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Gynecology is the field of medicine that deals with female reproductive health pertaining to the uterus, vagina and ovaries. Gynecological cancers can occur in the ovaries, uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes, cervix and vulva. Pap test, biopsy, CT and MRI scans, etc. assist the diagnosis of such cancers. Gynecologic ultrasonography for the imaging of the pelvic organs particularly the ovaries, the uterus and the fallopian tubes is used extensively to diagnose gynecological cancers. Radical hysterectomy involving a complete removal of the cervix, upper vagina, uterus and parametrium is a common treatment strategy. Ovaries, lymph nodes and fallopian tubes are often removed in such cases. Another gynecological procedure is the vulvectomy. It involves the partial or complete removal of the vulva to manage certain cancers. An inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy may be performed in addition to a radical vulvectomy procedure if metastasis of a cancer is suspected. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about gynecological cancers. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core clinical aspects of such conditions. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

The field of medicine dealing with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer is known as oncology. The subfield of oncology which deals with the treatment of cancer by chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy and hormonal therapy is called medical oncology. The branch of oncology concerned with the surgical treatment of cancerous tumors is known as surgical oncology. Some of the common types of cancer include blood cancer, bone cancer, skin cancer, stomach cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer and oesophageal cancer. Treatment methods of such cancers include chemotherapy, surgery and radiation therapy. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and applications of medical oncology and surgery. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of these fields are examined in detail. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with medical oncology and oncological surgery will benefit alike from this book.

Surgery is the primary mode of treatment for solid, isolated tumors. It can have a significant impact in the prolongation of survival and palliation. After a biopsy is performed on the affected area to determine the presence or absence of the cancer along with the stage of cancer, surgery is performed. In localized cancer, surgery is done to remove the entire mass and in certain cases the lymph nodes. Such an intervention is deemed sufficient in some cases, while in others, treatment modalities such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, etc. are also put to use. The branch of surgery that is concerned with the surgical management of cancerous tumors is known as surgical oncology. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around surgical oncology. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied practices of surgical oncology and the recent advances in this domain. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this field.

Skin cancer is of three main types, squamous-cell skin cancer, basal-cell skin cancer and melanoma. Basal-cell cancer grows slowly and damages the tissue around it but is not lethal. Squamous-cell skin cancer can spread to other body parts. It is characterized by a hard lump with a scaly top. Melanomas are the most aggressive cancers and may present themselves as a mole, which changes shape, size, color, are itchy or bleeds. The use of sunscreens and decreasing exposure to ultraviolet radiation are effective means of preventing squamous-cell skin cancer and melanoma. Apart from a standard biopsy and histopathological examination, imaging techniques like dermoscopy, sonography, Raman spectroscopy, etc. also aid in the diagnosis of skin cancer. A surgical procedure called Mohs' micrographic surgery is used to remove skin cancer with little damage to the surrounding tissues. Biologic immunotherapy agents, MEK inhibitor and BRAF inhibitors may be used for metastatic melanoma. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different forms of skin cancer, their pathophysiology, and diagnostic and management techniques. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Gynecological oncology is a specialization of gynecology that deals with cancers related to the female reproductive system. After breast cancer, cervical cancer is the second most common cause of female-specific cancer occurring globally. The greatest cause associated with cervical cancer is infection with HPV. Uterine cancer is the tenth most common cause of death due to cancer globally. Vaginal cancer can occur in women of all ages, even in infants. Children diagnosed with cancers can be treated with radiation therapy, surgery and chemotherapy. Vaginectomy is a surgical procedure involving the removal of the complete or part of the vagina. It is performed for the treatment of vaginal cancer. Depending on the severity of the cancer, it can be radical or partial. After a radical vaginectomy, vaginal reconstruction or vaginoplasty may be performed for preserving normalcy in terms of aesthetics. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of gynecological oncology. From theories to research to clinical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into the current status and future perspectives of this field.

Most cancers are diagnosed either due to the appearance of signs and symptoms, or via screening. Some signs that are symptomatic of a cancer include a lump, unexplained weight loss, prolonged cough, abnormal bleeding, etc. Tissue from the area under suspicion is examined using x-rays, blood tests, endoscopy and contrast CT scans. Imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) are routinely used for diagnosis and detection of cancer. Immunohistochemistry and cytogenetics are some other kinds of tissue tests. Diagnosis of the tissue through a biopsy allows insight into the kind of proliferating cell, the associated genetic abnormalities, histological grade, etc. These tests allow information about molecular changes in fusion genes, chromosome number and mutations, thus enabling better assessment or prognosis and good treatment. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide a clinical perspective of cancer imaging. It covers in detail some existing techniques and innovative practices concerning cancer imaging. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the elaborate content of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts of the subject.

