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The infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis is known as tuberculosis (TB). Some common symptoms of this disease are cough characterized by blood-containing sputum, along with night sweats, weight loss and fever. It can be diagnosed by chest X-rays, tuberculin skin test, culture and microscopic examination of body fluids. Tuberculosis majorly affects the lungs. The tuberculosis that does not affect the lungs is known as extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. BCG vaccine is a commonly used vaccine for preventing TB. It has certain limitations due to which constant research is ongoing to develop better vaccinations along with medications to treat multi-drug resistant TB. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the diagnosis, prevention and management of tuberculosis. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to practicing doctors and medical students.

Immunology is involved with the study of the immune system and related conditions. Research in immunology is making it increasingly clearer that the development of many disorders, whether metabolic, neurodegenerative or cardiovascular has an immunological contribution. Besides these, infectious diseases such as hepatitis, dysentery, tuberculosis, pneumonia, etc. have a direct correlation with the immune system. The immune conditions affecting the human body can be classified as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivity and immunodeficiencies. Hypersensitive responses or allergies can be diagnosed with a patch test, allergy blood test, skin test, etc. The treatment of immunological conditions depends on the severity and type of condition. Immunosuppressants, anti-inflammatory drugs and NSAIDs are used for the management of autoimmune diseases. Treatment strategies for boosting the immune system are employed for immune deficiency states. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of immunology. It outlines the principles and applications of immunology in detail. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Allergic diseases are the conditions of the human body that are induced due to a hypersensitivity of the immune system, usually in response to non-toxic substances in the environment. Some allergic diseases are anaphylaxis, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, food allergies and hay fever. Some symptoms of such allergic diseases are sneezing, an itchy rash, shortness of breath, red eyes or swelling. Allergens such as pollen, metals, medications and insect stings can also cause allergic reactions. The diagnosis of this is based on a review of the medical history of a person or through testing of the blood or skin. Allergic diseases are treated by the use of medications such as antihistamines and steroids, epinephrine, allergen immunotherapy, etc. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around allergic diseases and their management. The objective of this book is to give a clinical view of the different aspects of allergic diseases. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Systemic sclerosis or systemic scleroderma is an autoimmune disease affecting the connective tissues of the body. It is characterized by injuries to small arteries and thickening of the skin caused by an accumulation of collagen. Systemic scleroderma affects the skin of the hands, feet and the face, but also progresses to the kidneys, lungs, heart and gastrointestinal tract. Some of the common symptoms of systemic sclerosis include the CREST syndrome, hardening and scarring of the skin, impairment in lung function, joint pains, etc. Diagnosis is based on the presence of autoantibodies or through a biopsy examination. Therapies for systemic sclerosis include immunosuppressive drugs as well as glucocorticoids. This book explores the clinical aspects of systemic sclerosis in the present day scenario. It strives to provide a fair idea about this disorder and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances in the understanding of this disease. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

The human liver is susceptible to a number of diseases and infections. Hepatitis is a common condition affecting the liver. Chronic hepatitis B or C is the leading cause of liver cancer. Globally, hepatitis B virus infects around 248 million people, while hepatitis C virus infects nearly 142 million people. Hepatitis A and E generally resolve and do not become chronic. Hepatitis D infects only in the presence of hepatitis B, and afflicts around 20 million people globally. Any blockage of the hepatic veins causes Budd-Chiari syndrome, which causes ascites, liver enlargement and abdominal pain. Many liver diseases, such as progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, biliary atresia, alagille syndrome, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, etc., affect babies and young children. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of liver diseases. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on liver diseases. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

A number of surgical procedures are available for the treatment of malignant and benign liver conditions. Many techniques have evolved over the years to make liver surgery more effective, simpler and safer. It is now possible to perform complicated, major and more involved liver surgical procedures within a few hours and without the requirement of blood transfusions. The most common type of liver surgery is liver resection, which involves the complete or partial removal of the liver. It is mostly performed for the purpose of removing a tumor. Liver tumors can also be addressed using minimally invasive, catheter-based procedures and treatments. Surgeries for the treatment of liver lesions such as cysts, hemangiomas and adenomas can be done laparoscopically or in a conventional open surgical procedure, depending on the location of the lesion. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different operative techniques of liver surgery, and their applications. It strives to provide a fair idea about liver surgery and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this surgical specialization. It will be a vital reference text for hepatologists, gastroenterologists, surgeons and students alike.

