Bøger udgivet af Foster Academics

Insulin resistance (IR) is the medical condition in which cells fail to respond to the hormone insulin. The function of insulin is to regulate the delivery of glucose into cells for energy. Cells that are insulin resistant cannot absorb amino acids, glucose and fatty acids. As a result, excess blood sugar fails to be absorbed by cells, which leads to the classic hyperglycemic triad of polydipsia, polyuria and polyphagia. Some of the factors contributing to insulin resistance are diet, sedentary lifestyles, genetics, disease, etc. It can be diagnosed through hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, glucose tolerance testing, checking fasting insulin levels, etc. Simply by avoiding sugars, fasting and maintaining a no-carbohydrate diet, insulin resistance can be reversed. Exercise and weight loss can also lead to positive outcomes. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of insulin resistance and the recent researches in this domain. It presents studies performed by experts across the globe. It attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into this field.

The thyroid is an endocrine gland, located at the front of the neck, which produces the thyroid hormones. Due to certain factors, there may arise a disruption in the normal functioning of the thyroid gland. This condition is termed as thyroid disease. When the thyroid gland does not produce sufficient thyroid hormone or produces excess hormone, it leads to the conditions called hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism respectively. Various structural abnormalities of the thyroid gland occur such as in the case of goiter, lingual thyroid and thyroglossal duct cyst. Tumors of the thyroid can also occur and can be cancerous or non-cancerous. Side effects of medicines such as amiodarone, some types of interferon and IL-2, lithium salts, dopamine agonists, etc. can affect the thyroid gland. The diagnosis of thyroid disease is primarily determined through blood tests that measure different thyroid hormones, antithyroid antibodies, thyroidglobulin levels, calcitonin levels, etc. In some cases, ultrasound, radioiodine scanning or biopsy may be required. There are several medication pathways for the treatment of thyroid diseases. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the study of the thyroid gland and associated disorders. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed the understanding of thyroid diseases. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The endocrine system is an organ system comprising of the endocrine glands, the hormones that they secrete and the feedback loops that control the release of these hormones. Some endocrine glands are pancreas, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, etc. These hormones are important for the regulation of the functions of various target organs and for the maintenance of homeostasis. Endocrinology is a branch of medicine and biology that deals with the study of the endocrine system, its diseases and endocrine hormones. Endocrine disorders may be subdivided into endocrine gland hypersecretion, endocrine gland hyposecretion and tumors. Some examples are hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, diabetes, goitre, hypogonadism, etc. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of clinical endocrinology. It presents the complex subject of endocrinology in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

A person may be said to be obese if he/she has a body mass index or BMI of over 30 kg/m2. Obesity is detrimental to the overall health of the individual. It increases the likelihood of various diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, obstructive sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, certain cancers and depression. It is a leading cause of death worldwide but it is largely preventable. It is generally caused due to a combination of excessive food intake, genetic susceptibility and lack of physical activity. Certain factors such as endocrine disorders, mental disorders, genes and medications may also influence its incidence. The management of obesity is generally done by making lifestyle and dietary changes. Reducing the consumption of fats and sugars, increasing dietary fiber intake and regular exercising are the most recommended strategies. Medication can also help decrease fat absorption in the body or reduce appetite. In some cases, a surgery may be performed as a potential intervention. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about obesity. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of the causative factors and consequences of obesity as well as the interventions aimed at its management. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

The branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and management of life-threatening conditions requiring sophisticated life support and monitoring is known as critical care medicine. Critical care is usually required to support unstable hypertension, acute renal failure, respiratory compromise, potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmias, or multiple organ failure. Intensive care is usually based upon a system-by-system approach to treatment. Gastro-intestinal tract, peripheries, cardiovascular system, endocrine system, hematology, microbiology, central nervous system, renal, and respiratory system are the nine key intensive care systems covered under the approach. All these nine key intensive care systems are considered on an observation-intervention-impression basis to produce a daily plan. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of critical care medicine which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

