Bøger udgivet af Hayle Medical

The field of genome medicine involves the application of the understanding of genetics to medical care. Besides, its immediate relevance in the diagnosis and management of genetic disorders, it also contributes to revealing etiologies for the incidence of neurological, pulmonary, psychiatric, cardiovascular and endocrine conditions. Various diagnostic chromosome studies, molecular studies and basic metabolic studies are used to form a diagnosis of genetic diseases. Biochemical studies that screen for imbalances of metabolites can be done through quantitative amino acid analysis, acylcarnitine combination profile, urine organic acid analysis, etc. A number of different methods such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), array comparative genomic hybridization and chromosome analysis, are used for determining the cause of birth defects and developmental delay, autism, etc. Advanced molecular techniques of DNA sequencing and DNA methylation analysis provide insights into the underlying condition. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of genome medicine. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

The type of RNA viruses which insert a copy of their genome into the DNA of the host cells that they invade, and consequently change the genome of, are called retroviruses. After entering the host cell's cytoplasm, the retroviruses use their own reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from their RNA genome. The study of retroviruses and the diseases caused by them, is called retrovirology. Retroviruses, including Mouse mammary and Rous sarcoma virus can cause diseases, like tumor and cancer. The transmission of retroviruses can be airborne, from cell-to-cell, or through fluids. Antiretroviral drugs are the common medications used for treating the infection caused by retroviruses. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to human retrovirology. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to human retrovirology. This book will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this branch.

The study of chromosomes and chromosome abnormalities is encompassed in the branch of cytogenetics. A chromosomal abnormality arises due to a structural abnormality in one or more chromosomes or due to occurrence of atypical number of chromosomes. Structural abnormalities in chromosomes can lead to deletions, duplications, inversions, insertions, translocations, etc. in chromosomes. Some of the disorders arising due to this include Jacobsen syndrome, Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A, etc. Numerical disorders include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, etc. Some chromosomal abnormalities are chromosomal rearrangements, aneuploidy and genomic deletion/duplication disorders. Microscopy and array comparative genomic hybridization are widely used for cytogenetic studies. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around cytogenetics. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on cytogenetics have been included herein. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Medical genetics is a branch of medicine concerned with the application of genetics to medical care, particularly to hereditary disorders. It encompasses the areas of personalized medicine, gene therapy and predictive medicine. Certain genetic syndromes are Down syndrome, chromosomal rearrangements, fragile X syndrome, neurofibromatosis, Turner syndrome, etc. Chromosome studies are used to determine the cause of birth defects, developmental delay, autism, or dysmorphic features. For cases with a suspicion of metabolic condition, quantitative amino acid analysis, urine organic acid analysis, enzyme testing, etc. are performed. Diet, medication and enzyme replacement therapy may be used to reduce or manage long-term complications. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to medical genetics. It explores all the important aspects of medical genetics in the present day scenario. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Epigenetics refers to the study of heritable phenotype changes which occur independently of alterations in the primary DNA sequence. Epigenetic processes play a crucial role in human development before birth. These processes are crucial to fetal development. In this stage, a single cell differentiates into a variety of different cell types, which later form cohesive tissues, organs and organ systems. The study of food nutrients and their effects on human health through epigenetic modifications is known as nutriepigenomics. If metabolic disturbances occur during the time of human development, then epigenetic alterations may lead to permanent changes in the tissues and organ structures resulting in diseases. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to epigenetics and human health. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of epigenetics and human health and its utmost significance in modern times. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Illnesses resulting from an infection are called infectious diseases. Infection is caused by the invasion of the tissues of an organism's body by disease-causing agents. Virus, bacteria, nematode, viroid, prion, etc. are some of the agents that cause infections. An infectious disease is caused when the host's protective immune mechanisms are weak. Microorganisms damage tissues by releasing several toxins or destructive enzymes. Persistent infection is a severe form of infection. It occurs when the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Use of anti-infective drugs is the most common way to treat infections. The topics included in this book on infectious diseases are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It explores all the important aspects of infectious diseases in the present day scenario. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of science, which is concerned with the structure, function, mapping, evolution and editing of genomes. It has numerous applications in the field of medicine. Genomic data of large populations when combined with modern informatics for disease research, can provide comprehensive insights into the genetic bases of disease and drug response. Medical genomics is increasingly becoming relevant in the understanding of common diseases. A patient with a suspected genetic disease undergoes a diagnostic evaluation that is tailored to account for the signs and symptoms presented, in order to establish a differential diagnosis. This is done for inborn errors of metabolism, chromosomal disorders and single gene disorders. Genetic syndromes arise due to alterations of chromosomes or genes. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of medical and health genomics. It consists of contributions made by international experts. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of medical genomics as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

