Bøger udgivet af Foster Academics

Pain management is a branch of medicine that is involved in the provision of a better quality of life to individuals with chronic pain by easing their suffering. Pain resolves when the underlying pathology has been treated or the trauma is healed. However, chronic pain requires long-term pain management. Some of the treatment approaches to chronic pain are prescription pain medicine, interventional procedures, physical exercise and therapy, psychological therapy, etc. Various interventional procedures such as epidural steroid injections, spinal cord stimulators, neurolytic blocks, etc. may be used for chronic pain. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new pain management techniques and their applications. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to pain management. It attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into this field.

The science and technique associated with the preparation and distribution of drugs is known as pharmacy. It acts as a link between health sciences and chemical sciences. Its main goal is to ensure the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical drugs. The health professionals involved in the practice of pharmacy are called pharmacists or chemists. They are experts in drug therapy. The main sub-disciplines of pharmacy include pharmaceutics, medicinal chemistry, pharmacognosy, pharmacy practice, pharmacology and pharmacoinformatics. Biochemical mechanisms and action of drugs, therapeutic effects, potential drug interactions, etc. are important focus areas of pharmaceutical sciences. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of pharmacy and related fields. The various sub-fields of pharmacy along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in it. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

Pharmaceutical science refers to a set of interdisciplinary fields of study that are concerned with the design, delivery, action and disposition of pharmaceutical drugs. There is an application of inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, cell biology, molecular biology, anatomy, physics, epidemiology and several other fields of science in pharmaceutical science. Pharmaceutical sciences may be divided into pharmacology, pharmaceutics, pharmaceutical chemistry and pharmacognosy. Together these disciplines encompass the design of drug formulation for optimum stability and delivery, study of the physiological and biochemical effects of drugs on human beings, synthesis of new drug molecules, etc. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of pharmaceutical science and the recent researches in this field. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

Anesthesia is an induced state of temporary and controlled loss of awareness and sensation. It includes paralysis or muscle relaxation, prevention and relief from pain, and unconsciousness. It allows the painless performance of medical procedures, which could cause intolerable pain in an unanesthetized patient. It can be administered such that it leads to a total lack of sensation, or to partial loss of sensation, or inhibit anxiety and the creation of long-term memories. Safe anesthesia administration requires a holistic understanding of the effects of anesthetic drugs, organ support techniques, hemodynamic monitoring, advanced airway management and diagnostic techniques. The practice of anesthesia is known as anesthesiology. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of anesthesiology. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

All disorders related to the functioning of the joints are categorised as arthritis. The common symptoms of arthritis include reduced motion, joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and redness. Ankylosing spondylitis is one of the most common types of arthritis. It involves the long term inflammation of the joints of the spine, pelvis, shoulder, and hips. Back pain, stiffness in the affected area, eye and bowel problems are some of the common symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis. Medical imaging and blood tests are two of the common ways of diagnosis. Arthritis treatment methods include the use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), pain replacements and anti-inflammatory drugs, joint replacements, etc. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to arthritis care and management. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to arthritis. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Clinical pharmacy is a sub-field of pharmacy. It is concerned with providing direct care to the patients by optimizing the use of medication and promoting health and wellness. A specialist in this field is called a clinical pharmacist. The main task of clinical pharmacists involves the care of patients in all health care settings. In order to carry out their tasks in a smooth and effective manner, they are often required to collaborate with nurses, physicians and other healthcare professionals. They play a significant role in the health care system by providing information regarding the safe and cost-effective uses of medications. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of clinical pharmacy, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of clinical pharmacy and its utmost significance in modern times. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with clinical pharmacy will benefit alike from this book.

