Bøger udgivet af Four Courts Press Ltd

At the beginning of the First World War, many Irish men were enticed to enlist by the promise of home rule, while others may have joined up to secure a decent living; however, by 1918 and the end of the war, the political landscape in Ireland had changed radically and those who had served in the British army found themselves relegated to the shadows of a war that was rarely discussed. In 1919, the National University of Ireland compiled a war list of all students, graduates, and staff of University College Cork, University College Dublin, and University College Galway, who had died or served in the Great War. As part of the NUI's Decade of Centenary programme, the original Honour Roll is reprinted here along with a collection of explanatory essays.

In the spring of 1919, UK Prime Minister David Lloyd George wrote: ' The whole of Europe is filled with the spirit of revolution. There is a deep sense not only of discontent, but of anger and revolt, amongst the workmen against prewar conditions ... In some countries, like Germany and Russia, the unrest takes the form of open rebellion; in others ... it takes the shape of strikes and of a general disinclination to settle down to work.' While comparative studies of revolution within the social sciences define revolution, in part, as necessarily involving mass participation, dominant narratives of the Irish revolution have left Lloyd George's ' spirit of revolution' by the wayside. The political content of the revolution is assumed to exclusively be the demand for national independence, while a focus on high-politics and military elites obscures the ways in which tens of thousands of people participated in diverse forms of popular mobilization. This collection of regional and local case studies, by contrast, shows that a ' spirit of revolution' was widespread in Ireland in the period 1917- 23.

From port to commercial centre, and from textile town to centre of shipbuilding, Belfast has adapted, chameleon-like, to changing circumstances. Each of these changes has resulted in a reimagination of the city's past to make it useable for the present. That has taken many forms. As the town grew in the nineteenth century, local historians, most particularly George Benn, provided Belfast with a narrative that charted and explained its past and charted the topographical development from small village to international industrial city. Benn and his fellow antiquarians were not alone. Others joined in the quest for a useable past for this emerging city. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries novelists, artists, travellers, photographers, Irish-language enthusiasts and memoir writers all created their own images of Belfast's past. These essays reveal the works they created in an effort to explain their own worlds to contemporaries through the medium of the past.

The ' long seventeenth century' was a time of enormous religious and political change in Ireland, but there has never been a satisfactory study of the Church of Ireland throughout this turbulent period. This book fills the gap, drawing on rich research undertaken in recent years by a number of eminent scholars. It considers the way in which the church changed over time, focusing on crucial ' hinge' events such as the mid-century rebellion and Cromwellian occupation, and the existential threat posed to the church in the Jacobite period. It looks at many different facets of the Church of Ireland in the period, including education, music, and the acquisition and use of silver; it covers not only important bishops but also ordinary parish clergy, and reveals the lives of clergy and laity in the more distant provinces as well as metropolitan Dublin. Together, the essays present a composite picture of a church in a time of change.

This book assesses trade unionism and labour relations from the foundation of the Irish Free State to the establishment of the Labour Court under the Industrial Relations Act 1946. This is the first comprehensive examination of labour relations, in the context of political, social, and economic developments during the early decades of Irish independence. Based on rigorous and extensive research of varied and vast material in British and Irish archives, this book is constructed around three central themes that influenced the development of labour relations in Ireland: the impact of the Civil War, the extent and impact of unemployment, and the development of trade unions in the formative decades of independent Ireland. It provides a unique, stimulating, and thought-provoking account of how successive governments and the trade union movement engaged with one another and contributed, in various ways, to the development of Ireland's labour relations norms. This evolution was often difficult, divisive, and halting. At times it was violent.

This book brings together an eclectic mix of papers on aspects of Irish legal history from the early modern period to the twentieth century. Contributors to the volume include leading historians, legal historians and legal practitioners. They make use of archival sources, personal papers, reported cases, parliamentary papers, newspapers and other sources to explore themes such as the role of litigants, perceptions of the law, women and the law, and the impact of social and constitutional change on the law.

This is the first in-depth examination of the Irish Revolution in Fermanagh and its political, economic and social context. Dan Purcell reveals how political tensions initially played out on the political trail and at local government level rather than in militant action. Although Fermanagh appeared calm and seemed to have been spared the violence witnessed in other counties after 1916, in reality tensions were running high as both communities strove to avoid direct provocation of the other. The Government of Ireland Act (1920), which divided Ireland into two jurisdictions, placed Fermanagh in the new state of Northern Ireland and ushered in a more militant phase. In the aftermath of the establishment of the border, the key events of the revolutionary period in the county included the sack of Roslea, the IRA's ' invasion' of Belleek and the formation of the Ulster Special Constabulary. During 1920- 3 unionists in Fermanagh vigorously defended what they held, while nationalists proved surprisingly willing to accept their situation in the misplaced hope that the Boundary Commission would resolve the border issue.

