Bøger udgivet af Foster Academics

The form of kidney disease which results in the gradual loss of kidney function over a period of time is known as chronic kidney disease. It is commonly caused by high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis, diabetes and polycystic kidney disease. Fatigue, loss of appetite, swelling of the legs, etc. are some of the symptoms of this disease. Chronic kidney disease can result in an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Renal replacement and hemodialysis are the most common treatment methods for this disease. Different approaches and evaluations and advanced studies on chronic kidney disease have been included in this book. Clinicians, nephrologists and students in the field of nephrology will find this book full of crucial and unexplored information.

Nephropathy refers to the disease of a kidney, which leads to kidney damage and loss of kidney function. The progression of nephropathy can vary from mild to serious, and can potentially result in kidney failure. This is end-stage kidney disease, which can be treated through a dialysis or a kidney transplant. Nephrosis and nephritis are kidney diseases that give rise to nephrotic and nephritic syndrome respectively. Chronic kidney disease leads to a gradual loss of kidney function over time, while in acute kidney disease, kidney function reduces within seven days. Kidney disease is caused due to a deposition of immunoglobulin A antibodies in the glomerulus, toxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents, analgesic administration, long-term exposure to lead, etc. A high risk of nephropathy is associated with chronic conditions such as diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus and high blood pressure. The standard line of diagnosis involves review of medical history, physical examination, urine test and ultrasound of the kidneys. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to nephropathy. It strives to provide a fair idea about this clinical condition and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances in the diagnosis and management of nephropathy. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Medical microbiology is the branch of medicine associated with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. It is a branch of microbiology and finds its applications in medical science. It is concerned with the treatment of infectious diseases caused by microbes such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi. Epidemiology is considered to be a primary area of study under medical microbiology. It is concerned with identifying and analyzing the patterns of health and disease conditions in a given population. It also studies the causes and effects of such health related conditions. This book outlines the applications of medical microbiology in detail. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to this field. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

The study of heritable phenotype changes which do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence is known as epigenetics. It involves the changes affecting gene activity and expression. Some common mechanisms which alter gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence include histone modification and DNA methylation. The action of repressor proteins which attach to silencer regions of the DNA, aids in controlling gene expression. The process of cellular differentiation is a common example of epigenetic change in the eukaryotes. Other epigenetic processes include position effect, gene silencing, paramutation, transvection, bookmarking, imprinting, X chromosome inactivation, the progress of carcinogenesis, etc. This book elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to clinical epigenetics. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

The branch of medicine, which involves the diagnosis and management of hereditary disorders is known as medical genetics. Birth defects, mental retardation, cancer genetics, prenatal diagnosis, autism, etc. fall within the scope of medical genetics. Some of the sub-specialties within this field are cytogenetics, clinical genetics, molecular genetics, mitochondrial genetics, etc. Basic metabolic studies, chromosome studies and molecular studies are used as diagnostic evaluation tools to determine inborn errors of metabolism, chromosomal disorders and single gene disorders. At present, there is no known cure for genetic disorders. However, symptoms can be managed with medication and diet. Research in this field is actively seeking new medications and gene therapies for treating genetic disorders. This book elucidates new techniques and applications of medical genetics in a multidisciplinary manner. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of medical genetics and related fields. It is a vital reference tool for genetic counselors, nutritionists, diagnostic laboratory technicians, physicians and students.

The agents which kill microorganisms or stop their growth are known as antimicrobials. Antimicrobial medicines can be classified according to the microorganisms they act primarily against or according to their function. For instance, antimicrobials used against bacteria are called antibiotics, whereas antimicrobials which kill fungi are called antifungals. Antimicrobial medicines are used in antimicrobial chemotherapy to treat infections. Antimicrobial chemotherapy is further divided into five types, namely, antibacterial chemotherapy, antifungal chemotherapy, anthelminthic chemotherapy, antiprotozoal chemotherapy and antiviral chemotherapy. The topics included in this book on antimicrobials are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of clinical microbiology and the recent researches in this field. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area.

The field of molecular cytogenetics is concerned with the combination of the fields of cytogenetics and molecular biology, to distinguish normal cells from cancer-causing cells. It is a useful tool for the diagnosis and treatment of malignancies of the brain, blood, etc. Novel techniques known as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are used for molecular cytogenetic studies. These have DNA labeled with uniquely colored fluorescent tags to image specific regions of the genome. Molecular cytogenetic techniques are crucial for the understanding of the structural and functional organization of the nucleus and the chromosome, genome variation, gene expression and evolution. These also give insight into the contribution of genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalities to tumor genetics and medical genetics. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of molecular cytogenetics. It is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this field will benefit alike from this book.

