Bøger udgivet af Foster Academics

Medical informatics, also known as health care informatics, is a branch of health care involving the application of information engineering to the field of health care. It is a field which uses health information technology for improving health care. It generally revolves around the study of the IT-based innovations in planning, delivery and management of healthcare services. This includes the methods and devices required for the storage and use of information in health and biomedicine. Some of the common sub-fields of medical informatics include imaging informatics, pathology informatics, clinical bioinformatics, community health informatics, consumer health informatics, etc. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of medical informatics and related fields. It strives to provide a fair idea about this area and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Occupational therapy is a type of therapy involving the use of assessment and intervention to recover, develop or maintain the occupations or meaningful activities of people. Occupational therapists usually deal with people having mental health problems, impairments or disabilities. They help individuals to achieve a fulfilled and satisfied state of life with the help of specially designed interventions. Injury rehabilitation, providing support to the elderly dealing with physical and cognitive changes, and assisting children with disabilities to enable them to participate properly in school and social situations, are some of the common examples of occupational therapy interventions. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to occupational therapy interventions. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of occupational therapy as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

Health care refers to the maintenance of health by preventing, diagnosing and treating illnesses and injuries in humans. Health professionals are the ones who deliver health care. They may be operating and dealing within all branches of health care. Some of the common branches of health care are nursing, surgery, pharmacy, optometry, midwifery, audiology, dentistry and psychology. Healthcare practitioners usually include physicians, pharmacists, surgeons, nurses, dietitians, therapists, paramedics, surgeon's assistant and naturopaths. The leadership, administration and management of a hospital, health care system, hospital network and public health system is known as healthcare management. This book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of health care and its utmost significance in modern times. It covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around health care. Doctors, researchers and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The field of study involved with pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period is known as obstetrics. The chief areas within obstetrics are prenatal and postnatal care. Prenatal care helps to screen for various complications of pregnancy through routine lab tests and physical examinations. CBC tests, general antibody screen test, ultrasound, amniocentesis, MSAFP/quadruple screen test, hematocrit, glucose loading test, etc. are done during the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Some of the pregnancy-related emergencies include ectopic pregnancy, placental abruption, pre-eclampsia, fetal distress, shoulder dystocia, uterine rupture, etc. Postnatal care is provided to mothers following parturition. The mother is examined for bowel and bladder function, and bleeding. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of obstetrics. It traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key principles and practices. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The branch concerned with the general management, leadership and administration of hospitals, health care systems, hospital networks and public health systems is known as health care management. It is also called medical and health services management. It focuses on ensuring that all the required health outcomes are attained. Moreover, it ensures that the departments in a health institution are running smoothly and working towards the attainment of a common goal. Hospital administrators are the professionals dealing with the administration and management of hospitals and other health institutions. They are considered to be the central points of control within hospitals. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to healthcare management. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on healthcare management have been included in it. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The field of economics dealing with the issues related to value, efficiency, behavior and effectiveness in the production and consumption of health and healthcare is known as health economics. Specialists in this field are called health economists. They delve into the functioning of the healthcare systems and health-affecting behaviors. They also evaluate financial information, including the costs, expenditures and charges. The existence of knowledge gap between the patient and the physician is a state of benefit for the physician, which is called asymmetric information. It is a major area of focus under this field. Some of the main branches associated with health economics include medical economics, behavioral economics and mental health economics. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of health economics which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of health economics and related fields. The topics covered in this book offer the readers new insights into the field of health economics.