When excessive fibrous connective tissue forms in the liver, the condition is termed as liver fibrosis. In its advanced stage, liver fibrosis results in liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension and liver failure. Liver fibrosis occurs due to a chronic damage to the liver. The main causes of this are alcohol abuse, viral infections and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The pathological basis of cirrhosis is the replacement of normal parenchyma with scar tissue. The damage to the parenchyma acts to activate stellate cells, thereby increasing fibrosis and proliferating connective tissue. This fibrotic material in the extracellular matrix does not get broken down in the liver owing to the action of the stellate cells. Chelation therapy, interferon and corticosteroids may be prescribed for its management. Treatment of liver cirrhosis and liver failure often requires liver transplantation, whereby a diseased liver is replaced with a healthy liver. This book explores all the important aspects of liver fibrosis in the present day scenario. It strives to provide a fair idea about this disorder and to help develop a better understanding of its symptoms, mechanisms and management. Those with an interest in liver fibrosis would find this book helpful.

Liver cirrhosis is a liver condition in which the liver fails to function properly, due to irreversible liver damage. This is caused by the replacement of normal liver tissue with scar tissue. Some of the consequences of abnormal functioning of liver cells include spider angiomata, gynecomastia, hypogonadism, etc. The scar tissue in liver cirrhosis increases the resistance to blood flow resulting in portal hypertension. Damage to the hepatic parenchyma triggers the activation of stellate cells, which obstructs hepatic blood flow and increases fibrosis. As the disease progresses, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, and bruising and bleeding may occur. Liver biopsy, blood test for platelet count, ultrasound and various other lab tests can help diagnose liver cirrhosis. Out of all liver cirrhosis cases, 57% may be attributed to hepatitis B and C. 20% of such cases are due to alcohol consumption. Abstaining from alcohol, prescription of corticosteroids and interferon, chelation therapy, etc. slows the progression of the disease and also helps to manage its symptoms. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the area of liver cirrhosis and its related diseases. It provides significant information of the pathophysiology, prognosis and treatment of liver cirrhosis. Those with an interest in hepatology and gastroenterology would find this book helpful.

Chronic liver disease refers to a series of stages in the liver condition that involves progressive destruction and regeneration of the liver parenchyma, thereby leading to cirrhosis and fibrosis. This progression usually lasts over a period of six months. Chronic liver disease may be caused by viral agents such as Hepatitis B and C, right heart failure, drugs and toxins such as alcohol, paracetamol, methotrexate, nitrofurantoin, amiodarone, etc. Metabolic conditions such as haemochromatosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Wilson's disease, and autoimmune response such as primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cholangitis are also associated with chronic liver disease. Some of the factors that may enhance the risks of developing chronic liver disease are obesity, certain prescription medications, excessive alcohol use, metabolic syndrome such as raised blood lipids, etc. Liver biopsy, ultrasonography and liver function tests may help diagnose the liver condition. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around chronic liver disease. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different clinical aspects along with the medical and surgical treatment strategies of chronic liver disease. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in the treatment of chronic liver disease.

The liver is a vital organ of the human body. It supports all other organs. It is prone to a number of diseases and infections passing from the abdominal cavity to the thoracic cavity. Hepatitis is a common medical condition characterized by an inflamed liver. It is caused by hepatitis A, B, C, D and E infections. Herpes simplex virus may also be responsible for such inflammation. Chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections are the main cause of liver cancer. An accumulation of toxins in the bloodstream can cause hepatic encephalopathy, which can be fatal. The excessive consumption of alcohol leads to a host of alcoholic liver conditions, such as alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis and fatty liver. The susceptibility of each individual to such diseases varies and may depend on genetics, gender and liver insult. Many liver conditions are typically accompanied by jaundice. All such diseases can be diagnosed by liver function tests and blood tests. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of hepatology. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different conditions of the liver and their management strategies. The extensive content herein provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Health care is concerned with the maintenance and improvement of health. Its main goals are to ensure good quality of life, to provide high quality medical resources and assistance to those needing them, to cure diseases and to extend life expectancy. Women's health is often influenced by factors such as poverty, gender differences, family responsibilities and employment. Breast cancer, lung cancer and cervical cancer are some of the most common chronic diseases in women. Other common health conditions in women include anemia, dementia, osteoporosis and depression. This book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of women's health and its utmost significance in modern times. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on health care have been included herein. This book is a collective contribution of a renowned group of international experts.

