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The inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth fall under the broad category of periodontal disease. The early stage of periodontal disease is known as gingivitis. In this stage, the gums become red and swollen, and may even bleed. The more severe form of periodontal disease is called periodontitis. In periodontitis, the gums often pull away from the teeth, the bones become weak, and there is a possibility that the teeth may loosen or fall out. Periodontal disease is usually caused by bacteria. Periodontal probe and X-rays are commonly used to diagnose periodontal disease. Root Surface Instrumentation, and scaling and root planing are the common treatment methods. The topics included in this book on periodontitis are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students, doctors and researchers in this field.

Oral health is a branch of medicine concerned with teeth and other areas of the craniofacial complex including the temporomandibular joint and the supporting muscular, lymphatic, vascular, nervous and anatomical structures. Tooth decay is the most common disease occurring globally. Over 80% of cavities occur inside the fissures in teeth, which are not accessible by brushing. Teeth cleaning removes dental plaque and tartar and thus prevents cavities, gum disease, gingivitis and tooth decay. Professional cleaning involves scaling and polishing, debridement and fluoride treatment. Good oral hygiene is required for the prevention of tartar build-up and can be ensured with regular brushing and flossing. Dentures and retainers should also be cleaned regularly. A dentist or a dental surgeon specializes in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the conditions of the oral cavity. Complex procedures such as bone grafting, gingival grafts, invasive oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures, sinus lifts and implants, etc. are performed by a dental team comprising of the dentist, dental hygienists, dental therapists, dental technicians and dental assistants. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of oral health. It discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of oral health and dentistry. It is a collective contribution of a renowned group of international experts.

The practice of maintaining cleanliness of one's mouth and keeping it germ-free is called oral hygiene. Dental and gum diseases which affect oral hygiene include dental caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. The common and effective methods to maintain oral hygiene and to prevent oral diseases include routine tooth brushing, flossing and the use of tongue scrapers. Regular brushing plays an important role in the reduction of dental plaque. This can be done using a brush with soft bristles as it causes little damage to the gums. Flossing is a technique used to remove plaque from the space between the teeth. Tongue scrapers are used to remove the debris built up on the tongue. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to oral health. It traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. This book includes contributions of dentists and experts which will provide innovative insights into this field.

Dental caries is commonly known as tooth decay. It refers to the decay of teeth caused by bacteria and the acids produced by them. It causes pain while eating. It can also lead to tooth loss, dental abscess and inflammation of the tissues around the teeth. Mutans streptococci, most prominently Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, and lactobacilli are common types of bacteria that cause dental cavities. X-rays and lasers are used to detect dental caries. It can be prevented by practicing a healthy oral health regime such as regular teeth cleaning and flossing, avoiding a sugar intensive diet and lower intake of fluorides. Dental caries is often classified to represent the severity of tooth decay accurately. It may be classified on the basis of location, rate of progression, etiology and affected hard tissues. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the assessment and management of dental caries. It includes contributions of experts and dentists, which will provide innovative insights. For all those who are interested in dental caries, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