The diagnosis and management of hereditary disorders and conditions, such as birth defects and dysmorphology, autism, mental retardation, connective tissue disorders, mitochondrial disorders, skeletal dysplasia, etc. is encompassed under genome medicine. It incorporates diverse areas within its domain such as personalized medicine, gene therapy and predictive medicine. A diagnostic examination customized according to an understanding of existing signs and symptoms is used for establishing a differential diagnosis and developing an appropriate treatment. Such diagnostic tests help in determining whether the condition is an inborn error of metabolism, a chromosomal disorder or a single gene disorder. There is no cure for genetic disorders. However, potential for the dietary and medical management of the conditions to reduce or prevent long-term complications. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of genome medicine. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of genome medicine and the recent researches in this field. For all those who are interested in this field, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects either the lower or the upper urinary tract. The infection that affects the lower urinary tract is called bladder infection, whereas the one that affects the upper urinary tract is known as kidney infection. Escherichia coli, a bacterium of the genus Escherichia, is the primary cause of urinary tract infection. Some other forms of bacteria and fungi may also cause such infections. The diagnosis of urinary tract infection is based on a presentation of symptoms such as pain with urination, fever, constant need to urinate, flank pain, etc. and urine culture. In most cases, it can be treated with a course of antibiotics. In more complicated cases, intravenous antibiotics may be used. This book contains some path-breaking studies related to the causes, diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection. This book includes contributions of experts and doctors, which will provide innovative insights to readers.

Tuberculosis or TB, is an infectious disease which generally affects the lungs. It is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. It can affect the other body parts as well. Fever, night sweats, weight loss, lack of appetite and fatigue are some of its common symptoms. It spreads through air when people having active tuberculosis in their lungs cough, sneeze, spit or speak. Individuals with latent TB do not spread the disease. Chest X-rays and microscopic examination are usually used to diagnose active TB, whereas, tuberculin skin test or blood tests are useful in diagnosing latent TB. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is the most common vaccine used against tuberculosis. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of tuberculosis research. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on tuberculosis have been included in it. This book will prove immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

The human genome refers to the complete set of nucleic acid sequences in humans. It is encoded as DNA in the 23 chromosome pairs. The human genome is over 3 billion base pairs long. Any abnormality in the structure or function of these genes or chromosomes can result in a genetic disorder. Knockouts and mutations in specific genes can have severe consequences in terms of gene function and gene expression. Genetic diseases may occur due to a single gene or due to multiple genes. Over 6000 diseases in humans can be attributed to single-gene defects. When multiple genes contribute to a genetic disorder, such as in the case of diabetes, heart disease, obesity, asthma or autoimmune diseases, it is difficult to study and treat them. A number of diseases are also related to large-scale genomic abnormalities. Nondisjunction of entire chromosomes can lead to disorders such as Turner Syndrome and Down syndrome. This book contains some path-breaking studies on the human genome and its relevance to health care. The topics included in this book on the human genome are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

The hypersensitivity of the immune system causes allergies. Asthma is one such example. It is a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs, which is characterized by bronchospasm and reversible airflow obstruction. Some of the signs and symptoms of asthma are coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. It is believed to be caused by a combination of environmental and genetic conditions. Environmental factors such as exposure to allergens and air pollution can trigger asthma. The diagnosis of asthma is based on an examination of symptoms and response to therapy and spirometry. There is no known cure for asthma. Triggers such as irritants and allergens can be avoided and managed by inhaling corticosteroids. For uncontrolled symptoms, antileukotriene agents and long-acting beta agonists may also be used. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the diagnosis and treatment of asthma. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing the understanding of this disease are examined in detail. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease primarily affecting the lungs. It is caused by a species of pathogenic bacteria called mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB infection converts into disease when the immune system defenses are overcome by bacilli that begin to multiply. Tuberculosis can also reoccur after treatment especially in patients with HIV. A short course treatment of TB involves the use of antibiotics such as isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, etc. These are known as first-line drugs. A series of second-line drugs may also be used in case the first-line drugs prove to be inefficient to treat the disease. This book discusses the fundaments as well as modern approaches of tuberculosis pathogenesis, control and treatment. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers.

