Bøger udgivet af Foster Academics

Breast cancer is the cancer, which develops in breast tissue. Breast cancers can be of 18 different forms, including ductal carcinoma and lobular carcinoma. The treatment of breast cancer depends on the person's age and the stage of the cancer. It may be approached aggressively if the prognosis is poor or if there is a high chance of recurrence following the treatment. Surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are some treatment options. Surgery involves the physical removal of the tumor. This can be done through a mastectomy, lumpectomy or quadrantectomy. After surgery, breast cancer treatment may include chemotherapy, hormone-blocking therapy and monoclonal antibodies. Radiation therapy may be delivered to a cancer patient in the form of brachytherapy or as external beam therapy. This book aims to elucidate the causes, diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. It unravels the recent studies in this medical condition. It is an essential guide for clinicians, doctors and medical students.

Oncology is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer. An important domain within oncology is medical oncology, which is a modality of cancer treatment that involves hormonal therapy, targeted therapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells by stopping or slowing down their growth. It can however harm healthy cells of the body thereby resulting in many side-effects. It can be of two types- neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapies. Immunotherapy is a unique technique in cancer care that activates the immune cells of the body to fight against cancer cells. This is done using vaccines, drug therapy and dendritic cell therapy. Targeted therapy targets specific genes and proteins associated with cancer growth, while hormone therapy slows down the growth of the cancer by reducing or blocking the hormones essential to its growth. This book explores all the important aspects of oncological medicine in the present day scenario. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on oncological medicine have been included herein. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the recent advances in this domain.

Hematology is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the study of the cause, treatment, prognosis and prevention of diseases related to blood. The treatment of diseases affecting the production of blood and its components like hemoglobin, bone marrow, blood cells, blood proteins, platelets, blood vessels, etc. is under the scope of this field. Some of these diseases are leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma. These are all cancers of the blood. The treatment of blood cancer is also under the scope of oncology. When there is a suspicion of a hematological malignancy, various analyses such as a blood film and a complete blood count are conducted. In case of a lymphadenopathy, a biopsy of a lymph node or a bone marrow biopsy are generally done. Imaging techniques of positron emission tomography (PET CT) and computerized tomography (CT) are also used for diagnosis. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of hematology and oncology. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of the care and management of blood cancer. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Neural plasticity refers to the ability of the brain to change throughout its lifetime. This change is expressed in terms of change in the proportion of grey matter, strengthening or weakening of synapses and the transfer of functions to different locations. Such changes can be witnessed at the microscopic level of neurons to large-scale changes such as cortical remapping during an injury. Evidence shows that the plasticity of the developing brain is more than an adult brain. An important aspect of neuroplasticity is the transfer of brain activity from one location to the other. This occurs during repair from brain injury and serves as the basis of the treatment of acquired brain injuries. Rehabilitation techniques supporting neural plasticity are being explored. The topics included in this book on neural plasticity are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to neural plasticity. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects the motor system. PD results in motor, neuropsychiatric, sensory and sleep diseases. Four cardinal motor symptoms in PD are tremor, postural instability, rigidity and slowness of movement. Neuropsychiatric disturbances such as disorders of mood, behavior, cognition and thought may also occur. An important underlying cause of Parkinson's disease is the death of cells in the substantia nigra, lower levels of dopamine in these regions and the build-up of proteins into Lewy bodies in the neurons. People exposed to certain pesticides and with head injuries in the past are at an increased risk of developing Parkinson's diseases. There is currently no cure for Parkinson's disease. The symptoms can be managed with the help of medications, rehabilitation, surgery and palliative care. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches in the study of Parkinson's disease. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of PD and the recent researches in this domain. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important disease.

Pain in the region of the head and the neck is termed as a headache. It can occur as migraines, cluster headaches and tension-type headaches. Headaches may be caused due to a variety of reasons. Dehydration, fatigue, sleep deprivation, effects of drugs, infections and head injuries are some of these reasons. Most headaches are diagnosed on the basis of the clinical history itself. It is determined if a headache pertains to low-risk, benign or high-risk headaches. Although the management of headaches is based on its diagnosis, its treatment generally involves pain medication. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the incidence of headaches and their underlying causes. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in the evaluation and management of headache.