The field of dentistry is concerned with the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disorders, diseases and conditions of the dentition, oral mucosa and oral cavity. Evidence-based dentistry (EBD) is an approach to oral health, which makes use of current scientific data and evidence for guiding decision-making related to a patient's medical and oral health. It allows practitioners to stay abreast of the latest researches and procedures in dentistry in order to provide the best possible care for patients. Modern dentistry applies restorative procedures to treat diseases of the teeth like cavities and dental trauma. For dental caries, the condition may be reversed if caught in its early stages but in its later stages, restorative methods of intervention become vital. The incorporation of dental technologies incorporating digitally-controlled components is an upcoming aspect of dentistry. Some of these technologies are dental lasers, computer-aided implant dentistry, CAD/CAM and intraoral imaging, photogrammetry-based intraoral scanning, etc. This integration makes dental procedures more efficient both for restorative or diagnostic purposes. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of evidence-based dentistry. It presents this upcoming discipline in the most comprehensible language. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Dentistry is a branch of medicine that deals with dental care and oral health. It also studies the diseases and disorders of the oral cavity. The medical conditions of the adjacent tissues and other structures related to the oral cavity are also studied under this branch of medicine. The temporomandibular joint and its supporting muscular, nervous, vascular and anatomical structures are of particular interest in this field. Tooth decay is a common disease. Restorative dental treatments include fillings, crowns and bridges, whereas, prosthetic treatments include removable or fixed dentures. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to dental care and oral health. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to dental care and oral health. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The practice of maintaining hygiene of the mouth is known as oral hygiene. It is required to be carried out on a regular basis to prevent dental diseases and bad breath. Tooth decay and periodontitis are two of the most common types of dental and gum diseases. Routine dental treatment includes dental filling, tooth extraction, scaling and root planing, and root canal. Teeth cleaning is an important part of oral hygiene. It includes the removal of dental plaque from teeth in order to prevent gum diseases, deposits of tartar and cavities. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of oral health practice. Some of the diverse topics covered in it address the varied branches that fall under this category. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The medical domain of dentistry concerns the diagnosis and treatment of dental diseases and disorders. Most dental procedures involve endodontic, orthodontic, periodontic, prosthodontic, and oral and maxillofacial surgery. The treatment of dental disorders often requires cleaning and examination. Various dental tools and instruments are used for examining, restoring, extracting teeth and manipulating tissues. These include dental probes, retractors, drill, dental laser, dental torque wrench, periodontal scalers, dental forceps, etc. Specially fabricated materials called dental materials are used in dentistry such as dental restorations, endodontic materials, prosthetic materials and dental implants, besides others. Dental restorative materials are used for cosmetic enhancement, or as a replacement for tooth structure loss, arising due to dental trauma, tooth wear and dental caries. For painful procedures, anesthetics are injected into the alveolar nerves for blocking sensory transmission. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of dentistry, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. The topics included in this book are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this field.

A heart transplant is a surgical transplantation procedure that is performed on patients suffering from severe coronary artery disease or end-stage heart failure. A functioning heart from a recently deceased organ donor is implanted into a patient when other medical or surgical treatments have failed to suffice. It is not considered a cure but a life-saving treatment that is intended to improve the chances of survival and provide a better quality of life to individuals. Patients who do not qualify for a heart transplant may be prescribed a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) or an artificial heart. In some cases, a heart-lung transplant is performed in patients with diseased heart and lungs. Nearly 3,500 heart transplant surgeries are performed worldwide every year. The survival period post-operation is averaged to be at 15 years. This book presents the complex aspects of heart transplantation in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on heart transplantation have been included in this book. It will be a valuable resource for cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, residents and students alike.

Cardiomyopathy refers to a set of diseases which affect the heart muscle. Common symptoms include swelling of the lower extremities, shortness of breath, fainting, irregular heartbeat and increased tiredness. Individuals with cardiomyopathy are at a higher risk of sudden cardiac death. Some types of cardiomyopathy are dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, restrictive cardiomyopathy, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, etc. A cardiomyopathy is determined through a physical examination, blood test, ECG, echocardiogram, genetic testing, etc. The treatment of cardiomyopathy depends on the type of the cardiomyopathy and its symptoms, which are treatable through medications, lifestyle changes and surgery. Pacemakers, defibrillators and ventricular assist devices are some of the tools used for the management of abnormal heart rates, fatal heart rhythms and heart failure. These are therefore useful for the treatment of cardiomyopathies. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and principles in the classification, evaluation and treatment of cardiomyopathies. The various advancements in this domain are glanced at and their implications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. This book aims to equip students and cardiologists with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common cardiovascular disease. It is of various types, such as stable and unstable angina, myocardial infarction and cardiac death. It may lead to complications such as abnormal heartbeat and heart failure. The risk factors that contribute to the incidence of coronary artery diseases include smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, lack of exercise, blood cholesterol, poor diet, alcohol consumption, etc. Individuals may have a predisposition to coronary artery disease depending on their genetics. MRI, exercise ECG, echocardiology, intravascular ultrasound, etc. are used for determining coronary artery disease. Stress echocardiography is used for diagnosing obstructive coronary artery disease. It can be treated through lifestyle changes, coronary interventions such as coronary stent, angioplasty, coronary artery bypass grafting, using drugs such as beta-blockers, nitroglycerin, cholesterol lowering medications, etc. Research in this domain is focused on stem cell therapies and new angiogenic treatment modalities. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about coronary artery disease. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. The topics covered herein offer the readers new insights in cardiology.

