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The practice of alternative medicine in which thin needles are inserted into the skin for the purpose of curing diseases or relieving the pain is known as acupuncture. It is an integral part of traditional Chinese medicine. It is mostly used in conjunction with other treatment modalities. Filiform needles, nine ancient needles and three-edged needles are the common types of needles used in acupuncture. Some of the common procedures involved in it include needle insertion, cupping therapy and moxibustion. It is most commonly used to treat lower back pain, headache, migraine, arthritis pain and postoperative pain. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of acupuncture, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying acupuncture as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Pharmaceutical science is concerned with the study and design of drug formulation, disposition and delivery. It also studies the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on human beings, and encompasses the study of toxic effects, the factors that control the concentration of drugs in different areas of the body, the cellular and molecular interactions of drugs with their receptors, etc. New candidate medications are discovered by screening of chemical libraries of synthetic molecules, natural products or extracts in organisms to identify substances that have the desired therapeutic effect. Such screening hits are optimized for increasing the affinity, efficacy, selectivity, metabolic stability and oral bioavailability. Based on the knowledge of a biological target, molecules that are complementary in charge and shape to the biomolecular target are designed. For a designed molecule to be safe and effective, properties such as bioavailability, side effects and metabolic half-life need to be optimized. Drug delivery is another important aspect of pharmaceutical research. Techniques of drug delivery modify drug release profile, distribution, absorption and elimination. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of pharmaceutical science. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The eye diseases that result in damage to the optic nerve and cause vision loss are classified as glaucoma. The primary types of glaucoma are open-angle glaucoma and closed-angle glaucoma. Open-angle glaucoma usually develops gradually over time. It is not painful. Closed-angle glaucoma may develop gradually or may appear suddenly. It involves severe eye pain, redness in the eye and blurred vision. The vision loss caused due to it is permanent. Diagnostic methods include tonometry, gonioscopy, examination of the cup-to-disc ratio, visual field test, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and pachymetry. Glaucoma drops, argon laser trabeculoplasty and canaloplasty are useful in treating glaucoma. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world on various topics related to glaucoma. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying ophthalmology as it gives incredible insights into its diagnosis and treatment.

The medical study of anesthetics and the clinical application of these are under the domain of anesthesiology. A physician who is trained in this field is known as an anesthesiologist. Medications are either injected or inhaled to induce a loss of sensation in patients before performing procedures that can cause excruciating pain. Various invasive and non-invasive organ support techniques are required to control the vital functions of patients while they are under the effect of anesthesia. Active airway management, ultrasonography, echocardiography imaging and hemodynamic monitoring are crucial responsibilities of anesthesiologists. They are also responsible for the non-surgical management of pain through prescription of pain medicine and provision of care to patients in intensive care units through critical care medicine. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of anesthesiology and the recent researches in this field. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

The study associated with the biochemical and physiological effects of pharmaceutical drugs is known as pharmacodynamics. The field of pharmacology which studies the way a living organism affects the drug administered to it, is called pharmacokinetics. It is concerned with the analysis of the chemical metabolism, and the discovery of the fate of the drug administered to the body from the time of its administration up to the point of its complete elimination from the body. The technique combining both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is called pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling or PK/PD modelling. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the areas of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. The various advancements in these fields are glanced at herein and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of these disiplines.