Hematology is concerned with the treatment of diseases that affect blood production and its components. Some of these components include blood proteins, bone marrow, blood vessels, spleen, blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, etc. Hematology is a distinct branch of medicine but sometimes it may overlap with oncology. A hematologist is a physician who specializes in hematology. Hematologists are concerned with the care and treatment of patients with blood disorders such as hematological malignancies, coagulopathies, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, etc. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about hematology. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Obstetrics is a medical field which concentrates on pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. Prenatal care and postnatal care are the main areas which come under it. Prenatal care is important in the screening of pregnancy complications, whereas, postnatal care is the care provided to the mother following parturition. Gynecology deals with the health of the breasts and female reproductive organs, consisting of the vagina, uterus and ovaries. Women may suffer from a number of gynecological disorders such as cancer, amenorrhoea, menorrhagia, pelvic inflammatory diseases and UTI, infertility, prolapse, etc. The diagnosis of such conditions is aided by physical examination, diagnostic laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, exploratory laparotomy, etc. The topics included in this book on obstetrics and gynecology are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with obstetrics and gynecology will benefit alike from this book.

The pulmonary circulation is the part of the circulatory system, which transports deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs, and then returns the oxygenated blood to the left ventricle and atrium of the heart. The vessels involved in pulmonary circulation are pulmonary veins and pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary circulation can be affected by a number of conditions, chief among which are pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolus, vascular resistance, cardiac shunt and pulmonary shunt. Any disease that damages the lungs and affects their function may be called a chronic lung disease. It encompasses a number of clinical conditions which include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, emphysema, etc. Studies have shown a strong association of certain gene variants with impaired lung function. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to pulmonary diseases. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of the role of genetics in the incidence of these disorders. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Ovary refers to the organ in the female reproductive system which produces an egg cell or ovum. After the release, the ovum reaches the uterus by traveling down the fallopian tube, where it may get fertilised by a sperm. There are two ovaries in a female body, i.e., one on the left, and the other on the right. Ovaries secrete hormones which play a significant role in fertility and the menstrual cycle. They are considered to be female gonads. The changes in the structure and function of the ovaries begin at puberty. Some of the common conditions associated with ovaries include ovarian cyst, polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian failure and ovarian cancer. The book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of ovarian research and its utmost significance in modern times. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to ovarian research have been included in this book.

The disorder related to the inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine is known as inflammatory bowel disease. It is usually diagnosed with the help of colonoscopy. Colonoscopy is an endoscopic examination in which a CCD camera or a fiber optic camera is attached on a flexible tube and is passed through the anus. It is used for examining the large bowel and the distant part of the small bowel. The two main types of inflammatory bowel disease are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Proctocolectomy is a common treatment method to cure inflammatory bowel disease. Many research dimensions have emerged over the years concerning the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Use of helminthic therapy, prebiotics and probiotics, cannabis and gram-positive bacteria have yielded promising results for the management of certain forms of the disease. This book contains some path-breaking studies related to the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. It discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of inflammatory bowel disease. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Gastroenterology is a sub-field of medicine, which focuses on the gastrointestinal tract and the alimentary canal. It is concerned with the diseases and disorders that affect these organs. Hepatology is the branch of medicine focused on the disorders related to the pancreas, biliary tree, gallbladder and liver. Hepatology is often regarded as a sub-specialty of gastroenterology. Hepatitis B and C are the most common infectious diseases treated by hepatologists. The topics included in this book on hepatology are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It also elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to gastroenterology. As these fields are emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts of the subjects.