The Ó Cellaig (O' Kelly) lordship of Uí Maine and Tí r Maine was a substantial political territory and influential cultural power in later medieval Connacht. This book identifies and reconstructs the physical appearance of the major Ó Cellaig lordly centres from their emergence as one of the principal offshoots of the Uí Maine in c.1100, to the demise of the lordship around the year 1600. It begins with an historical background, which helps to identify the lordly centres (cenn á iteanna), and define the shifting physical boundaries of this territory through the period. The later medieval physical environment is then reconstructed, with an exploration of the resources and economic conditions which underpinned this inland Gaelic lordship. Thereafter, the focus moves to inspect these cenn á iteanna, their siting, forms and surrounding cultural landscapes. In doing so, the writer investigates a broad range of settlement forms, including the continued use of crannÓ ga and promontory forts, before turning to the tower house castle. This book tackles important themes in later medieval Gaelic society and its physical expression, through the lens of these eastern Connacht lords.

In the early modern period Kilkenny was the largest inland town in Ireland, where several factors had come into play that enabled the growth of prosperity and a burgeoning economy. During that period the merchant elite of the town occupied a pivotal role in its development, and they would also achieve importance as agents and administrators to the earls of Ormond. This was in keeping with European trends, where humanist ideas were spreading ever wider among the mercantile classes. The essays in this book cover a period beginning c.1200 - from the founding of the town of New Ross by the Marshals, through to the grant of city status by King James VI and I in 1608, and the beneficial outcomes of the 1613- 15 parliament for the Kilkenny merchants. Aspects of urban life, such as the merchants' wealth, art patronage, houses, and their social networks are also investigated.

Barristers played significant roles in Irish public life in the twentieth century as lawmakers, politicians, civil servants, broadcasters, judges, academics and social reformers. This book is the first to examine the profession from the turbulent twenties until the Celtic Tiger years. It looks at who the barristers were, how they worked and how they were perceived. It also examines the impact of partition, the experiences of women at the bar, and traces how the profession changed over the course of the twentieth century. Drawing upon interviews conducted with barristers, published memoirs, records of the Bar Council and the King's Inns, government publications and archival sources, this book paints a picture of a profession that was rooted in tradition yet constantly evolving.

This book tells the story of the reclusive artist, raised in a Dublin tenement, who ahead of Harry Clarke, Wilhelmina Geddes and Evie Hone, established the bar for artistic and technical excellence in this exacting craft, and who worked at the world-renowned An Tú r Gloine (Tower of Glass) studio for almost four decades. Lavishly illustrated, it charts Healy's stained glass career and features images of all his principle windows in Ireland and on three continents - windows that convey everything from austere majesty to tender humanity, often revelling in beguiling narrative detail. In his spare time Healy surreptitiously recorded Dubliners going about their daily business, producing many, many hundreds of charming, rapidly executed pencil and watercolour images which collectively form a homage to the citizens of the city he loved.

County Armagh was one of the most controversial theatres of political and military conflict during the 1912- 23 period. The county's long-standing antipathy between unionism and nationalism intensified during the third home rule crisis of 1912- 14. To the alarm of nationalists, unionists mobilized politically and militarily to oppose home rule and demanded a partitioned Ireland to preserve their hegemony in Ulster. The political changes brought about by the First World War and the 1916 Rising were less apparent in Armagh, and during the War of Independence the IRA struggled to gain the upper hand in a hostile landscape dominated by resilient Crown forces. While the conflict took on a sectarian hue and civilian casualties exceeded those of combatants, unionists grew increasingly secure under the new Northern Ireland government. The IRA was largely forced from Armagh by 1922 and many volunteers were interned by the governments on both sides of the new border. After the Boundary Commission debacle of 1925, Armagh nationalists remained under the jurisdiction of an unsympathetic Northern Ireland government that they did not identify with. Using both official and private archives, this study offers new perspectives on the continuities, changes and wider social and economic dynamics which shaped County Armagh during a tumultuous decade.

While dominated by Protestants, the nineteenth-century landed gentry of Ireland also included a minority of Catholics. Social and marriage networks of this latter group have received little scholarly attention, and this volume helps to fill that gap. It looks at the social networks for one Catholic elite family, how important religion was to that family, what the impact was on their marriage choices and the connection between their networks and education choices. With Catholicism as a common denominator for most French and Irish people during that period, the study is based on the Franco-Irish Mansfield family in Co. Kildare. It leans largely on family and estate papers and includes a quantitative analysis of a French-language diary kept by Alice Mansfield (né e De Fé russac) between 1877 and 1887. The diary was transcribed, translated and analysed to provide a view of the family's social network in Ireland and France.

This book studies the occupants of Day Place, a terrace of ten Georgian townhouses in Tralee, Co. Kerry, over a 100-year period. The street was the most fashionable and sought-after address in the town and residents of the terrace were among the wealthiest and most influential individuals in the area. The economic and political transformation of Tralee - and Ireland - from 1830 to 1930 was reflected in the changing makeup of the local elite living in Day Place. The tenancy of the houses and the reins of government passed from a largely Protestant clique to a confident Catholic and nationalist middle class of entrepreneurs and professionals. This volume brings some of these colourful characters to life, uncovering their activities and attitudes and painting a picture of the rapidly changing religious and political landscape in which they lived.