The in-depth study of parasites along with their hosts is known as parasitology. The study of the relationship between the parasite and the host is also within the scope of this field. As a sub-field of biology, parasitology forms a synthesis of various other disciplines and integrates their techniques. Some of these disciplines include bioinformatics, immunology, genetics, molecular biology, etc. Medical parasitology is a subset of parasitology, which is concerned with the parasites that affect humans. It studies the diseases caused by parasites in humans and the clinical response of humans against them. The diagnosis, control, prevention and treatment of such parasitic diseases are also under the scope of this field. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of parasitology and how such concepts have practical applications. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, this book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for growth of the medical science. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

Diarrhea is a condition in which a person suffers from loose or liquid bowel movements. The primary cause of diarrhea is an infection in the intestines. The infection may be caused by a bacteria, virus or parasite. It may also be caused by non-infectious health conditions such as lactose intolerance, inflammatory bowel disease, hyperthyroidism, etc. Replacing the loss of fluids and salts through oral rehydration therapy or intravenous rehydration therapy is the most common treatment method. In some chronic cases, antibiotics may also be used to treat diarrhea. This book unravels the recent studies in this medical condition. It aims to elucidate the causes, diagnosis and treatment of the different forms of diarrhea. This book is an essential guide for clinicians, doctors and medical students.

The hypersensitivity of the immune system in response to harmless substances in the environment is referred to as an allergy. Allergies are common in society, with a significant percentage of the population affected by atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, food allergies, asthma, anaphylaxis, etc. A wide range of foods cause allergic reactions, such as eggs, soy, cow's milk, peanuts, etc. Insect stings can also generate allergic responses. An allergic response to a trigger starts when the immunoglobulin E antibodies bind to the allergen and then to a receptor on mast cells where it triggers the release of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals. The management of allergies is under the scope of clinical immunology. The professionals specialized in this field are known as clinical immunologists. This book traces the progress of clinical immunology and highlights some of its concepts and principles. Also included in this book is a detailed explanation of the mechanisms and manifestations of diverse kinds of allergies. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in these areas of study.

Respiratory diseases are the pathological conditions that affect the tissues and organs of the respiratory system such as the upper respiratory tract, pleura and pleural cavity, alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, the nerves and muscles of breathing. Allergic respiratory diseases are caused due to exposure to an allergen. Asthma is a common allergic respiratory disease affecting nearly 300 million people worldwide. It is an inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs, and is characterized by recurring symptoms like airway obstruction and bronchospasm. Avoiding exposures to allergens and irritants, inhaling corticosteroids and use of long-acting beta agonists are the chief strategies for the management of asthma. Sinusitis is another respiratory disease that can be caused by allergies. It is strongly correlated to asthma. The condition allergic fungal sinusitis occurs in people with nasal polyps and asthma. Allergic respiratory diseases are diagnosed by performing a blood test, chest X-ray, biopsy of the lung or pleura, bronchoscopy, etc. Several medications may be used to block allergic mediators and their actions, such as antihistamines, epinephrine, glucocorticoids, etc. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of allergic respiratory diseases. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on the causes, symptoms and treatments of such conditions. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Hepatic surgery has undergone significant changes and advancements over the last two decades. Innovative and cutting-edge technologies for performing homeostasis and dissection, improved imaging techniques, laparoscopy for resections and better medications are now the mainstay of modern hepatic surgery. The surgical resection of the liver is known as hepatectomy. It involves partial resections of hepatic tissue, removal of the liver for liver transplantation and hepatoportoenterostomy. Most hepatectomies are performed for the treatment of malignant and benign hepatic neoplasms, parasitic cysts of the liver or intrahepatic gallstones. It is a major surgery that requires general anesthesia. This book presents the complex subject of hepatic surgery in the most comprehensible language. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on hepatic surgery have been included in this book. It will be a valuable source of reference for hepatologists, gastroenterologists, residents and students alike.

