kidney problems. It is important to check for the presence of blood, protein, pus cells or cancer cells in the urine. Medical ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging and computed axial tomography are some of the common tests to assess the structural abnormalities of the kidneys. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of nephrology. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. This book will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Microbiology is the science of the study of unicellular, acellular and multicellular organisms. Infection with bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites and a protein called prion result in a number of infectious diseases. Some of these are hepatitis C, malaria, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, etc. Studying the characteristics of pathogens, their transmission mechanisms, and processes of infection and growth, provide better insight into human diseases. The subset of microbiology called medical microbiology is concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. The diagnosis of an infectious disease is based on a microbial culture, biochemical tests, microscopy and genotyping. When abnormalities arise in the internal physiology due to the growth of an infectious agent, it can be detected using CAT scans, NMR, X-rays and PET scans. Some infections can be dealt with by the immune system of the body. However in case of more serious infections, antimicrobial drugs such as antibacterials, antifungals, antivirals and antiparasitics aid in fighting the infection. While using a line of antibiotics, it is necessary to consider the strain of the microbe and its antibiotic resistance, the toxicity of antimicrobial drugs and the site of the infection. This book elucidates new techniques and applications of microbiology in a multidisciplinary manner. The topics included in this book on the clinical applications of microbiology are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.