Gastrointestinal surgery, also known as digestive system surgery can be classified into two parts, i.e., upper gastrointestinal surgery and lower gastrointestinal surgery. Upper gastrointestinal surgery (GI) is a practice of surgery which is concerned with the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract. The tasks performed by an upper GI surgeon include esophagectomy, liver resection and pancreaticoduodenectomy. Lower gastrointestinal surgery, also known as lower GI surgery is a practice of surgery concerned with colorectal surgery as well as surgery of the small intestine. A lower GI surgeon usually deals with colectomy and low or ultralow resections for rectal cancer. This book contains some path-breaking studies related to gastrointestinal surgery. It discusses the fundamental as well as modern approaches of gastrointestinal surgery. This book includes contributions of experts and doctors which will provide innovative insights to readers

All diseases related to the gastrointestinal tract and the accessory organs of digestion are known as gastrointestinal diseases. The gastrointestinal tract comprises of the stomach, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine and rectum. The accessory organs of digestion include the tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Oral diseases related to the GI tract include gingivitis, acid erosion, periodontitis, mouth ulcers, dental caries and angular cheilitis. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett's oesophagus are some of the oesophageal diseases. Gastric diseases include gastroenteritis and peptic ulcers. Enterocolitis and ulcerative colitis are two common intestinal diseases. Fatty liver diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases and hepatitis are examples of common liver diseases. The topics included in this book on gastrointestinal medicine are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students, doctors and researchers in this field.

Endocrinology is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the study of the endocrine system, its associated diseases and hormonal secretions such as insulin, thyroid hormone and growth hormone. Hormones are classified into the classes of amines, steroids, and peptides and proteins. A number of endocrine feedback mechanisms are integral to the working of the endocrine system. These act in such a way that one feedback mechanism controls the release or action of another hormone. Some endocrine diseases are hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome, among others. Most of such disorders require lifelong care. The diagnosis of endocrine disorders is performed by laboratory techniques especially through inhibition/suppression testing or excitation/stimulation testing. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on endocrinology have been included in this book. There has been rapid progress in the understanding of endocrine disorders, their diagnostic techniques and treatments, which have been included in this extensive book. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are two of the most common gastrointestinal disorders. A group of inflammatory conditions associated with the colon and small intestine is termed as inflammatory bowel disease. The two main types of inflammatory bowel disease include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. A group of symptoms like, abdominal pain and changes in the pattern of bowel movements comes under the broad term, irritable bowel syndrome. There are four main types of IBS, namely, constipation-predominant (IBS-C), diarrhea-predominant (IBS-D), with alternating stool pattern (IBS-A) and pain-predominant. This book unravels the recent studies related to inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. It consists of contributions made by international experts. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The branch of medicine that studies the functioning of the digestive system and its disorders is known as gastroenterology. It is mainly concerned with the disorders that affect the gastrointestinal tract, including organs from mouth to anus, along the alimentary canal. Hepatology is a subset of gastroenterology. It is concerned with the study of liver, gallbladder, bile ducts and pancreas. Physicians who are a specialist in the field of gastroenterology are known as gastroenterologists. They usually perform procedures like, endoscopy, colonoscopy, liver biopsy, endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic retrograde cholangiancreatography to diagnose and treat gastrointestinal diseases. The topics included in this book on gastroenterology are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It explores all the important aspects of gastroenterology in the present day scenario. Doctors, researchers and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Intensive care is the care of extremely ill patients who are struggling with severe and life-threatening illnesses. Such patients require constant attention, proper care, support from special equipments, and medications to be able to perform normal bodily functions. Trauma, sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ failure are some of the common medical conditions which are treated in an intensive care unit. Analgesics, medically induced comas and induced sedation are strategies for the management of pain and prevention of secondary infections. Some of the equipment available in an intensive care unit are hemofiltration equipment, mechanical ventilation, nasogastric tubes, catheters, drains and suction pumps. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of intensive care. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for doctors and experts.