The cancer of the breast or breast cancer develops in the cells of the lining of milk ducts or in the lobules that supply the ducts with milk. The most noticeable symptom of breast cancer is a lump in breast tissue. Some of the other signs of breast cancer are a change in breast shape and size, dimpling of the skin, fluid secretion from the nipple, red or scaly patch of skin and a newly inverted nipple. When the cancer spreads, swollen lymph nodes, yellow skin and shortness of breath may be witnessed. The tumor can be removed usually through a surgery, after which a breast reconstruction surgery can be done to improve the aesthetic appearance of the operated area. Women with breast cancer experience and cope with the illness in different ways. Premenopausal women might have to confront the issue of the early onset of menopause. Women can reduce the risk of breast cancer by adhering to a healthy lifestyle with increased physical activity, reducing alcohol use, maintaining a healthy weight and breast-feeding. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of breast cancer with a woman-centered approach. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on the clinical assessment and management of breast cancer. It attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into this field.

The group of cancers that begin in the throat, mouth, nose, salivary glands, sinuses and larynx are collectively called head and neck cancer. Some of the common symptoms are neck pain, sinus congestion, mass in the neck, bad breath, enlarged lymph glands, hoarse voice, etc. The diagnosis of head and neck cancer is done ideally through a needle biopsy of the lesion and a histopathological investigation. Depending on the tumor site, health issues, previous primary tumor occurrence, relative morbidity of treatment options, etc., an appropriate treatment strategy is devised. Most head and neck cancers are treated through surgical resection and radiation therapy. Chemotherapy may also be combined with other treatment strategies for better survival and control of the cancer. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the diagnosis and management of head and neck cancer. It elucidates new treatment techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

Chemotherapy is a form of cancer treatment which uses anti-cancer drugs as part of a cancer treatment regimen. It may be administered with a curative intent or as a palliative therapy for prolonging life and managing symptoms. Chemotherapy drugs directly affect the immune system. They are applied to target the overactivity of the immune system as in the case of diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis and systemic lupus erythematosus, among others. Radiation therapy or radiotherapy (RT) is a cancer therapy that uses ionizing radiation to kill or control malignant cells. It is used to target cancer that is localized to a certain area of the body, or to prevent tumor recurrence after surgery. It can be used in combination with chemotherapy. Like chemotherapy, radiotherapy administration also varies for curative, palliative, adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapeutic intent. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in these fields. For all readers who are interested in oncology and cancer care, the case studies included in this book will serve as excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

When cells in the pancreas multiply uncontrollably and form a mass, the condition is called pancreatic cancer. When cancer arises in the part responsible for the production of digestive enzymes, it is termed as exocrine pancreatic cancer. When it arises in the hormone-producing tissue of the pancreas, it is called pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PanNET). The common symptoms associated with pancreatic adenocarcinoma are the occurrence of jaundice, diabetes, pain in the upper abdomen, unexplained weight loss, etc. PanNETs give rise to symptoms that are consistent either with the over-production of different active hormones or only show symptoms when it has spread to other parts of the body, depending on the type of the PanNET. Pancreatic cancer is diagnosed by a combination of blood tests, medical imaging techniques such as CT or ultrasound, and biopsies. The treatment of pancreatic cancer is based on the stage of the cancer. It can be treated through the modes of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy or a combination of these. This book provides comprehensive insights into pancreatic cancer. It provides significant information of the clinical aspects of pancreatic cancer from diagnosis to treatment. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The condition that arises when cells in the pancreas begin to multiply uncontrollably and form a mass is called pancreatic cancer. Such cancerous cells can start to invade other parts of the body with time. There are different kinds of pancreatic cancer, principal among which are adenocarcinomas and non-adenocarcinomas. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is not easily diagnosed in the early stages, as symptoms do not appear. Unexplained weight loss, nausea, tiredness and vomiting characterize the disease. More than 50% of all pancreatic adenocarcinomas occur in people over the age of 70. The risk factors associated with pancreatic cancer are smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus and certain dietary and genetic factors. This book explores all the important aspects of pancreatic cancer in the present day scenario. It provides significant information of this type of cancer to help develop a good understanding of the challenges of this condition. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Neural development is an amalgamation of the studies of neuroscience and developmental biology. It describes the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the emergence and development of complex nervous systems during embryonic development which continues throughout life. During the embryonic stage, the development of the nervous system entails the processes of neurulation, the formation of the brain and the spinal cord. Neurons travel from their points of origin to the final positions in the brain in a process termed as neuronal migration which can occur through the processes of radial migration, tangential migration and axophilic migration. The study of neurogenesis and neurodevelopment in the adult brain is an area of significant research. Such studies as well as the studies focused on neurotrophic factors that regulate and promote neuronal survival in the developing nervous system are the mainstay of research in neural development. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of neural development. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies have been included in this book. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Gastroenterology is a sub-field of medicine, which focuses on the gastrointestinal tract and the alimentary canal. It is concerned with the diseases and disorders that affect these organs. Hepatology is the branch of medicine focused on the disorders related to the pancreas, biliary tree, gallbladder and liver. Hepatology is often regarded as a sub-specialty of gastroenterology. Hepatitis B and C are the most common infectious diseases treated by hepatologists. The topics included in this book on hepatology are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It also elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to gastroenterology. As these fields are emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts of the subjects.