Diseases caused due to infection are known as infectious diseases. Infection is the invasion of the tissues of an organism's body by disease-causing agents, the toxins they produce, and their multiplication. Infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, nematodes, arthropods, fungi and other macroparasites can cause infections. Some common signs of infection include fever, weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, aches, pains and lack of appetite. Antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiprotozoals and antihelminthics are some of the common medicines used to treat infections. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of infectious diseases and the recent researches in this field. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of infectious diseases and related aspects. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Immunopathology is a branch of medicine, which deals with the immune responses associated with diseases. The immune response of a body can harm the organism itself, due to a mismatch between pathogen and host species, or when an infection is caused by an animal pathogen. When a foreign antigen enters the body, there can either be an antigen specific or antigen nonspecific response to it. Hypersensitivity, autoimmunity and immunodeficiency are abnormal immune responses of the human body. AIDS, HIV and leukemia can lead to immunodeficiency. The treatment of all such immune conditions is under the scope of clinical immunology. This book elucidates the current progress in the field of immunopathology in a multidisciplinary manner. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of the working of the human immune system and immune responses. It is a vital reference tool for academicians, physicians and students alike.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) refers to the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication aimed to kill it. Antibiotic resistance is a form of AMR. Some microbes can be resistant to multiple antimicrobials. They are called multidrug resistant microbes. Resistant microbes are difficult to treat and require higher doses of antimicrobials or alternative medications. Resistance typically occurs through genetic mutation, natural resistance or by acquiring resistance from another species. Proper sanitation and hygiene maintenance can minimize the spread of infections. Another strategy for achieving this is using narrow-spectrum antibiotics over broad-spectrum antibiotics. The field of infection control addresses all factors related to the spread of infections within the healthcare setting. This book unravels the recent studies in antimicrobial resistance and infection control. It will provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. The extensive content herein provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Inflammation is a complex biological response of the tissues of a body to harmful stimuli such as irritants, damaged cells and pathogens. It is a protective response involving the blood vessels, immune cells and molecular mediators. It acts to eliminate the cause of cell injury, clean out the necrotic cells and tissues harmed and initiate tissue repair. Less inflammation can lead to diseases such as periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, hay fever, atherosclerosis, etc. Inflammation can have a number of outcomes such as fibrous scarring, abscess formation and chronic inflammation. When the inflammatory response is no longer desirable, it should be terminated. Any failure of the body to do so results in cellular destruction and chronic inflammation. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the varied clinical aspects of inflammation. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on inflammation have been included in this book. Those in search of knowledge in this domain will be greatly assisted by this book.

Autoimmunity refers to the immune responses of an organism against its healthy cells and tissues. Whenever a human body exhibits an abnormal immune response to a normal body part, the condition may be termed as an autoimmune disease. The immune response can be targeted at any body part. Some of its common symptoms are recurring tiredness and low-grade fever. While some autoimmune diseases are triggered by environmental factors or infections, some are genetic. Common examples of autoimmune diseases are alopecia areata, Graves' disease, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, etc. The treatment of these generally includes management of the symptoms rather than absolute cure of the disease. This book provides comprehensive insights into autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases. It discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches in the treatment of these disorders. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students alike.

Immunology is a branch of biology, which is concerned with the study of the immune system. The malfunctions of the immune system cause immunological disorders such as immune deficiency syndromes, hypersensitivities and transplant rejection. Immunological disorders fall into the broad categories of immunodeficiency and autoimmunity. In an immunodeficiency disease, the immune system fails to provide an adequate response. Some examples of immunodeficiency diseases are primary immune disease and chronic granulomatous disease. In autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks its host's body such as in Hashimoto's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis and rheumatoid arthritis. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on immunology have been included in this book. There has been rapid progress in the understanding of immunological disorders, their diagnoses and treatments, which have been included in this extensive book. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Liver disease, also termed as hepatic disease, is a condition of the liver characterized by weight loss and jaundice, among many others. Some of the common liver diseases are hepatitis, fascioliasis, alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, liver cancer, etc. Genetic diseases such as hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, Gilbert's syndrome, etc. can lead to liver damage. Various liver function tests that test for serum albumin, serum globulin, aspartate transaminase, etc. are used for the detection of liver diseases. Imaging techniques of ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and transient elastography are used for the examination of liver tissue and bile ducts. Hepatitis infections are treated using anti-viral medications. Other medications such as steroid-based drugs, ursodeoxycholic acid, etc. target specific symptoms and conditions of the liver and strive to slow down the progression of the disease. This book contains some path-breaking studies in liver diseases. The aim of this book is to present researches that have advanced the frontiers in the clinical management of liver diseases. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