The gradual decline in the functioning ability of the immune system to respond to the pathogens, brought on by natural age advancement is called immunosenescence. It includes a decline in the host's capacity to respond to infections and the deterioration of the development of long-term immune memory. It is a major cause of increased frequency of morbidity and mortality among older adults. It may result due to unavoidable exposure to a wide variety of antigens, including virus and bacteria. It is believed that a decline in the hormone levels with advancement in age is also responsible for weakened immune responses in aging individuals. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the immunology of aging. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of the immunology of aging and the recent researches in the subject. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The decrease in the amount of red blood cells in the blood or a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen is known as anemia. The common symptoms of anemia include tiredness, weakness, confusion, shortness of breath, poor concentration and poor ability to exercise. Blood loss, impaired red blood cell production, increased red blood cell destruction and fluid overload are some of the causes of anemia. Microcytic anemia, macrocytic anemia and normocytic anemia are the main types of anemia based on the size of the red blood cells along with the amount of hemoglobin in them. Assessment of the number of red blood cells and the hemoglobin level is required to diagnose anemia. This book unravels the recent studies in this medical condition. It explores all the important aspects of anemia in the present day scenario. This book is an essential guide for clinicians, doctors and medical students.

Hepatology is a branch of medicine concerned with the study of the gallbladder, liver, biliary tree and pancreas, and their associated disorders. The management of diseases related to viral hepatitis and alcohol is an important domain of hepatology. Nearly 2 billion people have been infected with hepatitis B virus at some stage in their life, while around 350 million people are carriers. Hepatitis B and C viruses are associated with up to 80% of liver cancers. Such widespread infection is increasingly being countered by strict screening before blood transfusion and widespread vaccination. The scope of hepatology is wide and specialists in this domain may be involved in a number of diverse regimes, from drug overdose and liver disease to cancers and liver transplant. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of hepatology. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this field.

The condition in which a blood clot is formed within a blood vessel is known as thrombosis. It obstructs the blood flow through the circulatory system. The two primary types of thrombosis are venous thrombosis and arterial thrombosis. Venous thrombosis occurs in the veins and results in the congestion of the affected body part. Arterial thrombosis impacts the supply of the blood and could also lead to tissue damage. Anticoagulation, antiplatelet drugs, thrombolysis and surgery are some common methods for treating thrombosis. The various advances in the treatment of thrombosis are glanced at in this book and their applications and ramifications are looked at in detail. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques of assessment of this condition. Students, researchers, doctors and hematologists will benefit alike from this book.

Hemorrhagic stroke is a medical condition, which results in cell death in the brain due to poor blood flow. The blood flow is affected by some sort of bleeding and can affect the functioning of the brain. Dizziness, inability to move, problems in speaking, inability to feel one side of the body and loss of vision to one side are some of the major symptoms of a stroke. There are two primary categories of hemorrhagic stroke, namely, intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Intracerebral hemorrhage refers to the internal bleeding of the brain caused by bleeding within the brain tissue or ventricular system. Subarachnoid hemorrhage refers to the bleeding outside the tissues of the brain but within the skull. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of hemorrhagic stroke. It strives to provide a fair idea about the pathophysiology and interventions related to this medical condition. The case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

The branch of economics which studies the issues related to the efficiency, value, behaviour, and effectiveness in the production and consumption of health and healthcare is known as health economics. It involves the study of the functioning of the healthcare systems and the health affecting behaviors. The maintenance and improvement of health by preventing, diagnosing and treating illness, injuries, and diseases is called health care. Government intervention, barriers to entry, asymmetric information, and the presence of a third-party agent are some of the main factors which distinguish health economics from other related branches. In healthcare, the physician is the third-party agent, who is responsible for making purchasing decisions including the prescription of medicines, tests and surgery. This book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of the economics of health and healthcare and its utmost significance in modern times. It explores all the important aspects of health economics and healthcare in the present day scenario. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with health economics and healthcare will benefit alike from this book.