Endocrinology is a branch of medicine and biology that is concerned with the diseases and conditions of the endocrine system and the hormones associated with it. Metabolism refers to the life-sustaining chemical reactions occurring in the living organism. Since most organisms live under constantly changing environments, metabolic reactions should be finely regulated to maintain homeostasis. This metabolic regulation further allows organisms to interact actively with the environment and respond to signals. Metabolic regulation occurs extrinsically or intrinsically. In extrinsic control, cells respond to signals from other cells, transmitted in the form of hormones, growth factors and other soluble messengers. A good example of this is the endocrine hormone insulin that regulates glucose metabolism. Therefore, any hormonal imbalance in the endocrine system leads to metabolic syndromes. This book explores all the important aspects of endocrinology and metabolism. It provides significant information of these disciplines to help develop a good understanding of associated endocrine and metabolic disorders. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Diabetes or diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a group of metabolic disorders in which high blood sugar levels persist in the body over a prolonged time period. It is caused when an insufficient quantity of insulin is produced by the pancreas or the body cells do not respond in a normal way to the insulin. Diabetes can be of 3 main types- Type 1, Type 2 and gestational diabetes. Maintaining a healthy diet and a normal body weight, regular exercise and avoiding tobacco are some primary lifestyle changes that can be made for the prevention and management of diabetes. Type 1 diabetic people are treated with regular insulin injections, while type 2 diabetic people can be treated with medications and may even be prescribed insulin depending on the prognosis. Gestational diabetes occurs in pregnant women. After the birth of the child, the condition resolves in itself. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in diabetes diagnosis and treatment, and understanding of its causative factors. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students, as well as experts.

The medical condition, which poses an immediate risk to a person's life, is known as medical emergency. The type of non-elective surgery performed in the case of a medical emergency, where immediate surgery is the only possible way to solve the problem successfully, is called an emergency surgery. It is done immediately in order to save life, organ or functional capacity. Some of the acute emergencies that can be managed surgically include abdominal emergencies, respiratory obstructions and pleural diseases, urinary obstructions, intestinal obstruction or perforation, etc. Without early treatment and surgical care, mortality rates for these conditions are high. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on emergency surgery have been included in this book. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Care meant for patients suffering from severe and life-threatening illnesses is known as intensive care. The departments in hospitals specifically designed for the care and treatment of patients requiring intensive care are known as intensive care units (ICUs). Intensive care units are usually equipped with advanced medical resources and equipments. The common equipments in an intensive care unit include mechanical ventilators, cardiac monitors, feeding tubes, intravenous lines, nasogastric tubes, catheters, drains and suction pumps. Intensive care is generally offered only in the cases where there is a strong possibility of survival and improvement under the support of intensive care. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of intensive care. The topics included herein on intensive care are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students, doctors and researchers in this field.

Care meant to support the life of extremely ill patients who are almost on the verge of death is known as critical care. An area in a hospital which is meant to provide intensive treatment medicine to critical patients is known as critical care unit. Trauma, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ failure, and sepsis are some of the common conditions which are treated in a critical care unit. Some of the common equipment present in a critical care unit include equipment for performing hemofiltration, mechanical ventilation equipment, and nasogastric tubes. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of critical care which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Doctors, experts, and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Intensive care, also known as critical care, refers to the care and treatment meant for saving the life of critically ill patients. The patients admitted in an intensive care unit are usually the ones who are almost on the verge of death. A coronary care unit (CCU) is a common type of intensive care unit especially designed to take care of critically ill heart patients. Some of the severe heart conditions in which constant monitoring and intensive care are required include heart attacks, cardiac dysrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, unstable angina and heart block. There is a constant availability of telemetry and electrocardiographs in the coronary care units for the proper and regular assessment of the condition of the heart. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of intensive care. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of intensive care. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Critical care medicine is the field of medicine that deals with life support for critically ill patients. Several hospitals have specifically designed intensive care areas for different specialties. Examples include the coronary intensive care unit (CICU) for heart disease and surgical intensive care unit (SICU) for surgeries. Some of the other types of intensive care units are neurological critical care unit, shock/trauma intensive-care unit (STICU), pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), etc. The doctors who have specialized in the care and treatment of critically ill patients are known as intensivists. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and the applications of critical care. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of critical care and related fields. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying critical care as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Mood disorder is a group of conditions in which an individual's mood is affected. It manifests as mania or hypomania, depressive disorders and bipolar disorders. Some psychiatric syndromes or depressive disorders that feature less severe symptoms are cyclothymic disorder and dysthymic disorder. Mood disorders may also be triggered by substance use or may occur as a response to a medical condition. This may be an evolved mechanism of delimiting physical activities for assisting the individual to regain his health. A depressed mood can be a response to life's occurrences, such as death of a child or spouse, divorce, loss of status, etc. Both therapy and medications can work to elevate mental health. Behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy and drugs such as antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anticonvulsants and antipsychotics have potential benefits. This book explores all the important aspects of mood disorders in the present day scenario. It attempts to understand the varied mood disorders of modern society and their emotional and psychological implications. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Disruption of a person's mood and the occurrence of manic and depressive episodes can be attributed to a mood disorder. Such a disorder can be depressive, bipolar, substance-induced or triggered by a medical condition. Mood disorders may be grouped under two sections, namely bipolar and related disorders, and depressive and related disorders. There are several treatment avenues for the management of mood disorders, such as behavioral antidepressants, cognitive and interpersonal therapies as well as prescription of antipsychotics and mood stabilizers. Lithium compounds may also be prescribed to reduce the risk of suicide and other causes of mortality in people with mood disorders. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of mood disorders. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on the clinical assessment and management of mood disorders. It attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into this field.