All the fields of study dealing with the action, design, delivery and disposition of pharmaceutical drugs come under pharmaceutical sciences. They involve the application of knowledge from other branches of science including chemistry, physics, biology, epidemiology, chemometrics, chemical engineering, etc. Pharmacology, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutics and pharmacognosy are four main branches, which fall under the scope of pharmaceutical science. Pharmacology is further subdivided into some specific fields such as pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, pharmaceutical toxicology and pharmacogenomics. It is mainly concerned with drug actions and their effects. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of pharmaceutical sciences and how such concepts have practical applications. The various advancements in this field are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. For all those who are interested in pharmaceutical sciences, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Tropical medicine refers to the branch of medicine concerned with the health issues in tropical and subtropical regions. The types of health issues which are dealt with under tropical medicine include the ones which either occur naturally, or which are more widespread and difficult to control. Some common examples include tuberculosis, rabies, dengue, malaria, Chagas disease and HIV/AIDS. Poor living conditions are a major cause of health issues in the underdeveloped tropical countries. Tropical medicine often integrates other branches of science such as, microbiology, epidemiology, parasitology and virology. Tropical medicine is an upcoming field of medicine, which has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students, doctors and researchers in this field.

The medical study and application of anesthesia is known as anesthesiology. A physician trained in this specialty is called an anesthesiologist. The chief responsibility of an anesthesiologist is ensuring adequate pain relief at every stage of a surgical procedure, from the operative period to full recovery. An understanding of operative risk and complications, the methods to mitigate such risks and the management of the illness is crucial to the practice of anesthesiology. Anesthesiologists work in major trauma, airway management and resuscitation and care for patients who have clinical emergencies that pose an immediate threat to life. In recent years, the role of anesthesiologists has extended into the identification of high-risk patients and optimization of their fitness, improvement of safety during the surgery and promotion of recovery. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around anesthesiology. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The medical specialty that studies the functioning and health of the breasts and the female reproductive organs, including the vagina, uterus and ovaries is called gynecology. Infertility, menorrhagia, incontinence of urine, vaginitis and prolapse of pelvic organs are some of the common medical conditions which come under the scope of gynecology. Antibiotics, antihypertensives, diuretics and gynecological surgery are some of the common ways to treat gynecologic disorders. Gynecological surgery is usually performed in case of infertility, cancer, benign conditions and incontinence. It is generally performed by gynecologists. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of gynecological surgery which will be crucial for the progress of this discipline in future. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in this field. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

Oral and maxillofacial surgery is a surgical specialty which deals with the treatment of the defects, diseases and injuries related to the face, jaws, head, neck, and the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region. Rhytidectomy, orthognathic surgery, blepharoplasty, genioplasty, otoplasty, chin augmentation, septoplasty, rhinoplasty, reconstructive surgery, and dentoalveolar surgery are some common oral and maxillofacial surgeries. It may be performed for the treatment of cutaneous malignancy, chronic facial pain disorders, temporomandibular joint disorder, etc. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery. The ever growing need of advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the research in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery in recent times. This book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Perioperative medicine refers to the care of patients from the time of the contemplation of surgery till the time of the patient's full recovery, excluding the operation procedure. Such type of care is usually provided by an internal medicine generalist, intensivist or anesthesiologist. Perioperative medicine involves the care of the patients who are preparing for surgery, having a surgery, and recuperating from surgery. The knowledge about the patient specific risks, operative risks, and methods to reduce risk is closely related to this field. Preanesthetic assessment is highly crucial in ensuring the safety of the patient during perioperative care. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of perioperative medicine. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Sexual and reproductive health addresses the reproductive processes, and functions at all stages of life. It focuses on spreading awareness regarding safe, affordable and effective birth control methods. Safe pregnancy and childbirth are intrinsic to reproductive health. Oral pills, condoms, contraceptive patches, vaginal rings, tubectomy, vasectomy and injections for birth control are some of the common methods of birth control. Adolescent sexuality is a major concern, which falls under the scope of sexual and reproductive health. It is a stage of human development concerned with the experience and exploration of sexual feelings in adolescents. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of sexual and reproductive health and the recent researches in this field. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to sexual and reproductive health. Doctors, researchers and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The replacement of a diseased liver with a healthy liver is known as liver transplantation. Liver transplantation is used as a treatment option for acute liver failure and end-stage liver disease. Orthotopic transplantation is a common and effective technique used for liver transplantation. The transplantation surgery usually takes 4 to 18 hours. The common requirements for a liver donor include good health, a blood type which is compatible with the recipient, having an age of 20-60 years, and being of similar or larger size than the recipient. Liver transplantation involves a few complications, such as infection, bleeding, possibility of blood clots, painful incision and prolonged recovery. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of liver transplantation. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of liver transplantation and its utmost significance in modern times. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease which is considered to be the cause of most of the cases of dementia. It usually begins slowly and gradually worsens over time. Some of the main symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease include difficulty in remembering recent events, problems with language, mood swings and disorientation. In severe cases, with a decline in condition, the patient's bodily functions are lost, ultimately leading to death. The cause of Alzheimer's disease in most of the cases is found to be genetic. Cognitive tests, blood tests and medical imaging are some of the common tests used to diagnose Alzheimer's disease. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of Alzheimer's disease. From theories to research, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this disease have been included herein. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The medical speciality concerned with the study of mental disorders, along with their diagnosis, prevention and treatment is known as psychiatry. Problems related to mood, behavior and perception also fall under psychiatry. Psychiatric disorders include among others, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, dissociative disorders, personality disorders, etc. Psychological tests and physical examinations are often conducted for diagnostic purposes. Psychiatric medication and psychotherapy are two of the most common and effective ways of treating psychiatric disorders. A doctor who has specialized in the field of psychiatry is called a psychiatrist. The topics included in this book on psychiatry are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of psychiatry and its utmost significance in modern times. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