Spinal cord injuries refer to the damage to the spinal cord caused as a result of accidents, falls, gunshots, infections, tumors, etc. This may lead to temporary or permanent changes in the functioning of the spinal cord. Loss of autonomic function, muscle function and sensation is common in spinal cord injuries. The damage to the spinal cord can be divided into primary and secondary injury. Injury can also be complete or incomplete based on the degree of loss of sensation. A radiographic evaluation using an MRI, CT or X-ray scan can evaluate the degree of damage to the spinal column and the location of the trauma. Pre-hospitalization care aimed at basic life support and prevention of further injury, initial care aimed at adequate breathing and cardiovascular function, spinal motion restriction and repeated neurological assessments are part of the first line of care. After this stage, patients require extended treatments in intensive care units and specialized units. The degree of functional recovery and autonomy achieved in activities of daily living after treatment depends on the level and severity of the injury. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different diagnostic and treatment strategies of spinal cord injuries. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of spinal cord injuries. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this domain.

The field of neural development is concerned with the study of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are inherent to the development of the nervous system during embryonic development and throughout life. Neural development follows certain stages such as the birth and differentiation of neurons, their migration to their final positions, the growth of axons from neurons, the generation of synapses, and so on. Such neurodevelopmental processes fall within the categories of activity-dependent and activity-independent mechanisms. Defects in neural development have repercussions in terms of motor, sensory and cognitive impairments, malformations and other neurological disorders. This makes neural development an active area of study. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to neural development. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different processes of neural development, and their significance. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Neurodegeneration is a condition characterized by progressive structural and functional loss of neurons. It is a basic feature of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Many parallels exist between such disorders such as induced cell death and atypical protein assemblies. Alzheimer's disease involves a loss of neurons and synapses in certain subcortical regions and in the cerebral cortex. Huntington's disease causes a loss of medium spiny neurons and astrogliosis. There are no medical strategies to reverse such degeneration. Much research is being done to explore the therapeutic effects of protein degradation and autophagy upregulation, as well as passive and active vaccinations against neurodegeneration. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to neurodegeneration. The various aspects of neuroscience along with clinical progress that have future implications in the understanding and management of neurodegeneration are glanced at in this book. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system caused by the systemic damage to the insulating covers of nerve cells. This disrupts the communication ability of the nervous system, resulting in signs and symptoms that are symptomatic of mental, physical and psychiatric issues. The underlying mechanism of the disease is generally attributed to the failure of the myelin-producing cells or destruction by the immune system, brought about by genetics or environmental factors. Multiple sclerosis is diagnosed on the basis of existing signs and symptoms, through medical imaging and lab testing. There is no cure of multiple sclerosis but several therapies allow a quality of care to patients. Such therapies strive to prevent new attacks, prevent disability and recuperate from an attack. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of multiple sclerosis and the recent researches in this disease. It strives to provide a fair idea about this condition and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances in its management and treatment. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Neurology is a branch of medicine concerned with the disorders of the nervous system. The diagnosis and treatment of the conditions of the peripheral and central nervous systems, their coverings, blood vessels and all effector tissues is under the scope of this science. Some of such conditions are stroke, dementia, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, etc. A comprehensive medical history in combination with a physical examination helps to evaluate nervous system health. The assessment of the cognitive function, motor strength, reflexes, sensation, coordination and gait is done through a neurological examination. Imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed axial tomography and ultrasonography of the blood vessels of the head and neck are used for further evaluation. Depending on the evaluation, a treatment strategy involving surgery, medications or physical therapy is devised. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of neurology. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different neurological conditions and their management strategies. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Neurological medicine is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting the brain, spinal cord and the peripheral and central nervous system. There are different types of neurological disorders, some of which are common while others are rare. Brain damage and brain dysfunction, spinal cord disorders, neuropsychiatric illnesses, movement disorders, etc. are some examples. They may be assessed through a neurological examination, and treated using techniques developed within the specialties of neurology and clinical neuropsychology. A neurological examination seeks to find any lesions in the central and peripheral nervous systems through an assessment of motor and sensory responses. These findings are then combined to see if they indicate a recognizable medical condition or a neurological disorder. Some of the specializations within neurology are brain injury medicine, hospice and palliative medicine, neuromuscular medicine, sleep medicine, pain medicine, etc. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of neurological medicine. The ever-growing need of advanced therapeutic strategies is the reason that has fueled the research in the field of neurological medicine in recent times. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