Pregnancy is an important period in a woman's life. To have a healthy pregnancy, a healthy newborn and to prevent complications during childbirth, regular checkups, exercise, a healthy diet and dietary supplements are of the utmost importance. Childbirth can occur by a Caesarean section or through vaginal passage. Caesarean sections are recommended for babies in the breech position, for twins or in cases of extreme distress. Pain control, active management of labor, fetal monitoring, etc. are integral to delivery management. The care of the newborn infant is vital to its health and well-being. Adequate breastfeeding and food consumption, good hygiene and care are essential to an infant's health. Low weight or premature infants, or infants with congenital malformations, intrauterine growth restriction, birth asphyxia, pulmonary hypoplasia or sepsis can have a better chance of survival and normal neurological and physiological development if provided with due care and monitoring. The fields of perinatology and neonatology are actively involved in the medical care of the mother and the infant respectively. This book contains some path-breaking studies in pregnancy and childbirth. It discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of childbirth. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Prenatal care is a form of preventive healthcare concerned with the facilitation of appropriate care to mothers during the course of the pregnancy to prevent potential health issues. It strives to promote healthy lifestyles that benefit mother and child. Pregnant women are informed regarding physiological and biological changes during pregnancy, and the need for prenatal nutrition. Routine prenatal screening and diagnosis can significantly reduce the chances of miscarriages, low birth weight, maternal death, birth defects and neonatal infections. The postpartum period refers to the first six weeks after childbirth when the mother's body gradually returns to its non-pregnant state. This period can be divided into three stages, namely the initial or acute phase, subacute postpartum period and the delayed postpartum period. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of prenatal and postpartum care. It outlines the principles and practices of prenatal and postpartum care in detail. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Obstetrics and gynecology is a medical field encompassing the subspecialties of gynecology and obstetrics. Gynecology is concerned with the overall health of the female reproductive system, including the uterus, vagina and the ovaries, while obstetrics is concerned with pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. Practitioners of this field are adept at the care and management of pregnancy as well as the female reproductive organs. Some of the specialties of this discipline are reproductive endocrinology and infertility, maternal-fetal medicine, female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery, pediatric and adolescent gynecology, etc. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Gastroenterology is a branch of medicine that studies the functioning of the digestive system and the diseases related to it. Diseases affecting the internal organs from mouth to anus, along the alimentary canal are the areas of focus in this field. Physicians or specialists in this field are known as gastroenterologists. The techniques and medical procedures used by a gastroenterologist to diagnose and treat gastrointestinal diseases include endoscopy, colonoscopy, liver biopsy and endoscopic ultrasound. Endoscopy is one of the most common procedures used in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. In this procedure, an endoscope is used for the purpose of examining the interior of a hollow body organ. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of gastrointestinal medicine. It consists of contributions made by international experts. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

The branch of medicine that studies the digestive system and its disorders is referred to as gastroenterology. Diseases related to the gastrointestinal tract, namely the stomach, oesophagus, small intestine, large intestine and rectum, and the organs responsible for digestion, which includes the liver, gallbladder and pancreas are known as gastrointestinal diseases. Some oral diseases associated with the gastrointestinal tract include gastroesophageal reflux disease, Gardner's syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, atrophic glossitis, angular cheilitis and sideropenic dysphagia. Some other diseases associated with the gastrointestinal tract include oesophageal diseases, such as Barrett's oesophagus, gastric diseases such as atrophic gastritis, intestinal diseases such as enterocolitis and liver diseases such as fatty liver. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of gastrointestinal medicine. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. This book includes contributions of experts and doctors which will provide innovative insights to readers.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder affecting the lungs, liver, pancreas, kidneys and the intestine. It is characterized by frequent lung infections, which cause coughing up of mucus and difficulty in breathing. Other symptoms may consist of poor growth, sinus infections, clubbing of the fingers and toes, fatty stool, etc. Cystic fibrosis is usually caused due to the presence of mutations in both the copies of the gene responsible for the production of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. An individual with a single working copy of the gene is a carrier of cystic fibrosis. It is diagnosed through genetic testing and a sweat test. There is no known cure for cystic fibrosis. Antibiotics are given for treating lung infections and for deteriorating lung condition. Lung transplantation may be recommended in some cases. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about cystic fibrosis. The topics covered herein deal with the core aspects of this genetic disorder. For all readers who are interested in cystic fibrosis, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Neonatology is a specialization within pediatrics, which encompasses the medical care of newborn infants. It focuses on the premature newborn or ones born with complications, such as low birth weight, sepsis, birth defects, birth asphyxia, pulmonary hypoplasia, etc. Infants are susceptible to a number of severe diseases as they are still adapting to extrauterine life. These may include neonatal jaundice, neonatal conjunctivitis, infant respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, etc. Perinatology or maternal-fetal medicine is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the management of health concerns of the fetus and the mother before, after and during pregnancy. Pregnant women with chronic conditions such as diabetes, heart or kidney disease, thrombophilia, or hypertension, or those with higher risk of miscarriages, pre-eclampsia, preterm labor, and twin or triplet pregnancies are treated within the domain of perinatology. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the current practices and procedures of neonatology and perinatology. It aims to present the new researches that have transformed these disciplines and aided their advancement. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying neonatology and perinatology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Surgeries related to the upper gastrointestinal tract as well as the lower gastrointestinal tract are under the scope of gastrointestinal surgery. The practice of surgery whose focus of study is on the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract is called upper gastrointestinal surgery or upper GI surgery. Lower gastrointestinal surgery or lower GI surgery is the type of surgery which is concerned with colorectal surgery and the surgery of the small intestine. The main operations performed by upper GI surgeons include liver resection, pancreaticoduodenectomy and esophagectomy, whereas, lower GI surgeons perform operations like colectomy and low or ultralow resections for rectal cancer. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of gastrointestinal surgery. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to gastrointestinal surgery. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Gastroenteritis is the inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the stomach and the small intestine. It is often called "stomach flu". Its symptoms mainly include abdominal pain, diarrhea, dehydration, fever and vomiting. Rotavirus and norovirus are two of the most common causes of gastroenteritis. The transmission of both these viruses takes place through the fecal-oral route. Lack of adequate sanitation, open defecation and poor hygiene practices are the main causes of disease transmission. The methods of prevention include proper hand washing with soap, proper disposal of human waste and drinking clean water. Rotavirus vaccine is effective in preventing rotavirus in children. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of diagnosing and managing gastroenteritis. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. For all those who are interested in gastroenteritis, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Inflammatory bowel disease refers to the group of inflammatory conditions associated with the colon and the small intestine. The two primary types of inflammatory bowel disease include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohn's disease is a type of disease that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. Diarrhea, fever, weight loss and abdominal pain are some of its symptoms. A long-term condition related to the inflammation and ulcers of the colon and rectum is known as ulcerative colitis. Its symptoms include diarrhea mixed with blood, anemia, abdominal pain and weight loss. Colonoscopy and fecal calprotectin are the techniques used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease. Treatment methods include proctocolectomy, bowel resection, strictureplasty and ileostomy. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of inflammatory bowel disease and the recent researches in this field. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as experts.