Headache refers to the pain in the region of the head or neck. It is one of the most commonly experienced physical discomforts. There are more than 200 types of headaches, some benign while others are life-threatening. They are classified into primary and secondary headaches. Primary headaches are recurrent headaches, which are not caused by an underlying condition, whereas secondary headaches are caused due to a different condition such as an infection, vascular disorder, head injury, brain bleed or tumors. Although most headaches can be evaluated based on the clinical history itself, it can be challenging to differentiate between a low-risk and high-risk headache. Mild to moderate headaches are treated with NSAIDs or acetaminophen. The treatment of secondary headaches requires the treatment of the underlying condition, such as chemotherapy or surgery for a person with brain tumor. The topics included in this book on headache and pain research are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

A spinal cord injury refers to a damage to the spinal cord, which inhibits its function in a temporary or permanent capacity. Some of the symptoms may be loss of muscle sensation, function or autonomic function. Depending on the degree of the loss of muscle function and sensation, spinal injuries can be complete or incomplete. There can be full recovery from the injury or permanent tetraplegia may happen. Complications such as pressure sores, muscle atrophy, breathing problems and infections may also occur. The treatment of such an injury starts by restricting further motion of the spinal cord and maintaining adequate blood pressure. In cases where it interferes with daily activities, spinal injuries require occupational therapy and long-term physical therapy. This book explores all the important aspects of spinal cord injury in the present day scenario. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of the treatment and management of spinal cord injury. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also referred to as intracranial injury, occurs due to trauma to the brain. It can cause a range of physical, cognitive, behavioral, social and emotional symptoms. Its outcome can vary from complete recovery to permanent disability or death. TBI can occur due to an accident, physical violence or a fall. Its diagnosis involves the use of techniques like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography. Depending on the extent of the injury, confirmed through a diagnosis, treatment can be minimal or extensive involving medications, surgery and rehabilitation therapies. This book discusses the fundamental as well as modern approaches in the assessment and management of traumatic brain injury. The topics included in this book are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this domain.

Neurodegeneration is a gradual but irreversible process of neuronal damage and neuronal death. It is a common characteristic of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, among others. Research is being conducted to determine the underlying cause of this process. One of the strategies for this involves the study of neurodegenerative conditions and identifying similarities and parallels among these on a sub-cellular level. Finding such similarities allows the development of therapeutic strategies to combat these diseases and manage neural degeneration. Immunotherapy is another emerging area of research. Neurodegeneration is an active area of study that has undergone rapid advancement over the past few decades. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of neurodegeneration. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Neuroinflammation refers to the inflammation of the nervous tissue, triggered due to traumatic brain injury, infection, autoimmunity or toxic metabolites. The central nervous system exhibits inflammation due to the activation of microglia. The immune response of the peripheral nervous system is through the expression of major histocompatibility complex molecules. Such an immune response though defensive in nature can present itself as a risk of toxicity and widespread inflammation. There is an association of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis. There is thus clinical interest in the strategy of inflammation reduction to reverse neurodegeneration. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches in the study of neuroinflammation. The topics included in this book on neuroinflammation are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