Cardiology is a sub-field of medicine concerned with the conditions of the heart and the circulatory system. This field encompasses the diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease, congenital heart defects, valvular heart disease and heart failure, among others. The chief specializations in cardiology fall within the two domains of adult cardiology and pediatric cardiology. Within these specific fields, there exist sub-specialties such as cardiac electrophysiology, echocardiography, cardiogeriatrics, pulmonary atresia, Ebstein anomaly, tetralogy of Fallot, etc. The heart is the center of focus in cardiology. Any patient with chest pain or any symptom suggestive of cardiovascular pathology will undergo a cardiac examination, which follows the stages of inspection, palpation and auscultation. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around cardiology. The various sub-fields along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at herein. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in the field of cardiology.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging or cardiac MRI is a non-invasive imaging technology used for the assessment of the cardiovascular system. It has a significant role in evidence-based therapeutic and diagnostic pathways in cardiovascular disease, especially the surgical planning in complex heart diseases. It has applications in the assessment of cardiovascular disorders, such as myocarditis, cardiomyopathies, myocardial ischemia and viability, congenital heart disease, besides others. The development of CMR is an active area of research and is witnessing innovation in terms of better and improved techniques. This book explores all the important aspects of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in the present day scenario. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and the evolution of this field are examined in detail. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with cardiology and medical imaging will benefit alike from this book.

Cardiac electrophysiology is the science concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of the electrical activities of the heart. It may involve the study of cardiac responses to programmed electrical stimulation (PES) or invasive catheter recording of spontaneous activity. Such studies are done to assess arrhythmias and the risk of developing arrhythmias, evaluate abnormal electrocardiograms, elucidate symptoms and design treatment strategies. Echocardiography is a diagnostic technique used to create images of the heart. It allows insight into the size and shape of the heart, pumping capacity and the extent and location of tissue damage, if any. Calculation of the diastolic function of the heart, the cardiac output and ejection fraction is also possible through echocardiography. Cardiac electrophysiology and echocardiography are innovative diagnostic tools of medical science that have undergone rapid development over the past few decades. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the applications of these diagnostic techniques for the diagnosis of cardiac conditions. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Vascular medicine is a specialization in the field of medicine that is concerned with the management, treatment, prevention and diagnosis of diseases of the circulatory system and the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is made up of the veins, arteries and lymphatic vessels. Disorders of the arteries or arterial diseases affect the aorta and arteries that supply blood to the hands, legs, brain, kidneys and intestines. Some arterials disorders are aneurysms, embolism, arterial thrombosis, vasospastic disorders and vasculitides. Venous diseases may include varicose veins, venous thrombosis and chronic venous insufficiency. Lymphatic diseases include varied forms of lymphedema as well as modification of cardiovascular disease risk factors such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around vascular medicine. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible language. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) refers to an abnormal heart condition that is characterized by the irregular and rapid beating of the atria. Certain risk factors associated with it include valvular heart disease, high blood pressure, cardiomyopathy, heart failure and congenital heart disease. Factors such as diabetes, excessive alcohol intake, smoking, thyrotoxicosis, obesity, sleep apnea, etc. can lead to atrial fibrillation. It is diagnosed by checking the pulse or by an electrocardiogram (ECG). The principal pathologic change due to atrial fibrillation is the progressive fibrosis of the atria. This triggers a chain of events, which leads to atrial remodeling and fibrosis along with the loss of muscle mass in the atrium. Management of AF aims to prevent circulatory instability and stroke. Anticoagulants, cardioversion, beta-blockers and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are recommended to control the heart rate. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to the management of atrial fibrillation. It presents researches and studies performed on the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation by experts across the globe. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about atrial fibrillation.

Cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) are diseases of the heart or the blood vessels, such as coronary artery diseases (CADs) which include myocardial infarction and angina. Conditions such as heart failure, stroke, cardiomyopathy, rheumatic heart disease, venous thrombosis, etc. are also cardiovascular diseases. The mechanism involved in the manifestation of each CVD is different for each disease. A variety of factors can contribute to the incidence of CVDs, such as poor diet, lack of exercise, lifestyle choices and excessive alcohol consumption, among others. Most of these conditions are preventable. However, cardiovascular diseases remain the dominant cause of death in the world today. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches in the study of cardiovascular disorders. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of CVDs and the recent researches in this domain. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important set of diseases.

Angiogenesis is the process through which new blood vessels develop from pre-existing ones. It is an important process of growth and development and aids in wound healing and formation of granulation tissue. Angiogenesis may be stimulated mechanically and chemically. Though mechanical stimulation is not well characterized, chemical stimulation is done using angiogenic proteins such as integrins and prostaglandins, and growth factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), etc. The application of angiogenesis in medicine is as a therapeutic target for the management of abnormal vasculature or poor vascularization and cardiovascular disease. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of angiogenesis. It aims to give a general view of the physiology and pathology of angiogenesis. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Hypertension, also termed as high blood pressure, is a medical condition characterized by persistent elevation of blood pressure in the arteries. Hypertension that persists for a long-time is considered a major risk factor for heart failure, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, chronic kidney disease, dementia and coronary artery disease, among others. Hypertensive crisis may also occur due to severely elevated blood pressure, which can cause damage to kidney, brain, heart and lungs. Making the right lifestyle choices such as maintaining a steady and healthy weight, regular exercising, adopting a healthy diet and decreased salt intake can reduce blood pressure and prevent health complications. Hypertension usually does not cause clear identifiable symptoms and hence its identification usually occurs through screening. Physical examination involves screening for changes in the optic fundus using ophthalmoscopy. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of clinical hypertension and the recent researches in this field. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into this field.

The treatment of the conditions of the heart and lungs, and the surgical treatment of the organs inside the thorax is under the scope of cardiothoracic surgery. Blalock-Taussig shunt creation, aortic coarctation repair, closure of patent ductus arteriosus, bypass surgery, etc. are procedures that fall under the domain of cardiac surgery. Modern heart surgery scales the boundaries of off-pump bypass surgery and minimally invasive surgery or robot-assisted heart surgery. An important surgical procedure involving the removal of the pleura is called pleurectomy, which is used in the treatment of mesothelioma and pneumothorax. Some thoracic surgical procedures are lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS), segmentectomy, sleeve/bronchoplastic resection, etc. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various aspects related to cardiothoracic surgery. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of this surgical specialty and associated fields. This book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Geriatric medicine is aimed at the promotion of health in older adults. There is no particular age at which patients are placed under the care of a geriatrician. It depends on the patient's needs. Owing to a physiologic decline in organs, older adults develop certain diseases and complications from even minor problems. Sometimes, even multiple problems can compound, often leading to polypharmacy. This can lead to adverse drug reactions and drug interactions. Geriatric medicine can have several specializations, depending on the care provided to the elderly. Some of such specializations are geriatric nephrology, geriatric dentistry, geriatric rheumatology, geriatric urology, etc. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of geriatric medicine. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

An aged human body differs from a younger body in physiology, particularly due to the gradual decline of the different organ systems with age. This decline is significantly influenced by past medical history and lifestyle choices. Some of the major impairments in the elderly include incontinence, immobility, instability and impaired memory/intellect. Elderly people may suffer from multiple complications and hence need special focus on medications. Geriatrics or geriatric medicine is a specialization in healthcare medicine, which is concerned with the treatment and prevention of diseases and disabilities in the elderly. Some of the geriatric-related services or specializations in geriatric medicine include cardiogeriatrics, geriatric nephrology, geriatric oncology, psychogeriatrics, etc. A geriatrician aims to achieve independence, continued functional abilities and quality of life in their patients. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of geriatrics. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the clinical diagnosis and treatment techniques of geriatric medicine. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The medical condition in which excess body fat accumulates in the body such that it has a negative impact on human health is known as obesity. It is the condition that is characterized by a body mass index or BMI that exceeds 30 kg/m2. It can occur due to excessive food intake, genetic susceptibility and lack of physical activity. Certain endocrine disorders, mental disorders and medications can also cause it. It has a negative effect on the health as it enhances the likelihood of developing various cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, depression, cancer, etc. The management strategy of obesity is generally by making committed life style changes, adopting a diet and exercise regime and through appropriate medication. This textbook is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of obesity. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies on the assessment, impact and management of obesity have been included herein. This textbook is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