A progressive loss of neural function and structure, which includes neuron death, occurs through a process known as neurodegeneration. It leads to several diseases, such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. These diseases are not reversible and curable, resulting in progressive degeneration and death of neuron cells. The primary risk factor of neurodegeneration is aging. Protein misfolding, genetics, programmed cell death, intracellular mechanisms, etc. are some of the mechanisms by which neurodegeneration occurs. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the mechanism of neurodegeneration. There has been rapid progress in the understanding of neurodegeneration and neurodegenerative diseases. Scientists and students actively engaged in neuroscience, will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The brain and the spinal cord are protected by tough membranes, and isolated chemically by the blood-brain barrier but are extremely susceptible if such protective barriers are compromised. Nerves can be exposed to damage, and neurons and neural networks can be electrochemically and structurally disrupted. All these can trigger structural, electrical and biochemical abnormalities of the brain, spinal cord or other nerves and cause neurological diseases. Such diseases are categorized according to the primary location affected or the underlying cause of the condition into peripheral nervous system disorders and central nervous system disorders. These may be assessed by a neurological examination. Some of the interventions of neurological disorders are lifestyle changes, neurorehabilitation, physiotherapy and surgical procedures. This book aims to shed light on some of the different neurological diseases and the recent researches in their clinical mechanisms. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying neurological disorders as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Clinical neuroscience is a field of neuroscience that strives to develop an understanding of the underlying mechanisms of diseases and disorders of the brain and the central nervous system. Some of these disorders are Alzheimer's disease, bipolar disorder, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, addiction, Parkinson's disease, autism, bipolar disorder, etc. The diagnosis and treatment of such disorders are within the scope of this field. Other medical specialties which use neuroscientific principles are neuroradiology, neuropathology, anesthesiology, rehabilitation medicine, etc. Psychiatrists, clinical psychologists and neurologists are some of the professionals trained in clinical neuroscience. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of clinical neuroscience. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the advanced researches in this domain. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts, as easy and informative as possible for the readers.

The specialty of medicine that deals with the functions and diseases related to kidneys is known as nephrology. It is also related to the diverse aspects concerned with kidney health and its preservation. The treatment of kidney diseases along with replacement also falls under this domain. Some common conditions treated under nephrology include polycystic kidney disease, autoimmune diseases such as lupus, ANCA vasculitis, etc. A physician who specializes in the treatment and care of the diseases related to kidneys is known as a nephrologist. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of nephrology, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in future. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book is appropriate for medical students seeking detailed information in the field of nephrology as well as for experts.

The gradual loss of kidney's function over a period of months or years results in chronic kidney disease. As kidney function decreases, various physiological changes occur, such as the increase in blood pressure, accumulation of urea, decrease in erythropoietin synthesis, fluid volume overload, hypocalcemia, etc. Leg swelling, loss of appetite, hyperphosphatemia, fatigue and sexual dysfunction are some of its most common symptoms. The main causes of chronic kidney disease are glomerulonephritis, diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure. Treatment of the underlying disease and control of blood pressure are the chief principles of its management. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors can slow the progression of the disease. High blood lipids are aggressively treated. Hormones such as erythropoietin and calcitriol are replaced. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of chronic kidney disease, which will be crucial for the progress of nephrology in the future. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Renal failure is a severe medical condition of the kidneys. It is a case in which the functioning of the kidneys stops. There are two main types of renal failure, namely, acute kidney failure and chronic kidney failure. Acute kidney failure is the rapid loss of kidney function, whereas, chronic kidney failure is associated with the gradual loss of kidney function. Symptoms of renal failure include vomiting, diarrhea, pressure, or difficulty in urinating, more frequent urination, less frequent urination, foamy or bubbly urine and nocturia. Diabetes, high blood pressure, drug overdose and polycystic kidney disease are some of the major causes of renal failure. Proper diet, hemodialysis and kidney transplant are the most common treatment methods. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of renal failure. It explores all the important aspects of renal failure in the present day scenario. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Hepatology is a branch of medicine, which is aimed at the treatment and management of the disorders of the gallbladder, liver, biliary tree and pancreas for overall health. This domain is mostly involved in the study of the diseases and complications related to alcohol consumption and viral hepatitis. Some of the other diseases and medical conditions studied under this domain include storage disease of liver, gastrointestinal bleeding due to liver damage, jaundice, ascites, etc. Hepatitis B and C are the leading cause of liver cancers. In the modern world where alcohol consumption is gradually on the rise, the cases of incidence of cirrhosis and other conditions are also increasing. This makes research in hepatology very important. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards clinical advances and evolution of hepatology are examined in detail in this book. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various practices and procedures of hepatology. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying hepatology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