The core structure of a steroid comprises of seventeen carbon atoms, bonded in four fused rings. These include one five-member cyclopentane ring, and three six-member cyclohexane rings. Steroids are biologically active organic compounds which have four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration. These are found in several animals, fungi and plants. They are usually formed in the cells from the sterols lanosterol or cycloartenol. Steroids can be modified by slight changes to the ring structure. Gonane is the simplest steroid, which is the fundamental nucleus of all steroids. It consists of the fusion of a phenanthrene ring with a cyclopentane ring. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of steroids. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the research of steroids. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Urology is a branch of medicine, concerned with surgical as well as medical diseases related to the male and female urinary-tract system, and the male reproductive organs. Genitourinary disorders also fall under the domain of urology. Some of the common genitourinary disorders include hypospadias, labial fusion, epispadias and varicocele. Two of the most common and effective methods to treat urological diseases include robotic surgery and laparoscopic surgery. A robotic surgery is either performed through a direct telemanipulator or through computer control. In a laparoscopic surgery, small surgical incisions are made in the abdomen or pelvis. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of urology. The various advancements in urology are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. Students, urologists, experts and all associated with urology will benefit alike from this book.

A urinary tract infection (UTI) refers to an infection of the urinary tract. When it affects the upper urinary tract, it is termed as a kidney infection and when it affects the lower urinary tract, it is called a bladder infection. Some of the symptoms of a UTI are flank pain and fever, pain or burning while urinating and the persistent need to urinate despite having an empty bladder. A UTI can be diagnosed based on symptoms alone. However, urinalysis and urine microscopy can give a definitive proof of a UTI. It can usually be treated with a small course of antibiotics, such as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and nitrofurantoin. In some cases, it may require a longer course of intravenous antibiotics. This book unravels the recent studies in the diagnosis and clinical management of urinary tract infections. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Urology, also known as genitourinary surgery, is a study of the diseases related to the urinary-tract system. It also involves the study of the disorders associated with the male reproductive organs. Organs which come under the scope of urology include the bladder, kidneys, urethra, ureters, prostate, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, epididymis, adrenal glands, testes and penis. Some of the sub-disciplines of urology include endourology, neurourology, reconstructive urology, urologic oncology, female urology, among others. Some of the fields that are closely linked with urology are andrology, gynaecology, nephrology, gastroenterology and endocrinology. Surgeons and medical practitioners, whose area of specialization is urology, are called urologists. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of clinical urology. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of urology. This book with its detailed analyses of data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

The organ transplant of a kidney into a patient having end-stage renal disease is known as renal or kidney transplantation. Diabetes mellitus, malignant hypertension, infections, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and polycystic kidney disease are some of the common disorders which often lead to end-stage renal disease. In case of renal transplantation, the donor and the recipient should be ABO blood group and crossmatch (human leukocyte antigen - HLA) compatible. The renal transplantation surgery usually takes around three hours. The transplanted donor kidney is placed in the lower abdomen and its blood vessels are then connected to the arteries and veins in the recipient's body. Renal transplantation is an upcoming field of medicine that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for doctors and experts.

The surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of several disorders and defects in the face, head, neck, jaws, and the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region is known as oral and maxillofacial surgery. It is considered to be an important sub-speciality of dentistry. A medical practitioner who has specialized in the treatment of the entire craniomaxillofacial complex, which consists of the anatomical area of the mouth, skull, jaws, and face, is called an oral and maxillofacial surgeon. Some of the surgical procedures performed under this field include dentoalveolar surgery, genioplasty, orthognathic surgery, rhinoplasty, otoplasty, oculoplastics and septoplasty, among many others. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of oral and maxillofacial surgery. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for doctors and experts.

The field of medicine that deals with the health issues that are unique, or are more widespread, in tropical and subtropical regions is known as tropical medicine. Some common diseases in the tropical and subtropical regions include malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. However, there are several non-communicable diseases and neglected tropical diseases which affect the health of people living in the tropical and subtropical regions. Lack of preventive medicine, education and proper diet have led to a significant mortality due to non-communicable diseases, such as cancer, respiratory diseases and cardiovascular diseases. Chagas disease, dengue, leprosy, rabies and eumycetoma are some common examples of neglected tropical diseases. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of tropical medicine which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of tropical medicine. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights into this field.