The diagnosis, prevention and treatment of illnesses, injuries and diseases for the purpose of maintaining and improving health is known as health care. It is provided by health professionals. It plays a crucial role in the promotion of physical health, mental health and the wellbeing of people. Some of the common fields which fall under health care include physical therapy, pharmacy, optometry, dentistry, audiology, psychology, midwifery and occupational therapy. An organization of people, institutions and resources meant to deliver health care services to fulfil the health needs of people is called a health care system. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of health care. The various advancements in health care are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. For all those who are interested in health care, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Healthcare involves the maintenance and improvement of health with the help of proper diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases, and other physical and mental impairments. Such care is usually provided by health professionals, including physicians, nurses, surgeons, midwives, nutritionists, etc. Several health care interventions are delivered outside of the health facilities. Some of these include the distribution of condoms, food safety surveillance and needle-exchange programs. The management and administration of health care is highly crucial in the delivery of health care services. Biomedical research, evidence-based practice and pharmaceutical research have contributed to the advancement of the health care sector. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to health care. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of health care. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The distribution of health-related services and information by using electronic information system and telecommunication technologies is known as telehealth. It facilitates long distance patient/clinician contact, intervention, education, monitoring and remote admissions. Telehealth involves two or more clinicians discussing a case over video conference, client to practitioner online conference, physical therapy via digital monitoring instruments, and robotic surgery occurring through remote access. The use of information technology and telecommunication to provide clinical health care from a distance is known as telemedicine. It is useful in overcoming distance barriers and in improving access to the medical services, which are not usually available in distant rural areas. The topics included in this book on telemedicine and telehealth are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of these fields and their utmost significance in modern times. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in the fields of telemedicine and telehealth.

The time period during which one or more offspring develops inside the body of a woman is known as pregnancy. It can occur due to sexual intercourse or by assisted reproductive technology. Childbirth usually occurs in a period of around nine months. Some of the early symptoms of pregnancy include nausea, vomiting, missed periods, frequent urination and tender breasts. Pregnancy tests are most commonly used to detect a pregnancy. The ending of a pregnancy by the birth of baby or babies, leaving a woman's uterus by the vaginal passage or the caesarean section is known as childbirth. The topics included in this book on pregnancy and childbirth are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to pregnancy and childbirth. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students, doctors and researchers interested in these areas.

The health of women during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period is known as maternal health. It also includes other dimensions of health care, including prenatal care, postnatal care, preconception and family planning. It aims to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality in women, and facilitate a positive and fulfilling experience for them. The field of medicine dealing with the care of newborn infants is known as neonatology. Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are the units of intensive care, which deal with the care of ill or premature newborn. The field of medicine that is focused on the management of the health issues related to the mother and fetus at the time of pregnancy is called perinatology. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to maternal health. It attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under maternal health and how such concepts have practical applications. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Pregnancy is the period in which an offspring develops within a woman's body. Childbirth occurs about 40 weeks from the last menstrual period. This period is typically divided into three trimesters. Prenatal care helps to improve pregnancy outcomes. It may include avoiding certain substances such as drugs, alcohol and nicotine, practicing healthy habits such as regular exercise and good nutrition, and opting for regular physical examinations, etc. Certain complications such as gestational diabetes, severe nausea and vomiting, and iron-deficiency anemia are fairly common in pregnancies. Nearly 10-15% of pregnancies end in miscarriages. This is because of obstructed labor, ectopic pregnancy, complications associated with ectopic pregnancy, bleeding, infections, etc. The newborn baby can also suffer from prematurity, birth trauma, infections and from a lack of oxygen at birth. Internal and external fetal monitoring can be done for the assessment of fetal well-being. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex principles and practices of care in pregnancy and childbirth. It presents the complex subject of pregnancy and childbirth in the most comprehensible language. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about these domains.