Gastroenterology is a branch of medicine. Its area of focus is the functioning of the digestive system and its disorders. Hepatology and proctology are two important sub-fields of gastroenterology. Hepatology is a branch concerned with diseases related to the liver, bile ducts, gallbladder and pancreas, whereas, proctology is a branch that studies the disorders related to the rectum, colon and anus. Doctors who specialize in the field of gastroenterology are known as gastroenterologists. Some of the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures they perform include endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and colonoscopy. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different aspects of gastroenterology. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in this field. Students, researchers, doctors and all associated with gastroenterology will benefit alike from this book.

Diseases of the skin, hair and nails are clinically treated under the domain of dermatology. Dermatologic drugs can be categorized under antifungals, antipruritics, antiseptics and disinfectants, antipsoriatics, antibiotics and chemotherapeutics, hair loss medications, etc. Some dermatologic procedures are dermabrasion, facial rejuvenation, hydradermabrasion, ultraviolet light therapy, tattoo removal, etc. Most of these procedures fall under the domains of dermatologic surgery and cryotherapy. Dermatologic surgery includes cryosurgery, electrosurgery, photorejuvenation, electrodesiccation and curettage, etc. Cryotherapy refers to the use of low temperatures in medical therapy to destroy diseased or abnormal tissue, for the treatment of tissue lesions. Extreme cold is also used in cryosurgery for the treatment of warts, skin tags, moles and solar keratoses. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most recent advancements in the field of dermatology. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant aspects of dermatology.