Radiology is a specialization in medicine, which uses imaging techniques to diagnose and treat diseases. Imaging modalities used in radiology are projection radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, fluoroscopy, nuclear medicine, etc. A subspecialty of radiology is interventional radiology in which minimally invasive procedures are carried out using image guidance. Examples of these are angiography and angioplasty. Such procedures are used in the case of renal artery stenosis, peripheral vascular disease, inferior vena cava filter placement, hepatic intervention, biliary stent, etc. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of diagnostic radiology. It traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key aspects and applications. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Dermatology is the branch of medicine, involving the medical and surgical management of the conditions of the hair, scalp, skin and nails. Conditions of the human dermis constitute a spectrum of dermatoses as well as nonpathologic states like racquet nails and melanonychia. The diagnosis of these is made by gathering information regarding the skin lesion(s), symptoms, morphology, duration, color, etc. Nail diseases are determined by an inspection of pliability, color changes and markings, shape and texture. Some nail diseases are Onychoptosis, Paronychia, Onychia, Onychocryptosis, etc. Hair disease may usually refer to baldness or excessive shedding of hair. Balding can occur in a localized or diffused area, and can be scarring or non-scarring. Some of the dermatological therapies for the treatment of such conditions are cryosurgery, hair transplantation, tumescent liposuction, vitiligo surgery, Mohs surgery, etc. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of dermatology. It elucidates new techniques of diagnosis and treatment of dermatological conditions in a multidisciplinary manner. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Infection refers to the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents and their multiplication inside the body. Infections of the skin caused due to bacteria, fungi, virus, and parasitic infestations, stings, and bites are called skin infections. They can cause inflammation in the skin. Some of the common examples of bacterial skin infections are cellulitis, erysipelas, impetigo, and folliculitis. Fungal skin infections usually affect the skin, hair, and nails. Parasitic infections are generally caused by protozoa, cnidaria, arthropoda, echinodermata, bryozoa, annelida, platyhelminthes, and cyanobacteria. Viral infections include Butcher's wart, cowpox, Eczema vaccinatum, Condylomata acuminate, Chikungunya fever, etc. The topics included in this book on skin infections are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the assessment and management of skin infections. This book attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into dermatology.

The human skin covers on an average an area of two square meters, and constitutes of three distinct layers- the dermis, epidermis and subcutaneous tissue. The medical conditions of the integumentary system, including the hair, skin, nails, muscles and glands are known as skin diseases. It constitutes a range of disorders or dermatoses and many nonpathologic states. The diagnosis of skin diseases follows through a histological examination using a skin biopsy that is then correlated with clinical presentation and laboratory data. Cutaneous ultrasound also allows detection of hair diseases, nail disorders, cutaneous tumors and inflammations. This book attempts to understand the varied types of skin diseases, their diagnoses and treatment strategies. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing the understanding of such diseases are examined in detail. Researchers and students in the field of dermatology will be assisted by this book.

The branch of medicine concerned with oral health and the diagnosis and management of diseases of the dentition, oral mucosa and related structures and tissues in the maxillofacial area is known as dentistry. Some of the specializations in the science of dentistry are endodontics, geriodontics, oral implantology, periodontology, prosthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, pathology and radiology, etc. Some of the common procedures used in the treatment of oral diseases are the surgical extraction of tooth, root canal treatment, scaling and root planing, restoration of teeth, etc. Complex treatments like bone grafting, gingival grafts, dental implants and sinus lifts as well as highly invasive oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures may be required for the treatment and management of dental conditions. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about modern dentistry. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies have been included herein. For all readers who are interested in dentistry, the case studies included herein will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Orthodontics, also known as orthodontia, is a specialty in the field of dentistry. It is concerned with the diagnosis of malpositioned teeth and jaws along with their correction and prevention. The abnormal deviation of teeth from the ideal occlusion is known as malocclusion. Orthodontic camouflage and growth modification are two common methods for treating malocclusions with underlying skeletal problems. A combination of orthodontic and orthognathic surgical treatment may also be used to correct jaw discrepancy. Orthodontic indices such as angle's classification, malignment index, occlusal feature index, Handicapping Labiolingual Deviation Index (HLDI), etc. are used to grade and assess malocclusions. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of orthodontics. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. This book attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into the field of orthodontics.

Wound healing is a complex process of repair where the skin and the tissues in an injured area repair themselves. In undamaged skin, the dermis and the epidermis constitute a protective barrier against the external environment. When this barrier is ruptured, a sequence of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation or tissue growth and tissue remodeling occurs to repair the damage. This process of healing can be interrupted by factors, such as diabetes, infection, venous or arterial disease or metabolic deficiencies of old age, leading to the formation of non-healing chronic wounds. The major complications of wound healing include deficient and excessive scar formation, deficient contraction, exuberant granulation, dystrophic calcification, Marjolin's ulcer, etc. Various skin substitutes, biologics, biomembranes and scaffolds are used to facilitate wound healing. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the traditional to the contemporary clinical perspectives in the domain of wound healing. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.