The diagnosis, management and counseling of individuals with hereditary disorders is under the scope of medical genomics. Mitochondrial disorders, birth defects and dysmorphology, skeletal dysplasia, mental retardation, etc. are some of the conditions studied and treated under this field. Due to the advancements in genetics, the etiologies of many endocrine, neurologic, cardiovascular, ophthalmologic, psychiatric, renal and dermatologic conditions are being explored. The sequencing of human DNA allows the identification of mutations that are linked to diseases and the genotyping of specific viruses to design treatment strategies. Genetic tests can show predisposition to various disorders such as cystic fibrosis, liver diseases, breast cancer, hemostasis disorders, etc. Genetic medicine incorporates areas such as personalized medicine, gene therapy and predictive medicine. In genetic counseling, information regarding genetic conditions, risks in other family members of developing such diseases, and diagnostic testing are provided to individuals and families. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of medical genomics. It unfolds the innovative aspects of genetics and genomics, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Menopause is that period in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently and she becomes incapable of bearing children. It typically occurs between the ages of 49 and 52 years. This period is said to begin when vaginal bleeding stops for more than a year. During this time, there arises a decrease in the hormone production by the ovaries. In the years preceding menopause, women may experience hot flashes, vaginal dryness, emotional changes and sleeping difficulties. It may also occur in women who have undergone chemotherapy or removal of the ovaries. Therapies involving menopausal hormone therapy, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and clonidine may be recommended for relieving symptoms. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the physiological, biological and emotional aspects of menopause. The aim of this book is to present researches that have advanced the understanding of menopause and its implications in a woman's life. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about menopause.

The time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman's body is known as pregnancy. The state of pregnancy can occur by sexual intercourse or assisted reproductive technology. The birth of a child usually occurs after nine months, i.e., 40 weeks from the last menstrual period. Childbirth is the ending of a pregnancy by one or more child leaving a woman's uterus by vaginal passage or Caesarean section. Vaginal delivery is the most common way of childbirth. Three stages of labor, namely the shortening and opening of the cervix, descent and birth of the baby, and the delivery of the placenta are involved in it. This book explores all the important aspects of pregnancy and childbirth in the present day scenario. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to pregnancy and childbirth. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The branch of medicine focused on the functioning of the digestive system and the diverse disorders related to it is called gastroenterology. All diseases related to the internal organs from mouth to anus, along the alimentary canal are studied under gastroenterology. Hepatology is a sub-field of gastroenterology. It is concerned with the study of organs like, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and bile ducts. Hepatitis and fatty liver disease are two of the most common liver diseases. The inflammation of the liver tissue is called hepatitis, whereas, fatty liver disease is the condition where excess fat builds up in the liver. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on clinical gastroenterology and hepatology have been included in this book. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for doctors and experts.

A break which occurs in the inner lining of the stomach, the first part of the small intestine, or the lower esophagus is known as peptic ulcer disease. Stomach ulcer is called a gastric ulcer, whereas, intestine ulcer is called a duodenal ulcer. Symptoms of a gastric ulcer include pain while eating, belching, vomiting, poor appetite and weight loss. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the bacterium Helicobacter pylori are some of the common causes of peptic ulcer disease. In case of complications, there may be bleeding, perforation and blockage of the stomach. Stopping smoking, the intake of alcohol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are some of the common effective ways to treat peptic ulcer disease. This book explores all the important aspects of peptic ulcer disease in the present day scenario. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to peptic ulcer disease. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying this condition.