The field concerned with the application of engineering for advancements in medicine and biology is known as biomedical engineering. It strives to develop solutions for healthcare issues so as to improve therapy, monitoring and diagnosis. It also involves equipment maintenance, testing, disposal and decommissioning. Prominent applications of biomedical engineering are the development of biocompatible prostheses, regenerative tissue growth, therapeutic and diagnostic medical devices, imaging technologies such as MRIs and ECGs, etc. This textbook is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of biomedical engineering. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies have been included herein. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Nursing is a health care profession that involves the promotion of health, prevention of illness and provision of care to disabled, sick and dying individuals. To achieve these objectives, nursing integrates principles of social science, technology, physical science, and nursing theory. Nurses help in patient care by coordinating with other physicians, therapists, dieticians, etc. It also involves treating patients, taking records of their medical history, providing emotional support and follow-up-care. This book covers in detail some existing theories and modern approaches to nursing. Selected topics that redefine this profession have been presented in this book. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in this field.

Drug discovery is a significant part of medicine, pharmacology and biotechnology, which is concerned with the discovery of new and improved drugs. The process involves high-throughput screening (HTS), which refers to the testing of chemicals for their ability to modify the target. Other methods of drug discovery include de novo drug design, fragment-based lead discovery and protein-directed dynamic combinatorial chemistry. Drug development is the process of launching new drugs into the market after the lead compounds are identified during the drug discovery process. This stage involves two processes namely, pre-clinical development and clinical phase. Drug development ensures that all parameters of safety, pharmacokinetics, metabolism and toxicity of the new drug are analyzed prior to clinical trials. This book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe in the fields of drug discovery and drug development. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in these areas of study.

The profession of educating people about health is referred to as health education. The areas included in this form of profession are reproductive health, spiritual health, emotional health, intellectual health, social health and environmental health. Some of the areas of concern that fall under this discipline are assessing individual and community needs for health education, planning and implementing health education strategies, interventions and programs, conducting evaluation and research related to health education, etc. The topics included in this book on health education are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on health education have been included herein. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

The musculoskeletal system refers to the muscular and skeletal systems of humans that facilitate the support, stability and movement of the body. It also provides protection to the vital organs of the body. The musculoskeletal system comprises of muscles, bones of the skeleton, tendons, joints, ligaments and other connective tissue that binds tissues and organs together. Many diseases and disorders affect the system. Musculoskeletal disorders can arise due to sudden exertion, repetitive strain or awkward posture. Some examples are carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinitis, tension neck syndrome, epicondylitis, etc. Musculoskeletal injury refers to the damage to the musculoskeletal system, and can include arthritis, rheumatic diseases, etc. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries and disorders. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights in this domain. It is an essential guide for both academicians, orthopedic surgeons, physical therapists, physiatrists and students who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Toxicology is the discipline that is concerned with the study of adverse reactions of chemical substances on living organisms. The three principal areas of toxicology are medical, clinical and computational toxicology. Clinical toxicology is concerned with the treatment of patients, who have been exposed to toxic substances. It is closely associated with medical toxicology. It is focused on diagnosis and prevention of poisoning and harmful effects caused by toxicants and biological agents. The assessment and treatment of drug overdoses, substance abuse, chemical exposures and industrial accidents are under this domain. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of clinical toxicology and the recent researches in this field. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of clinical toxicology and related fields. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, it targets students and professionals.

Anesthesia is a state that is characterized by a temporary loss of sensation and awareness. It facilitates the execution of painful medical procedures that can cause severe distress and pain to the patient. Anesthesia is classified into three categories namely, general anesthesia, sedation and local anesthesia. Drugs that are used in anesthesia include general anesthetics, neuromuscular-blocking drugs, analgesics, sedatives, narcotics and hypnotics. The types and degree of anesthesia vary depending upon the medical procedure to be performed. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of anesthesia and the recent researches in this field. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to anesthesia have been included herein. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.