By the late eighteenth century, many people had designated leisure time. The appetite for novelty in popular entertainment became insatiable. The hero of this story is Marsden Haddock, who devised an exhibition of mechanical ingenuity, the Androides. Haddock's spectacle originated in Cork in 1794, from where he then toured through the English-speaking Atlantic world (a reversal of the usual trend) with considerable success for many years. The word Androide became synonymous with his devices. In probing the penumbra between man and machine, between the animate and the inanimate, Haddock's lifelike automata and other figures provoked wonder and often fear. A singular character, Haddock was distinguished by ingenuity, versatility and, in the face of recurrent setbacks, resilience. This volume positions him and his entertainment as products of the booming war-economy of Cork city, and uses its ready reception as an illustration of the integration of urban Cork into the wider world.

This volume -- focusing on the immediate region surrounding the Atlantic village of Portmagee -- shows how many of our traditional master narratives of Irish history do not stand up to scrutiny when investigated at local level. Christianization, Norman conquests, Cromwellian confiscations, religious persecution and Irish- European smuggling are all examined and shown to be much messier enterprises than popularly imagined, while equally complex was the village's founder, Theobald MacGhee, a smuggler comfortably married into one of Kerry's high-status gentry families.

In November 1934, 7,368 Protestants in east Donegal signed a Unionist petition to the British and Northern Irish governments requesting to transfer their region to Northern Ireland. This was a reaction to policies made in the Irish Free State by Fianna Fá il during the 1930s that resulted in the Economic War. News of this event spread to numerous newspapers across the British and Irish Isles, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Southern Rhodesia through Irish diasporas across the British empire. This was an exceptional event of southern Unionism in post-partition Ireland, displaying an element of defiance in their development of living in the Irish Free State. The work analyses the roots of the petition and those who organised the document. What were the terms of the petition? What did the petition manage to achieve and fail to resolve? How did it lead to a Derry- Donegal Milk War, which lasted three years?

The scale of the Great Famine of 1846 has overshadowed the prevalence of extreme poverty in Ireland in the period 1815- 45. As economic conditions deteriorated between those years, population increased rapidly. From the 1820s onwards, in the wake of famines and epidemics and an increase in agrarian violence, pressure mounted on the British government to address the problem of poverty in Ireland. In 1833 the government established the Royal Commission for Inquiring into the Condition of the Poorer Classes in Ireland. The commission investigated poverty by holding public enquiry sessions, in which the poorest people participated, in seventeen counties. The reports of those public session provide a detailed account of poverty in 1830s Ireland. This book uses the findings of the Poor Inquiry for Co. Westmeath to give an account of economic and social conditions in the county in the decade before the Famine.

Between 1750 and 1837 Ireland encountered new ideas, commodities and experiences. While political upheavals and international warfare have been thoroughly explored, the novelties in the domestic sphere and daily life remain hazy. This collection investigates a wide and varied range of the innovations. Changes in how homes were furnished and decorated, what shops stocked, what was available to plant in gardens, what the newspapers published, how the poor might be fed economically and employed usefully are all investigated. Through commodities like sugar and through personal experiences many in Ireland confronted the unfamiliar and exotic. ' Novelty' - in individuals' lives and of goods - was at a premium. Those from Ireland gazed at the heavens, travelled to the Caribbean, devised manufactures to improve daily life, or speculated about how to release the untapped potential of the island. The results, whether inspired by curiosity, a zest for experimentation, fashion, profiteering, patriotism or civic conscience, permeated modest homes, small workshops and larger manufactories. Professionals, the middling sorts and the obscure, not just landed grandees, emerge as the vital innovators, inventors and patrons. Individually and collectively, the essays reveal numerous unexpected worlds within and beyond Ireland.

Stories of murderous monks, tavern brawls, robberies gone wrong, tragic accidents and criminal gangs from court records reveal how the English of medieval Ireland governed and politicized death and collectively decided what passed for ' truth' in legal proceedings. This study of the social practices underlying the lordship's legal culture centres on the coroner's jurisdiction, homicides and sentences of capital punishment between 1257 and 1344. It highlights how the English of Ireland relied on collective memory, customary law, oral histories, common fame and social networks to assess truth in legal contexts. In the period when courts increasingly emphasized written evidence, the politics of death offered opportunities to employ these social practices to both strengthen and contest the authority of the written word. Exploring how they functioned alongside developing literate practices brings Ireland's place in the history of medieval literacy into sharper focus.

This book examines all aspects of Irish ringforts - their shape and size, their date and function - with special attention to national distribution patterns. Reference to contemporary written sources brings to the fore the people who dwelt within ringforts and their relationships with neighbouring farmsteads and religious communities. This study focuses on the lives and material remains of people who are often neglected in historical studies - men and women who were not the saints of official history. The Irish Ringfort is the first book to avail itself of the new all-Ireland database of ringforts compiled by the archaeological surveys of the Office of Public Works and the Heritage Service (DOE NI). Nationwide patterns are illustrated through a re-examination of earlier studies. What emerges is a consistent pattern of settlement that illuminates aspects of early Christian society, especially the relationship between individuals of varying status and the settlement determinants of both secular and ecclesiastical establishments.