A brain disorder in which there is a compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences is known as addiction. The main features which attract addictive stimuli include the fact that they appear to be reinforcing and intrinsically rewarding. A person addicted to such stimuli will seek repeated exposure to them as these substances generate a feeling of positivity and pleasure. Alcoholism, nicotine addiction, cocaine addiction, gambling addiction, sexual addiction and food addiction are some of the common types of drug and behavioral addictions. The risk of addiction is quite high in the age of adolescence. The topics included in this book on addiction are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It strives to provide a fair idea about this disorder to help develop a better understanding of the clinical advances related to it. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in the study of addiction.

A medical specialty which deals with the comprehensive health care for people of all ages is known as family medicine. A specialist in this field is called a family physician or a family doctor. Such specialists often play the role of a primary care physician. Family medicine is a field of primary care which provides comprehensive health care for the individuals of a family. It deals with patients of all genders and with the treatment of all diseases in general. Primary care ethics are the issues of values which are closely associated with this field. They involve the study of the everyday decisions made by the primary care physicians. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed family medicine and aided its advancement. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards the advancement and evolution of this field are examined in detail. As this discipline is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

Autism is a developmental disorder. The main characteristics of this disorder are one's inability to socially interact in a proper manner, and one's restricted and repetitive behavior. Some common behavioral habits of autistic children include stereotyped behaviors, compulsive behaviors, ritualistic behaviors, staying stuck to restricted interests, and self-injury. Autism is a disease with a complex genetic basis. Such complexity arises due to the interaction among multiple genes, epigenetic factors and the environment, which influence gene expression. The diagnosis of autism is based on an examination of behavior. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule are commonly used diagnostic tools. Increasing functional independence and better quality of care are the focus areas of autism management. Intensive and sustained special education programs, along with speech and behavioral therapies, help autistic individuals to achieve better social skills and communication skills. This book contains some path-breaking studies in autism. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to autism. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Psychiatry is a field of science and medicine that deals with mental disorders. It involves the study of several maladaptations related to perception, behavior and mood. Mental disorders and personality disorders are two of the main types of disorders treated under psychiatry. A mental disorder is a behavioral or mental pattern which causes impairment of personal functioning. Disorders related to the maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, inner experience and the act of deviating from the generally acceptable behavior patterns are classified as personality disorder. Psychotherapy and psychiatric medication are two of the most common ways to treat psychiatric disorders. This book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of psychiatry and its utmost significance in modern times. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease, characterized by a gradual progression from short-term memory loss, disorientation, problems with language and mood swings to gradual loss of bodily function and death. AD is the cause of around 60-70% of all cases of dementia. In AD, there is a loss of neurons and synapses, in the cerebral cortex and in specific subcortical regions. This leads to neurodegeneration in the temporal and parietal lobe. It can be diagnosed on the basis of a person's medical history and review of neurological and neuropsychological symptoms. However, medical imaging can also be used to rule out other cerebral pathologies. The therapeutic approaches to the management of Alzheimer's disease are palliative in nature. Stimulation-oriented treatments such as pet, art and music therapies work to improve mood and behavior. A number of research directions have emerged over the years related to improved techniques for early diagnosis and drugs that target the underlying disease pathology. The effect of meditation for memory and cognitive function retrieval is also being studied. This book contains some path-breaking studies in Alzheimer's disease. It consists of contributions made by international experts. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on the traditional, current and potential approaches in the management of Alzheimer's disease.