The visual representation of the interior of the human body for the purpose of clinical analysis and for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases is achieved through medical imaging. It also allows the understanding of normal physiology and anatomy. Some medical imaging techniques are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), endoscopy, positron emission tomography (PET), medical ultrasonography, etc. Volume rendering techniques are used to provide a 3D visualization of the body or region of the body under study. Imaging techniques such as MRI and PET are typically used in neuroscience and oncology. Medical imaging may be used also to gain insight into complications in pregnancy, routine prenatal care and intercurrent diseases. Medical imaging is also a major tool in clinical trials as it allows quick visualization and assessment. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the clinical applications of medical imaging. It aims to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying this discipline as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Acne is a skin disease characterized by whiteheads or blackheads, pimples, oily skin and scarring. It occurs when hair follicles are clogged with dead skin cells and oil from the skin. It affects the areas of the skin, which has a relatively higher number of oil glands. Genetics is considered to be the primary cause of acne. Other factors such as infections, hormonal activity, stress, environmental factors and medications for other conditions can also cause or worsen acne. Many treatment options are available for the management of acne, such as medications, lifestyle changes and medical procedures. Azelaic acid, salicylic acid and benzoyl peroxide are applied directly to the affected skin. Antibiotics and retinoids may also be applied to the skin or taken orally. This book explores all aspects related to the diagnosis and clinical management of acne in the present day scenario. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It will be a vital reference tool for dermatologists, skin specialists, experts and students alike.

A skin condition is a medical condition, which affects the integumentary system that comprises of the hair, nails, skin and related glands and muscles. The diagnosis of skin conditions is built on a physical examination of the skin, skin appendages and mucous membranes. The clinical observation typically addresses the configuration, morphology and the distribution of the lesion. Lesions can be classified into primary and secondary lesions. Primary lesions can be tumors, macules, patches, plaques, cysts, etc. Secondary lesions include crust, lichenification, maceration, umbilication, excoriation, etc. Lesions can be clustered into annular, arciform, gyrate, linear, reticular organizations, etc. Dermatological therapies typically involve laser therapy, allergy testing, topical therapies, intralesional treatment, hair transplantation, besides many others. Some dermatological drugs include Dextranomer, Ingenol mebutate, Mederma, Dixanthogen, etc. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of dermatology. Also included in this book is a detailed explanation of the various diagnotic techniques and therapies used in dermatology. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

A neoplasm is a form of excessive and abnormal growth of tissue, which usually forms a mass called a tumor. Neoplasms can be malignant, benign, in situ and of unknown nature. Malignant neoplasms are cancers. Skin mole is a benign neoplasm while skin cancer is a malignant neoplasm. Skin cancers are cancers of the skin that arise due to a development of abnormal cells which invade or spread to different parts of the body. Skin cancers are of three primary kinds, namely basal-cell skin cancer (BCC), melanoma and squamous-cell skin cancer (SCC). This book presents a clinical and pathological approach to skin neoplasms, which will be crucial for its diagnosis and management. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Dentistry is a branch of medicine concerned with the treatment and prevention of oral diseases, including the diseases of the teeth, conditions of the soft tissues of the mouth and disorders of the supporting structures. The correction of any malformation of the jaw, birth anomalies of the oral cavity including cleft palate and misalignment of the teeth is also treated within the domain of dentistry. It has a number of subspecialties, such as orthodontics, periodontics, prosthodontics, endodontics, maxillofacial pathology, oral and maxillofacial radiology, etc. Orthodontics encompasses the correction and prevention of the malocclusion of the teeth and dentofacial incongruities. The diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases of the periodontal tissues, such as jaws, gums and related contiguous structures, which surround the teeth and support it falls under the domain of periodontics. The correction of any condition to restore oral function and appearance by the replacement of contiguous tissues and replacement of missing teeth with prostheses and other artificial substitutes is under the scope of prosthodontics. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of dentistry and how such concepts have practical applications. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with dentistry will benefit alike from this book.

The diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the oral cavity is under the scope of dentistry. Many systemic diseases occur with symptoms, which manifest in the orofacial region. The mouth can also be affected by gastrointestinal and cutaneous conditions. The treatment of these involves restorative, prosthetic, endodontic and periodontal treatments and therapies. The diagnosis and examination of the oral cavity is done through radiographs or X-rays. Dentists can perform oral surgery procedures like dental implant placement and prescribe local anesthetics, antibiotics, fluorides, painkillers, sedatives/hypnotics and other medications for the treatment of various conditions of the neck and the head. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects in the diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases and the recent researches in dentistry. The objective is to give a general view of the different techniques of dentistry and their applications. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Oral infections and inflammations can affect the overall health of the oral cavity. Dentists strongly recommend the maintenance of oral hygiene for the prevention of oral diseases. General guidelines of ensuring good oral health include brushing twice daily and using flossettes, floss and interdental brushes. Regular checkups for professional evaluation and cleaning are highly recommended. The most common types of dental disease are gum diseases and tooth decay. Limiting the intake of snacks and eating a balanced diet can help prevent periodontal disease and tooth decay. The mouth may be affected by several cutaneous and gastrointestinal conditions. Pathological conditions in the biofilm surrounding the teeth lead to plaque-induced diseases. Oral medicine aims to treat lichen planus, pemphigus vulgaris and Behçet's disease. The diagnosis and follow-up care of pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity, chronic and acute pain conditions relative to myofascial pain, paroxysmal neuralgias and atypical facial pain, among others. It also involves the management of temporomandibular joint disorder, trigeminal neuralgia, Sjögren's syndrome, etc. This book is a clinical guide to oral health and medicine and unravels the recent studies in these disciplines. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