A chronic disease is a human condition characterized by a long-lasting and persistent detrimental effect on the human body. It constitutes a major cause of mortality in the world today. Some common chronic diseases in humans are asthma, arthritis, diabetes, cancer, hepatitis C, etc. Chronic conditions can be classified clinically into acute and recurrent conditions. Further, chronic diseases can be categorized as non-communicable or infectious. Various clinical preventive services are available for the detection and diagnosis of chronic diseases. Screening for the presence of a disease or the detection of any predisposition to it, and immunization against infectious agents are some of such preventive measures. Due to the improvement in medical science, there has been considerable extension in the life expectancy, increase in survival rates and provision of better quality of care to people with such diseases. But there can be far simpler and economical solutions for the prevention of chronic diseases. While the risks of developing chronic conditions vary with age and gender, many such conditions are caused due to lifestyle, dietary and metabolic risk factors. Choosing a simple lifestyle can significantly reduce the likelihood of developing chronic diseases. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the area of chronic diseases. It provides significant information of the clinical aspects of chronic diseases to help develop a good understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. Those with an interest in this field would find this book helpful.

The reproduction or representation of a breast's form is done for medical examination using breast imaging. There are several techniques of breast imaging, such as X-ray, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and scintimammography. X-ray techniques, particularly mammography, allow the early detection of breast cancer, while galactography helps to visualize the milk ducts and detect lesions. MRI serves as an alternative to mammography, for the detection of cancer. Ultrasound performs the imaging of the breast and may be used either as a diagnostic tool or a screening procedure. For mammograms with suspicious results, or for women with post-operative scar tissue, dense breast tissue or breast implants, scintimammography is used to detect cancer cells in breasts. This book traces the progress of breast imaging and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied breast imaging techniques. It is an essential guide for both experts and students alike.

Radiology is a medical specialty, which uses imaging techniques for the treatment and diagnosis of diseases occurring in the human body. Ultrasound, X-ray radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) are some of the techniques used. Some of the subspecialties in radiology are musculoskeletal imaging, neuroradiology, pediatric radiology, nuclear medicine, emergency radiology, etc. Various forms of arthritis, congenital skeletal anomalies, bone tumors and fractures can be diagnosed by projectional radiography. Similarly using low energy projectional radiography, such as in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and mammography, osteoporosis and breast cancer may be evaluated. CT scanning is the preferred diagnostic technique for detecting cerebral hemorrhage, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism, appendicitis, etc. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of diagnostic radiology are examined in detail in this book. It attempts to understand the diagnostic techniques used in this field and how such concepts have practical applications. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying diagnostic radiology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Radiotherapy or RT is a medical technique used for the treatment of cancer particularly, to kill or control the growth of malignant cells. The procedure uses ionizing radiation and is delivered by a linear accelerator. The radiation damages the DNA of cancerous tissue thereby leading to cellular death. Besides the tumor itself, the radiation may target the draining lymph involved with the tumor. RT is performed when cancer is localized to one area of the body. It can also be a part of adjuvant therapy for preventing tumor recurrence after surgery of a primary malignant tumor. Often, RT is used in conjunction with chemotherapy, and may also be used as palliative treatment. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the theory and practice of radiotherapy. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of RT and its implications, applications and consequences. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in the fields of oncology and radiation oncology.