Psychiatry is a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses. The diagnosis usually begins with a review of the case history of the patient. Other diagnostic methods include mental status examination, physical examinations, psychological tests and neuroimaging. Child and adolescent psychiatry, also known as pediatric psychiatry, is an important sub-field of psychiatry. It is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses in children and adolescents. Some of the common disorders related to child and adolescent psychiatry include learning disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, panic disorder, bipolar disorder, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and childhood onset schizophrenia. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to child and adolescent psychiatry. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Pediatrics is a branch of science and medicine. It deals with the treatment of diseases affecting infants, children and adolescents. A specialist in this field is known as a pediatrician. Some of the sub-specialties of pediatrics include adolescent medicine, developmental-behavioral pediatrics, headache medicine, hospice & palliative care, pediatric cardiology, pediatric hematology, pediatric rheumatology and pediatric pulmonology, among others. Whether a child meets the developmental milestones in terms of behavior, skills and growth is determined through various tests. Diphtheria, measles, poliomyelitis, whooping cough and tetanus are some diseases, which can occur in children. The prevention of these diseases through vaccination and immunization is the best line of defense against them. Therefore, an important role of a pediatrician is to design and recommend the right immunization schedules for children. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to pediatrics. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Doctors and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Human physiology refers to the study of the bodily functions. The understanding of the human physiology is applied to diagnose the underlying cause of a clinical condition. This field encompasses the development of physiological tests for medical diagnostics. It also involves tests from related medical specialties such as clinical neurophysiology, nuclear medicine and radiology. An understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological pathways is essential in this domain. This book elucidates new techniques and applications of human physiology in a healthcare setting. It strives to provide a fair idea about clinical physiology and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying physiology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

All neurodevelopmental disorders which include autism and related conditions fall under the category of autism spectrum disorder. Problems in social interaction and repetitive patterns of behavior are the two main symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. There is no specific cause associated with these disorders, but risk factors include neuroanatomical abnormalities, genetic conditions like fragile X syndrome, prenatal and perinatal risk factors like maternal gestational diabetes and a family history of similar condition. The assessment of behavior is the primary way to diagnose autism spectrum disorders. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) are some of the commonly used diagnostic measurements. Medications include atypical antipsychotic drugs and anticonvulsants. Some alternative therapies and interventions, including CEASE therapy and vaccine detoxing are also used to treat autism spectrum disorders. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of autism spectrum disorders. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied aspects of assessment and treatment of such disorders. This book is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of these disorders.

The branch of medicine concerned with the care of infants, children and adolescents is known as pediatrics. A specialist in this field is called a pediatrician. Hebiatrics is a subfield covered under pediatrics. It focuses on the care of those who are going through the adolescent phase of development in their life. The adolescent phase begins with puberty, which occurs at around the age of 10-11 in girls, and 11-12 in boys. Some of the common issues associated with adolescents, which are covered under the field of hebiatrics include sexually transmitted disease, substance abuse, acne, eating disorders, unintended pregnancy, among others. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of pediatrics. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant aspects of pediatrics.