Minimally invasive surgery is a surgical technique, characterized by smaller incisions, quicker healing, lower pain and reduced risk of infection. Such procedures have been made possible due to advancement in medical technologies. These procedures are guided by laparoscopic or arthroscopic devices, large scale display panel and remote-control manipulation of instruments. Refractive eye surgery, cryosurgery, keyhole surgery, stereotactic surgery, the Nuss procedure, etc. are some examples of minimally invasive surgical procedures. Laparoscopic surgery is performed within the abdominal or pelvic cavities, and thoracoscopic surgery is done on the chest or thoracic cavity. Minimally invasive spine surgeries such as laminotomy, artificial disc replacement, anterior cervical discectomy, laminectomy, etc. are performed to treat degenerative disc disease, disc fractures, herniation, tumors, infections, etc. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theories and practices of minimally invasive surgeries. It aims to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

A hernia is a condition characterized by an abnormal exit of tissue or organ through the wall of the cavity in which it resides. Groin, incisional and umbilical hernia are certain kinds of hernia. Some symptoms may be present such as discomfort while coughing or exercising, a bulge in the affected area, distress while passing stool and associated pain and tenderness. The principal cause of concern is a strangulated hernia, which is a medical emergency. Some of the risk factors of the development of hernia are obesity, collagen vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, previous appendectomy, etc. To prevent complications, surgery is recommended. Surgeries can be both laparoscopic and open. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of hernia surgery. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing practices and procedures of hernia surgery are examined in detail in this book. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying this field as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Autism is a developmental disorder. It is identified by the problems associated with social interaction, and restricted and repetitive behavior. These signs can generally be detected in the first two or three years of a child's life. Some of the common characteristics of autistic children are avoidance of eye contact and turn-taking, preference of loneliness, and difficulty in maintaining friendships. Echolalia and use of reverse pronouns are commonly witnessed in an autistic child. Rubella, alcohol, pesticides, cocaine, air pollution and valproic acid are some common risk factors during pregnancy, which may cause autism in the unborn child. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on autism have been included in this book. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of autism. Students, doctors, and experts actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Pulmonology is a medical specialization concerned with the diseases of the respiratory tract. Managing patients who require mechanical ventilation and life support is under the scope of this field. Conditions of the chest such as asthma, tuberculosis, pneumonia, chest infections and emphysema are treated using pulmonary medicine. Such conditions arise due to a number of reasons, such as genetics, exposure to toxins and infectious agents, or due to an autoimmune response of the body. Some hereditary pulmonary diseases are alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and cystic fibrosis. Pulmonary function tests, spirometry, blood tests, chest X-rays, CT scanning, etc. are some of the diagnostic techniques used in pulmonology. Oral and inhalation medication, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, etc. are common strategies often employed in pulmonary disease management. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of pulmonology. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the varied respiratory conditions and their management techniques. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Reproductive health is concerned with the processes and functions of the reproductive system at all stages of life. It is meant to ensure that people enjoy a responsible, satisfying and safer sex life. Access to appropriate health care services related to reproductive medicine, and knowledge of safe, secure and affordable birth control methods also come under the scope of reproductive health. Some of the common issues associated with reproductive health include adolescent health, contraception, sexually transmitted infection, abortion and female genital mutilation. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of reproductive health and the recent researches in this field. It attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of reproductive health and how such concepts have practical applications. This book aims to equip students, researchers and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Shoulder surgery is a type of surgery concerned with the treatment of injured shoulders. It is most commonly used in repairing the tissues, muscles and damaged joints. Two of the major conditions in which a shoulder surgery is performed are dislocated shoulder and separated shoulder. Arthroscopic surgery and Laterjet surgery are common treatment methods used for treating a dislocated shoulder. Arthroscopic surgery is not much effective in the cases, where the shoulder bones begin to wear down even after the surgery. In such cases, a Laterjet surgery is performed. Weaver-Dunn procedure is a method for treating a separated shoulder. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to shoulder surgery. The various advancements in shoulder surgery are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. Students, doctors, experts and all associated with shoulder surgery will benefit alike from this book.