When an individual does not get enough calories, micronutrients or proteins, it leads to malnutrition or nutritional deficiency. If this occurs during pregnancy or before the age of two, it can limit physical and mental development. Extreme undernourishment can lead to a thin body, short height, swollen legs and abdomen and low energy levels. The symptoms of micronutrient deficiencies are dependent on the nutrients absent. Malnutrition can have two manifestations, which are protein-energy malnutrition and dietary deficiencies. Kwashiorkor and marasmus are two severe forms of protein-energy malnutrition. Lack of iron, vitamin A and iodine results in dietary deficiencies. Severe malnutrition is treated by managing body temperature and low blood sugar, gradual feeding and addressing dehydration. Routine antibiotics are recommended to prevent infections. This book attempts to understand the various nutritional deficiencies, their diagnoses and treatment strategies. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing the understanding of such deficiencies are examined in detail. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Angiography is a medical imaging technique that is used to visualize the lumen of blood vessels and organs of the body, particularly the veins, arteries and heart chambers. The procedure is done by injecting a radio-opaque contrast agent into the blood stream of a patient, followed by X-ray based imaging like fluoroscopy. Depending on the area under observation, angiography can be of various types such as coronary angiography, fluorescein angiography, peripheral angiography, microangiography and post mortem CT angiography. It is done to identify narrowing vessels, visualize arterial and venous supply to the brain, visualize blood vessels and blood in the coronary arteries. This book elucidates new techniques and applications of interventional radiology in a multidisciplinary manner. It strives to provide a fair idea about angiography and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying radiology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Therapeutic endoscopy is an endoscopic procedure during which a treatment is carried out using an endoscope. Diagnostic endoscopy can become therapeutic in case of upper gastrointestinal bleeding or for finding polyps during colonoscopy. Disorders such as strictures, bleeding and polyps are some of the disorders treated endoscopically. Some of the different types of endoscopic therapy include injection sclerotherapy, endoscopic haemostasis, dilatation, stenting, argon plasma coagulation, polypectomy, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, etc. Significant research and development is being undertaken in clinical and therapeutic endoscopy for the treatment of Barrett's oesophagus, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and gastric stapling. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of clinical and therapeutic endoscopy. The ever-growing need of advanced technology for the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions is the reason that has fueled research in this field in recent times. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this field will benefit alike from this book.

An echocardiogram or a cardiovascular ultrasound is a sonogram of the heart that is developed using 2D, 3D and Doppler ultrasound. Echocardiography is one of the most popular diagnostic tests used in cardiology for the management, diagnosis and follow-up care of patients ailing from any known or suspected heart condition. It provides useful information pertaining to the shape and size of the heart, its pumping capacity, and the positioning and extent of tissue damage, if any. An echocardiogram also offers estimates of the cardiac output, diastolic function and ejection fraction. The most significant advantage of echocardiography is its non-invasiveness and lack of side effects. Some of the common types of echocardiogram are transthoracic echocardiogram, stress echocardiogram and transesophageal echocardiogram, besides others. 3D echocardiography is also possible by using a matrix array of ultrasound probes and processing system. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in cardiovascular ultrasonography. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance in this field have been included herein. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers working in this field.

Skin infection is a condition of the skin caused due to bacterial, fungal, viral or parasitic agents, and infestations. It can cause inflammation. Some bacterial skin infections are impetigo, cellulitis, folliculitis and erysipelas. Fungal skin infection can be either a superficial or a deep infection of the skin, nails or hair. Viral skin conditions are generally caused due to two main groups of viruses, namely the DNA and RNA types. Parasitic infestations, stings and bites are caused by organisms from the phyla Annelida, Chordata, Cyanobacteria, Echinodermata, etc. This book contains some pathophysiological studies in the field of skin infections. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of skin infections. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in the field of dermatology.

Dermatology is a branch of medicine, which deals with the conditions of the nails, scalp, hair and skin. It is a vast subject, which has a number of significant sub-disciplines. Some of the specializations in dermatology include cosmetic dermatology, immunodermatology, dermatopathology, pediatric dermatology and dermatoepidemiology. Cosmetic surgeries like blepharoplasty, liposuction and face-lift are within the scope of this field. It can also include the use of botulinum toxins, fillers and laser surgery. The field of immunodermatology is concerned with the treatment of various immune-mediated skin disorders such as pemphigus vulgaris, lupus, bullous pemphigoid, etc. This book explores all the important aspects of clinical dermatology in the present day scenario. It attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under this discipline. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and principles of the subject.

Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease, which is marked by the formation of abnormal skin or skin patches that are red, dry, scaly and itchy. It varies in severity from skin formations in small, localized areas to complete body coverage. It can be of various types, such as plaque, inverse, guttate, pustular and erythrodermic psoriasis. It is considered to be a non-contagious genetic disease. It can be triggered by environmental factors or injury to the skin. There is no known cure for psoriasis, but certain measures can be taken for the control of symptoms, such as using immune system suppressing medications, steroid and vitamin D3 creams, and ultraviolet light exposure. Patients with psoriasis are at a high risk of developing psoriatic arthritis, Crohn's disease, lymphomas and depression. The objective of this book is to give a general view of psoriasis, its concerns and challenges. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of psoriasis treatment and management. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Interventional cardiology is a specialization in cardiology. It is concerned with the treatment of structural heart diseases by catheterization. It typically involves the insertion of a sheath into the femoral artery, a peripheral artery or vein, and the cannulation of the heart using X-ray visualization. Some of the procedures in interventional cardiology are angioplasty, valvuloplasty, coronary thrombectomy, congenital heart defect correction, etc. The main advantages of interventional cardiology are the avoidance of a long post-operative recovery, pain and scars. The procedure of primary angioplasty, involving the deployment of stents and balloons, and the extraction of clots from occluded coronary arteries, is recommended for acute myocardial infarction. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around interventional cardiology. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied practices of interventional cardiology. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this field.

Periodontitis is a common medical condition. It is known as gingivitis in its early stage, which is characterized by swollen and bleeding gums. In its advanced stage, it leads to the inflammation of the periodontium. Ineffective oral hygiene may result in the accumulation of a bacterial and mycotic matrix on the gum line. This is known as dental plaque. It is the most common cause of periodontitis. Some ways to prevent periodontitis include following a healthy oral health regime including proper brushing and daily flossing, using an antiseptic mouthwash, regular dental check-ups, etc. The treatment methods of periodontitis include nonsurgical scaling and root planing, antibiotics and surgery in severe cases. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of periodontitis. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying dentistry.

Coronary artery disease is a cardiovascular disease and includes stable angina, myocardial infarction, unstable angina and cardiac death. A common symptom of coronary artery disease is pain in the chest that extends to the arm, back, shoulder or jaw. Shortness of breath, and a feeling of heartburn may also occur. The diagnosis of coronary artery disease is aided by electrocardiogram, coronary computed tomographic angiography, cardiac stress testing and coronary angiogram. Medications such as antiplatelets, nitroglycerin or beta blockers are recommended, while procedures such as coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may be performed on a critical patient. In case of acute coronary syndrome, revascularization may be done. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends related to coronary artery disease. The various advancements in the diagnosis and surgical management of coronary artery disease are glanced at and their implications and ramifications are looked at in detail. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this domain of medical science.

Cardiac arrhythmia is a group of conditions characterized by irregular, slow or fast heartbeat. It can be of four principal types- supraventricular tachycardias, bradyarrhythmias, ventricular arrhythmias and extra beats. Often, there are no noticeable symptoms in these diseases. However in serious cases, shortness of breath, chest pain, lightheadedness and passing out can occur. In other cases, cardiac arrest, stroke and heart failure may occur. An electrocardiogram and Holter monitor can prove to be definitive tests for cardiac arrhythmia. These conditions can be effectively treated with medications, medical procedures and surgery. Medications such as beta blockers and agents, and interventions such as the insertion of pacemakers and surgery may be used to restore normal heart rhythm. For severe symptoms of arrhythmia, cardioversion or defibrillation may be performed. This book contains some path-breaking studies revolving around cardiac arrhythmia. It unravels the recent studies in the mechanism pathways and management strategies of cardiac arrhythmia. For all readers who are interested in such studies, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Musculoskeletal disorders refer to injuries or pain in the human musculoskeletal system that includes joints, tendons, nerves, ligaments and muscles. Carpal tunnel syndrome, tension neck syndrome, tendinitis, back pain and epicondylitis are some common musculoskeletal disorders. These injuries can be sudden or generated due to repeated strain or exposure to force and vibration. These disorders can arise due to psychological, ergonomic, social and occupational factors. The diagnosis of these conditions is based on a comprehensive understanding of the patient's history, recreational and occupational hazards and various medical examinations. X-rays and MRI are used for the diagnosis of musculoskeletal conditions. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the area of musculoskeletal disorders. It also discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.