The nervous system is the organ system concerned with the transmission of signals from one cell to the other, or between one body part to another. With the help of neurons and neural networks, the nervous system provides a point-to-point signal transmission and thus offers a high degree of specificity and speed. An incredible aspect of the nervous system is its ability to change with time. The adult brain does not have fixed neuronal circuits. Cortical and subcortical rewiring of these circuits and neurogenesis can persist up to old age. Synapses may weaken or strengthen over time, the proportion of grey matter may change, cortical remapping may also arise as a response to injury, etc. Neuroplasticity plays a crucial role in advancing functional outcomes with respect to post-stroke physical therapy. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of the nervous system and neuroplasticity, and the recent researches in this field. The various advancements in these fields are glanced at and their implications as well as ramifications looked in detail. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in these areas at various levels.

The process of neurodegeneration is a progressive degeneration of neuron cells. It can be categorized into varied levels of neuronal circuitry ranging from molecular to systemic levels. Aging is the primary contributor to neurodegeneration. Neurodegenerative diseases are caused due to genetic mutations. Protein misfolding is another characteristic that is common in such conditions. Intracellular mechanisms such as protein degradation pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction, membrane damage, axonal transport, DNA damage, etc. along with programmed cell death mechanisms are other pathways of neurodegeneration. This book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neurodegeneration. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, this book makes an effort in highlighting its impact as a modern tool for the understanding of neurodegenerative disorders. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Neuroscience is the field of science concerned with the study of the nervous system. It deals with the study of neurons at all levels, from cellular and molecular studies to the imaging of the sensory motor tasks occurring in the brain. Neuroscience is a vast subject with diverse focuses pertaining to the nervous system. It branches out into a number of specializations, chief among which are molecular neuroscience, cellular neuroscience, systems neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, etc. Some of the fundamental questions addressed in cellular and molecular neuroscience are how neurons process signals electrochemically and physiologically, and how neurons respond to molecular signals and axons form connectivity patterns. Studies of the nervous system are applied in clinical practice in the domains of psychiatry, neurology, neurosurgery, neuropathology, psychosurgery, etc. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of neuroscience. It discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of neuroscience from the levels of molecular mechanisms to clinical practice. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

The nervous system is an important system of the human body that coordinates its action by transmitting signals from one part of the body to another. It can be divided into the central and the peripheral nervous system. It consists of the brain, spinal cord and the nerves of the body. At the cellular level, the fundamental mechanism is that of the neuron, which transmits signals through axons that trigger the activation of neurotransmitters, which are then released at synapses. This signaling process involves a complicated molecular machinery, which allows the rapid electrical or chemical transmission of signals. Cells that receive a synaptic signal will be excited, inhibited or modulated. The organization of neural pathways, neural circuits and neural networks together build a functioning nervous system. Any abnormality in nervous function can manifest due to a genetic defect, infection, trauma, toxicity, or due to aging. This book provides comprehensive insights into the cellular and molecular basis of the working of the nervous system. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Neurodevelopmental disorder is a mental disorder that affects emotion, self-control, learning ability and memory. It manifests after the individual grows. Such disorders can be genetic, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, fragile-X syndrome, Down syndrome, etc., or caused due to neurotoxicants such as Minamata disease and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorders also fall under neurodevelopmental disorders. The development of the nervous system is a tightly regulated genetically encoded process that is influenced by the environment. Any deviation from this process can result in such disorders and lead to potentially distinct pathologies later in life. Deprivation from emotional and social care in children, genetic influences, immune dysfunction, traumatic brain injury and nutritional deficits can cause such disorders. These can be diagnosed using chromosomal microarray analysis. Through support from therapists, counselors, families and groups, such disorders can be managed. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around neurodevelopment disorders. The objective is to give a general view of the different aspects of their pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear colorless fluid found in the brain and the spinal cord. It acts as a cushion for the brain, providing basic immunological and mechanical protection to the brain inside the skull. It serves an important role in cerebral autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. The brain produces approximately 500 ml of cerebrospinal fluid everyday. The blood brain barrier (BBB) is a selective semipermeable boundary separating the circulating blood from the brain and the extracellular fluid of the central nervous system. It restricts the diffusion of solutes in the blood and hydrophilic molecules into the CSF but allows the diffusion of hormones, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other polar molecules. The blood brain barrier acts to protect the brain from circulating pathogens. In cases where an infection occurs, a drug has to be administered directly into the CSF such that it can cross over into the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the physiology of the cerebrospinal fluid and blood brain barriers. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