The spinal cord is a tubular structure consisting of nervous tissue. It extends from the medulla oblongata to the lumbar region. Its primary function is to transit nerve signals from the motor cortex to the sensory cortex. There are 8 cervical segments, 12 thoracic segments, 51 lumbar segments, 5 sacral segments and 1 coccygeal segment in the human spinal cord. The conditions, which impair the functioning of the backbone, are known as spinal diseases. Some common examples include ankylosing spondylitis, spina bifida, spinal muscular atrophy, osteoporosis, lumbar spinal stenosis, spinal tumors, etc. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to spinal disorders. It elucidates new diagnostic and treatment techniques and their applications. For all readers who are interested in spinal disorders, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

The branch of medical oncology is focused on the treatment of cancer using the treatment pathways of immunotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and hormonal therapy. The introduction of drugs into the blood stream constitutes a systemic therapy that addresses cancer at any anatomical location in the body. The diagnosis and staging investigations of a cancer depend on the kind of malignancy or the site of occurrence. Bone marrow studies and blood investigations are performed for blood cancer diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry and molecular studies, blood investigations and imaging are performed for the diagnosis of lymphoma. On the basis of the knowledge gathered from such examinations and depending on the severity of the malignancy, a medical oncologist may decide the treatment strategy to be followed. An informed decision based on the psychological, physical, emotional and financial status of the patient is also made. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied therapies that fall under the domain of medical oncology. Such selected concepts that redefine cancer care have been presented in this book. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Colorectal cancer refers to the cancer of the rectum or colon. Its symptoms are a change in bowel movement, weight loss, blood in the stool and a persistent state of exhaustion. Consumption of processed meat, red meat and alcohol, lack of physical activity, obesity and smoking are considered risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of this cancer. It can be diagnosed by performing a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, or by a microscopical examination of a tissue sample. A referral medical imaging determines the spread or localization of the disease. Colorectal cancer can be treated through a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery and targeted therapy. Depending on the stage of the tumor and patient's health, treatment can be palliative or done with the intent to cure. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of colorectal cancer. Its aim is to present researches pertaining to the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of colorectal cancer. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

The diagnosis and treatment of the diseases of the eye is under the scope of ophthalmology. It studies the anatomy and physiology of eyes, along with the diseases related to them. A specialist in the field of medical and surgical eye disorders is called an ophthalmologist. The tasks of an ophthalmologist include the use of medicines to treat eye disorders, performing surgery and implementing laser therapy. Cataract, glaucoma, strabismus, proptosis, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, excessive tearing and eye tumors are some of the common eye diseases. Ultrasonography, optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography are some of the specialized diagnostic methods used to diagnose eye disorders. Ocular surgery is an effective way to cure eye disorders. This book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of ophthalmology and its utmost significance in modern times. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of ophthalmology and the recent researches in this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Head and neck cancer refers to a group of cancers that originate in the mouth, throat, sinuses, nose, larynx or salivary glands. Some of its common symptoms are a persistent sore throat, change in the voice, trouble swallowing and a lump or sore, which does not heal. Nearly 75% of all cases of head and neck cancer can be attributed to alcohol and tobacco consumption. Other risk factors include the consumption of betel quid, radiation exposure, Epstein-Barr virus, etc. Advancements in the diagnosis and local management of head and neck cancer and targeted therapy have resulted in the improvement in the quality of life and survival. Treatment generally follows a combination of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex principles and practices in the management of cancer of the head and neck. It presents the complex subject of head and neck cancer in the most comprehensible language. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about this disease.

Brain cancers occur when an abnormal growth of cells occurs in the brain. Some types of brain cancer are medulloblastoma, astrocytoma, meningiomas, etc. A form of astrocytoma called glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of brain cancer. Symptoms of brain cancer include headaches, vomiting, seizures, altered vision and mental changes. It is diagnosed using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and the result is confirmed usually through a biopsy. The treatment of brain cancer may involve a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery. No therapy has yet shown any progress in increasing life expectancy in people with malignant gliomas. However, cancer immunotherapy is being actively studied. Research is also being pursued in the use of vesicular stomatitis virus and retroviral replicating vectors as management strategies for brain cancer. The objective of this book is to give a modern perspective on brain cancer. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on brain cancer have been included in this book. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with neurology, neuroscience, surgical oncology, clinical oncology and radiation oncology will benefit alike from this book.