Pediatric endocrinology is a field of medicine that is concerned with the disorders of the endocrine glands. Such disorders manifest as abnormalities in physical growth and sexual development of a child, such as dwarfism and gigantism, intersex, delayed puberty, gonadal dysgenesis, ovarian and testicular dysfunction, etc. Other conditions in children involving disorders of adrenal, pituitary and thyroid glands include underactive or overactive thyroid gland, childhood obesity, multiple endocrine neoplasia, adrenoleukodystrophy, among others. Depending on the condition, pediatric endocrinologists may design treatment modalities involving intensive insulin therapies, radioactive iodine treatment, personalized nutritional evaluation and psychosocial evaluation, parathyroid and thyroid surgeries, etc. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of pediatric endocrinology. It unfolds the clinical aspects of pediatric endocrine disorders, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of pediatric endocrinology, as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

The autoimmune and inflammatory conditions affecting the infants, children and adolescents are called pediatric rheumatic diseases. The field of medicine dealing with such diseases is known as pediatric rheumatology. It is an important subfield of pediatrics. A specialist in this field is called a pediatric rheumatologist. Some of the common types of pediatric rheumatic diseases include juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile dermatomyositis, juvenile lupus, mixed connective tissue disease, Kawasaki disease and fibromyalgia. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is a type of arthritis affecting children below the age of sixteen. Juvenile dermatomyositis is a type of inflammatory condition that causes muscle weakness and skin rash. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to pediatric rheumatology. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying this discipline.

The diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasites are known as infectious diseases. Children are more susceptible to such diseases as they come in contact with a variety of germs. Some of the common infectious diseases affecting children include influenza, tuberculosis, measles, meningitis, whooping cough and chicken pox, among others. Influenza in an infectious disease caused by influenza virus. Its common symptoms in children include diarrhea and vomiting. The infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria is called tuberculosis. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin is the most commonly used vaccine to prevent and reduce the risk of tuberculosis in children. The topics included in this book on infectious diseases in children are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The field of diagnostic pathology is concerned with the causal study of diseases. It addresses primarily four components of a disease- its cause, pathogenesis, morphological changes and clinical manifestations. The study of disease involves a study of varied disease markers using techniques that are specific to organs and tissue types. The fields of anatomical and clinical pathology are intrinsic to diagnostic pathology. Anatomical pathology involves a gross, chemical, immunologic and molecular examination of tissues, organs and whole bodies. It includes cytopathology, dermatopathology, neuropathology, renal pathology, etc. Clinical pathology employs various visual and microscopic tests to analyze the biophysical properties of tissue samples involving cultures and automated analyzers. Immunopathology, hematopathology and radiation pathology fall within the domain of clinical pathology. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. It covers in detail some existing theories and innovative practices of diagnostic pathology. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this field.

The diagnosis of diseases based on a laboratory analysis of bodily fluids, such as urine, blood, etc. and tissue homogenates or extracts, is under the scope of clinical pathology. Such investigations are guided by an understanding of chemistry, hematology, microbiology and molecular pathology. It is aided by tools such as microscopes, analyzers, centrifugal machines and strips, etc. A diagnosis is made by performing a macroscopic examination, a microscopic examination, automated analysis and a culture. The visual examination of a sample is part of the macroscopic analysis, while the microscopic analysis allows a pathologist to determine whether the liquid is normal, infectious, inflammatory or tumoral. The latter stage also allows the determination of the causal infectious agent, if any, such as a mould, yeast, bacterium, parasite or a virus. Automated analyzers measure different chemicals and other parameters with minimal human assistance. Clinical pathology, primarily for medical purposes use a culture media for various examinations. It is a field of medical science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This book explores all the important aspects of clinical pathology, in the present day scenario. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of clinical pathology as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.