A degenerative condition of the central nervous system, which affects the motor system, is called Parkinson's disease (PD). The symptoms of this disease are mostly with respect to motor abilities and expressed in terms of rigidity, shaking, difficulty in walking and slowness of movement. These motor difficulties are collectively termed as 'parkinsonism'. When parkinsonism occurs with no identifiable cause, it is termed as 'idiopathic parkinsonism'. When neurodegenerative disorders occur with parkinsonism, it may termed as 'atypical parkinsonism'. These include dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, corticobasal degeneration, etc. Some of the identifiable causes of Parkinson's disease include infections, exposure to toxins, side effects of drugs, brain lesions and metabolic derangement. This book provides comprehensive insights into Parkinson's disease. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact in advancing the understanding of this disease. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Nephrology is the branch of medicine dealing with the study of kidneys. It is concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases. Maintaining a healthy diet is an effective way to prevent kidney diseases. Nephrologists are physicians whose expertise lies in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases. Some common kidney diseases are kidney stones, acute renal failure and chronic kidney disease. Blood urea nitrogen and other clinical urine tests are some of the commonly preferred tests to evaluate kidney diseases. Dialysis and renal transplantation are two of the most common and effective ways to treat kidney diseases. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of nephrology. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on nephrology have been included in it. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this field will benefit alike from this book.

Chronic kidney disease is a severe kidney disease in which the functioning of kidney stops gradually over a period of months or years. Its signs and symptoms include loss of appetite, tiredness, vomiting and swelling in the legs. In some cases, the risk factors may even include anemia, high blood pressure, bone disease and cardiovascular disease. Various clinical conditions may be associated with chronic kidney disease and decrease of kidney function, such as uremia, anemia, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary edema, etc. Uremia is a condition in which there are very high levels of urea present in the blood. It often leads to kidney failure. The topics included in this book on chronic kidney disease are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It aims to shed light on some of its unexplored aspects and the recent researches in this field. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying about chronic kidney disease as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

A spinal cord injury (SCI) is the damage to the spinal cord, which leads to permanent or temporary changes in its function. Most cases of SCI occur due to physical traumas including gunshots, sports injuries, car accidents, tumors, infection, etc. It is characterized by a loss of muscle function, autonomic function or sensation in different parts of the body, particularly in the areas below the level of the injury. Depending on the injury, damage can extend into a state between paralysis and incontinence. SCI patients need to undergo extended periods of care. However, even with the best possible treatment, SCI generally results in some incurable impairment. There has been tremendous research in the treatment of these injuries such as stem cell implantation, epidural spinal stimulation, engineered materials for tissue support and wearable robotic exoskeletons. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of spinal cord injury medicine. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of spinal cord injuries and the recent researches in their medical management. For all those who are interested in this field, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

A genetic disorder is a genetic condition caused due to abnormalities in the genome. Such conditions are either inherited or acquired. Acquired defects may be caused due to changes in the DNA or due to new mutations. Genetic disorders can be single-gene disorders or multiple gene disorders. Over 6000 diseases are caused due to single gene mutations. Genetic disorders can be complex and multifactorial, involving a number of different genes and highly influenced by the environment. The field of medical genetics is concerned with the diagnosis of genetic disorders and their management. Though there is no known cure for genetic disorders, not all genetic diseases are fatal. Therefore, providing a quality of life and maintaining patient autonomy is the chief objective of medical genetics. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of medical genetics. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the role of genetics in the incidence of varied diseases and disorders. For all readers who are interested in medical genetics, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

The in-depth study of kidneys along with their diseases is known as nephrology. Nanonephrology and onconephrology are two significant and upcoming branches of nephrology. Nanopherology deals with the study of kidney cells and the nanoparticles which are useful in treating several kidney diseases. Onconephrology deals with the study of kidney diseases in cancer patients. Kidney diseases cause a loss of kidney function which can potentially result in renal failure and the complete loss of kidney function. The most common and the most effective treatments for treating kidney diseases include renal replacement therapy, proper diet and medications. Renal replacement therapy involves dialysis and kidney transplantation. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of nephrology which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this field at various levels.