Cancer is the condition in which there is an abnormal growth of cells that is coupled with malignant behavior relative to metastasis and invasion. Environmental factors along with genetic susceptibility contribute to genetic mutations in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. Such combined action gives rise to cancer. Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment, which uses chemotherapeutic agents or anti-cancer drugs for the treatment of cancer. It may also be performed for the reduction of symptoms. It comprises of intracellular poisons that inhibit cell division and extracellular signals. Some of the side effects of chemotherapy are the damage to healthy cells of the body, myelosuppression, mucositis and alopecia. This book presents the complex subject of chemotherapy in the most comprehensible language. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on cancer treatment have been included in this book. It will be a valuable resource for medical oncologists, oncological surgeons, residents and students alike.

Cancer care has evolved significantly in the past few decades with the emergence of varied treatment modalities. The modern standard of cancer cure is a combination of multi-modal therapies and surgery. The field of surgical oncology is concerned with the surgical management of tumors, particularly cancerous tumors. Each surgical procedure targets cancer at a particular site only, such as Whipple procedure or pancreaticoduodenectomy that targets pancreatic cancer, or gastrectomy with extended (D2) lymphadenectomy which targets gastric cancer. There have been significant advances in surgical oncology such as minimally invasive surgical techniques, robotic surgery, reconstructive surgery, intraoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy, among others. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to surgical oncology. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of clinical principles and practices of this field. For all those who are interested in oncology, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

The cancer of the pancreas or pancreatic cancer occurs in the exocrine or the endocrine component of the pancreas. The former is called exocrine pancreatic cancer and the latter is known as pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs). Biopsy, endoscopic ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, etc. are used to confirm the diagnosis of the cancer, and determine its resectability as a potential intervention. Surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy are some of the therapeutic and management strategies of exocrine pancreatic cancer. PanNET cases can be addressed through surgery, medication and occasional radiotherapy. This book aims to elucidate the causes, diagnosis and treatment of the different forms of pancreatic cancer. It unravels the recent studies in the evaluation and therapeutic interventions relevant to this medical condition. This book is an essential guide for clinicians, doctors and medical students.

Bladder cancer is a form of cancer that occurs in the tissues of the urinary bladder. Symptoms such as pain while urinating, blood in the urine and low back pain are usually present in this cancer. Some of the risk factors of bladder cancer are frequent bladder infections, smoking, exposure to certain chemicals, cancer in the family, etc. Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common type of bladder cancer, while adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are other types. Cystoscopy and tissue biopsies are used to diagnose the condition while the staging is determined by bone and CT scans. The treatment of bladder cancer depends on the stage of the cancer and may involve a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or immunotherapy. Surgical procedures such as urinary diversion, transurethral resections, complete or partial removal of the bladder may also be performed. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different clinical aspects of bladder cancer including its concerns and challenges. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the diagnosis and clinical management of bladder cancer. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

The cancers originating in the ovaries, uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes, cervix and vulva are called gynecological cancers. Uterine cancer emerges in the uterine tissue. Its types include cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, gestational trophoblastic disease and uterine sarcoma. Vaginal cancer is malignant and forms in the tissue of the vagina. Squamous-cell carcinoma is the primary form of vaginal cancer. The other types of vaginal cancer are vaginal adenocarcinoma, vaginal germ cell tumor, clear cell adenocarcinoma, vaginal melanoma, etc. The diagnosis of such cancers is made on the basis of a pelvic exam, pap smear, physical exam and history, biopsy and colposcopy. High-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy, external-beam radiation therapy and concurrent carboplatin plus paclitaxel are some nascent strategies for the management of advanced ovarian cancers. In cases where surgery is the recommended pathway for the treatment of cancers, genitoplasty may be performed to repair the damage and may include procedures such as vaginoplasty, labiaplasty, vaginal reconstruction, etc. This book explores all the important gynecological disorders in the present day scenario. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible language. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, it covers the most significant treatments and management strategies of such cancers.