Gynecology is the medical practice associated with the female reproductive system comprising of the ovaries, vagina and the uterus, along with the breasts. The examination of the reproductive system may involve an examination of the cervix using a speculum, evaluation of the pelvis using a rectovaginal examination, and investigation of abnormalities through an abdominal or vaginal ultrasound. Some of the conditions dealt by a gynecologist include amenorrhea, infertility, menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease, UTI, cancer and precancerous diseases of the ovaries, etc. Medical management of such conditions may involve both surgical and medical therapies, according to the problems under treatment. Some common surgical procedures are hysterectomy, dilation and curettage, tubal ligation, appendectomy, exploratory laparotomy, etc. Drug therapies such as antihypertensives, antibiotics, diuretics and antiemetics may be recommended for pre-operative and post-operative management. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of gynecology and the recent researches in this field. The various specializations of gynecology along with clinical progress that have future implications are glanced at in this book. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying gynecology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Abdominal surgery is a broad term encompassing a number of surgical procedures that involve the opening of the abdomen. These include appendectomy, inguinal hernia surgery, cesarean section, laparoscopy, exploratory laparoscopy, etc. There can arise complications during abdominal surgery, such as adhesions, shock, bleeding, paralytic ileus, infection, etc. Antibiotics, sterile technique, aseptic post-operative care and vigilant post-operative monitoring can reduce such complications. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of abdominal surgery. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing practices and procedures of abdominal surgery are examined in detail in this book. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying this field as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

The inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the stomach and small intestine, is known as gastroenteritis or infectious diarrhea. Vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, lack of energy, fever and abdominal pain are some of its common symptoms. Viruses such as rotavirus, adenovirus and norovirus, and bacteria such as Campylobacter jejuni, Shigella and Escherichia coli are some of the causes of gastroenteritis. Assessment of the stool, serum glucose, electrolytes and kidney function are some common ways to diagnose gastroenteritis. Oral rehydration therapy and the intake of medicines like, metoclopramide, ondansetron and butylscopolamine are helpful. This book explores new techniques and their applications for the clinical assessment and management of gastroenteritis. It consists of contributions made by international experts. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The gastrointestinal tract is responsible for the assimilation of food and expulsion of wastes in the form of feces. Various organs are responsible for these functions, including mouth, the esophagus, stomach and intestines. Gastrointestinal surgery can be classified into two parts, i.e., upper gastrointestinal surgery and lower gastrointestinal surgery. Upper gastrointestinal surgery is the practice of surgery which focuses on the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Lower gastrointestinal surgery is the type of surgery which is concerned with colorectal surgery and the surgery of the small intestine. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of gastrointestinal surgery. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. Researchers, doctors and students in the field of gastroenterology will be assisted by this book.

The branch of medicine concerned with the functioning of the digestive system along with the disorders affecting it, is known as gastroenterology. Hepatology is concerned with the functioning of the liver, pancreas, gallbladder and biliary tree. It studies the diseases and disorders related to them. Hepatology and gastroenterology are closely related fields of medicine. Colonoscopy, endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, liver biopsy are some of the common diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed by gastroenterologists. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of gastroenterology, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It also unravels the recent studies in the field of hepatology. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying gastroenterology and hepatology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends.

Thyroid disease is the medical condition in which the function of the thyroid gland is significantly affected. Thyroid diseases can be of four types, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, structural abnormalities and tumors. The treatment of such disorders is generally achieved through medication, surgery and radioiodine therapy. Patients suffering from hypothyroidism may be prescribed levothyroxine or natural thyroid hormone derived from pigs, while thioamide drugs, like propylthiouracil, methimazole or carbimazole, are recommended for the treatment of hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease. Thyroid tumors are generally dealt with radioactive iodine. Radioiodine therapy is intended for shrinking the size of the thyroid gland, such as in the case of large goiters. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around thyroid diseases. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the various assessment and intervention strategies of thyroid diseases. For all those who are interested in this field, this book can prove to be an essential guide.