A set of medical conditions in which the tissues surrounding the teeth exhibit inflammation is known as periodontal disease. Bacteria present in the mouth can infect the tissues around the teeth and cause periodontal disease. Some common symptoms include bleeding of gums, halitosis, swelling of gums, deep pockets between teeth and gums, etc. Periodontal probe is a device used by dentists in order to evaluate periodontitis. A standard treatment to prevent the progression of periodontitis is the use of special instruments to clean the teeth, especially below the gum line. Periodontal disease may be prevented by regular brushing, daily flossing, regular dental check-ups, professional teeth cleaning, etc. The topics included in this book on periodontitis are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students, and dentists.

Oral health science is the practice of maintaining hygiene in one's mouth by keeping it clean and disease-free. Maintenance of oral hygiene on a regular basis is highly crucial for preventing bad breath and other dental diseases. Dentistry is a branch of medicine concerned with the study, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases and conditions related to the oral cavity. Tooth decay, gingivitis and periodontitis are some of the common oral-hygiene related diseases. Regular brushing is required to prevent oral diseases. Apart from this, interdental cleaning plays an important role in cleaning the space between the teeth. Interdental brushes, floss and flossettes are some of the common tools used for the purpose of interdental cleaning. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of dentistry which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. The topics included herein on oral health science and dentistry are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. For all readers who are interested in these areas, the case studies provided in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

A surgical component which serves as an orthodontic anchor between the bone of the jaw or skull and a dental prosthesis is called a dental implant. A dental prosthesis can range from a bridge, a denture to a facial prosthesis. Osseointegration is a biological process in which a material forms a bond with the bone. This process is the foundation of modern implant dentistry. Computed tomography along with CAM/CAD simulations and surgical guidelines are used to determine the position of implants with respect to the adjacent teeth. Temporary anchorage devices are a special type of small diameter dental implants which are used to assist the movement of the tooth. Root analog ceramic implants are currently the most technologically advanced form of dental implants. They are produced using CT or DVT scans and can be placed without any surgery after tooth extraction. In this book, the various advancements in implant dentistry are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. For all readers who are interested in this field, the case studies included herein will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

The study of botany and the use of medicinal plants fall under the science of herbalism. Throughout human history, plants have been used for the treatment of diseases and ailments. Many of the pharmaceuticals used today have a history of use as herbal remedies, such as quinine, aspirin, digitalis and opium. Modern medicine uses plant-derived compounds for the development of evidence-based pharmaceutical drugs. The scope of herbal medicine may extend to incorporate fungal and bee products, shells, animal parts and minerals. Herbal remedies are prevalently used in patients with chronic diseases like diabetes, cancer, end-stage renal disease and asthma. Prescription drugs are used along with herbal extracts, herbal teas and essential oils. This book traces the progress of herbal medicine and highlights some of its key principles and practices. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various herbal medicines. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Oral diseases are a major health concern owing to their high prevalence and incidence across the world. Dentistry is a specialization in medicine that is concerned with the maintenance of good oral health in humans. The diagnosis, study, prevention and treatment of the conditions of the oral cavity are under the scope of this field. These include the disorders of the oral mucosa and maxillofacial area as well as the craniofacial complex, which includes the temporomandibular joint and the supporting lymphatic, vascular, nervous and anatomical structures. Oral diseases primarily include dental caries and periodontal disease. Some of the common strategies used in the management of these include scaling, tooth extraction, teeth restoration and root canal treatment. Regular brushing, flossing, tongue cleaning, subgingival irrigation and interdental cleaning promote good oral health. This book contains some path-breaking studies in oral health. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to oral health care. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.