The increase in androgens levels in women results in heavy periods or no menstrual periods, pelvic pain, excess facial and body hair, difficulty in getting pregnant, acne, etc. This set of symptoms may be termed as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and affects between 2-20% of women between the ages of 18 and 44. Some of the conditions associated with PCOS are obesity, Type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, mood disorders, heart disease, etc. It occurs due to genetic and environmental factors. It is diagnosed through an ultrasound based on high androgen levels, presence of ovarian cysts and lack of ovulation. PCOS has no known cure, but can be treated with certain lifestyle changes such as exercise and weight loss. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about polycystic ovary syndrome. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of the causative factors and consequences of polycystic ovary syndrome as well as the interventions aimed at its management. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Diabetes mellitus Type 1 or Type 1 diabetes is a type of diabetes mellitus, which is caused by little or no production of insulin by the pancreas. This leads to high blood sugar levels in the body. Such a high blood sugar level is typically an autoimmune response involving a loss of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Diabetes mellitus Type 2 or Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder caused due to insulin resistance, high sugar levels in blood and comparatively low insulin production. It is the most common form of diabetes and makes up nearly 90% of all cases of diabetes. Genetics and lifestyle are the major contributing factors for the incidence of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Symptoms for both these disorders are similar. These include weight loss, frequent urination, increased thirst and hunger, etc. This book provides comprehensive insights into Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. It discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches in the management of these disorders. For all those who are interested in endocrinology and metabolism, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

A medical condition in which fat accumulates in the human body to such a degree that it starts to exert a negative influence on overall health and functioning is called as obesity. It is characterized by a BMI (body mass index) of over 30 kg/m2. It can lead to various diseases and illnesses and also to death. Increase in the average energy consumed, through high carbohydrate consumption and fat consumption and our sedentary lifestyles with mechanized transportation and labor saving technology have increased the incidence of obesity worldwide. More than 41 genes have been linked to the development of obesity so far. Certain mental and physical illnesses and the pharmaceutical drugs used for their treatment also increase the risk of obesity. Illnesses, which are genetic syndromes such as Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Prader-WIlli syndrome, MOMO syndrome and Cohen syndrome, as well as congenital and acquired conditions like growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome and eating disorders, are associated with obesity. Medications such as insulin, thiazolidinediones, sulfonylureas, steroids, antidepressants, etc. may also lead to changes in body composition or weight gain. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different clinical aspects of obesity including major concerns and challenges. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most significant concepts and emerging trends in the study of obesity. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

The medical condition which affects the functioning of the thyroid gland is known as thyroid disease. Its diagnosis is obtained through blood tests, radioiodine scanning, ultrasound and biopsy. The activity of the thyroid gland can be determined by the measurement of the levels of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine, thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone in blood. In case of diseases, anti-thyroid antibodies may be detected in blood such as anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies, anti-thyroglobulin antibodies and TSH receptor antibodies. The detection of these can allow diagnosis of the specific condition. Radioactive iodine is used in thyroid scintigraphy to detect any irregularity in the size of the gland and determine its activity. Based on the condition diagnosed, the treatment may vary. While most conditions are treatable through the appropriate prescription of medications, surgery and radioiodine therapy may also be required. The thyroid gland may also be partly or completely removed to treat the condition. This book contains some path -breaking studies related to the functioning of the thyroid gland. It unravels the recent studies in the diagnosis, prevention and management of thyroid disease. For all readers who are interested in this domain, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Metabolic diseases arise when there is an alteration in the normal metabolic process caused due to abnormal chemical reactions in the body. The symptoms of metabolic diseases can be classified into four categories, namely, acute symptoms, permanent symptoms, late-onset acute symptoms and progressive general symptoms. However, some of the most common symptoms include jaundice, weight loss, seizures and lethargy. Enzyme deficiency caused due to a defective gene, and problems in the functioning of the liver or pancreas are some common causes of metabolic diseases. Diagnostic methods include routine screening, specific blood tests and DNA tests. Nutrition management is a common and effective strategy to treat metabolic diseases. This book attempts to understand various metabolic diseases and their causes along with the ways to diagnose and treat them. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of metabolic diseases. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for doctors and researchers.

Endocrine disorders refer to the various disorders of the endocrine system. It may be classified into three groups, namely endocrine gland hypersecretion, endocrine gland hyposecretion and tumors. Some of the diseases falling within these groups include thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and goiter, glucose homeostasis disorders like hypoglycemia and diabetes, various metabolic bone diseases, pituitary gland disorders and sex hormone disorders. Most endocrine disorders involve a complex combination of hyposecretion and hypersecretion. The branch of medicine that deals with all endocrine disorders is known as endocrinology. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around endocrine disorders. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on endocrinology have been included herein. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying endocrine disorders as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.