Liver disorders are the conditions of the liver that cause damage to the liver or inhibit normal functioning. Such disorders can be inherited (genetic) or caused due to viral infections, alcohol use and even obesity. Infections with hepatitis virus A, B, C, D and E cause hepatitis which is a severe condition. Some of these may be transmitted sexually. Immune system abnormalities often lead to autoimmune liver diseases such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, etc. Some genetic liver diseases are alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease, besides many others. Primary liver cancer often manifests as cholangiocarcinoma or hepatocellular carcinoma. Sometimes, primary cancers of the gastrointestinal tract can metastasize and cause secondary lesions or liver malignancies. Liver diseases can be prevented by drinking alcohol in moderation, getting vaccinations, maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding risky behavior pertaining to drug use, sex, etc. Medical and surgical procedures may be used for the management and treatment of the conditions of the liver. Much research on the possibility of using stem cells for the generation of an artificial liver is also being done. This book unravels the recent studies in liver disorders. Also included in this book is a detailed explanation of the various causes of liver disorders and their prevention and management strategies. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Immunology is a branch of biology concerned with the study of immune systems. Immunological studies have applications in the fields of oncology, organ transplantation, rheumatology, dermatology, etc. The disorders of the immune system can result in immunodeficiency diseases and autoimmune diseases. Immunodeficiency diseases are caused when the immune system fails to provide the adequate immune response. When the immune system attacks its own host's body, it leads to autoimmune diseases, some of which include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Hashimoto's disease, etc. The gradual accumulation of psychological, physical and social changes in a human being over time constitutes the process of aging. A less efficient immune function is a characteristic of old age. As the immune system weakens progressively with age, the organism becomes unable to fight infections and increasingly incapable of destroying old and neoplastic cells. This eventually leads to death. This book contains some path-breaking studies in immunology and aging. It unfolds the innovative aspects of the relationship between immunology and aging, which will be crucial for the understanding of these areas. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about these fields.

Chronic liver disease is a disease of the liver, which involves progressive destruction and regeneration of the liver parenchyma. This leads to fibrosis and cirrhosis. It encompasses a range of liver pathologies including chronic hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis. The diagnosis of chronic liver disease is done through an examination of its symptoms which will vary according to the underlying cause such as nail clubbing, testicular atrophy, palmar erythema, leukonychia, asterixis, Dupuytren's contracture, parotid enlargement, cerebellar signs, etc. Some of the complications of chronic liver disease are synthetic dysfunction, portal hypertension, encephalopathy, hepatopulmonary syndrome, etc. Depending on the underlying cause, medications such as corticosteroids, antivirals, interferons, bile acids and other drugs may be prescribed. Supportive therapy including albumin, vitamin K, diuretics, antibiotics and nutritional therapy may help to prevent or manage complications of cirrhosis. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of chronic liver disease and the recent researches on this condition. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on the diagnosis and management of chronic liver disease. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying hepatology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Fibrosis is the clinical condition in which excess fibrous connective tissue forms in an organ or tissue in a reactive or reparative process. It can be a benign, reactive or pathological state. When fibrosis arises from a single cell line, the condition is known as fibroma. When it occurs as a response to injury, it is termed as scarring. When fibrosis occurs in the liver, the condition leads to cirrhosis. The fibrosis of the liver can lead to the destruction of normal tissues of the liver, including the sinusoids, vascular structures and the space of Disse. This results in increased hepatic blood flow resistance and portal hypertension. The pattern of fibrosis seen depends on the underlying insult that resulted in cirrhosis. Fibrosis can also proliferate if the underlying process causing it has been resolved. FibroTest is a biomarker test that can be used for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis. Close follow-up is necessary for its treatment. Antibiotics, laxatives, antiviral medications, steroid medications, etc. can help in the management of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, even though the damage to the liver cannot be reversed. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the treatment and diagnosis of liver fibrosis. It is a valuable compilation of topics ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the management of this medical condition. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this area will benefit alike from this book.

A biopsy is a medical procedure, performed by an interventional radiologist or cardiologist, or a surgeon, involving the extraction of tissue or cell samples for determining the presence or extent of a disease. The tissue is then examined by a pathologist and analyzed chemically. A biopsy is performed on a liver in patients with hepatitis, for determining response to therapy. In this, it is assessed if the inflammation of the liver has been reduced and the progression of the disease based on the degree of fibrosis is determined. A liver biopsy may also be performed in the case of Wilson's disease to determine the quantitative copper level in the body. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide a clinical perspective of biopsy. It covers in detail some existing techniques and innovative practices concerning liver biopsy. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the elaborate content of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts of this subject.

Liver cirrhosis is a condition of the liver in which normal liver parenchyma is replaced by scar tissue, thereby causing long-term damage to the liver. It is always preceded by fatty liver and hepatitis. The disease progresses gradually over months or years. In its initial stages, there are often no symptoms, but as it progresses, symptoms such as tiredness, itchiness, swelling in the lower legs, yellow skin, spider-like blood vessels on the skin and fluid build up in the abdomen start to occur. Liver cirrhosis may lead to hepatic encephalopathy, liver cancer and bleeding from dilated stomach veins or from dilated veins in the esophagus. Cirrhosis may be caused by alcohol, hepatitis B and C, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Though liver damage is irreversible, treatment can slow down the progression of the disease and reduce complications. Generally, antibiotics, laxatives, medications for hepatitis, chelation therapy, etc. may be prescribed depending on the underlying cause of the disease. This book provides comprehensive insights into liver cirrhosis. It provides significant information of the clinical aspects of liver cirrhosis from pathophysiology to disease management. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Hematology is a branch of medicine. It studies the diseases of blood along with their causes, treatment, prevention and prognosis. Some common blood diseases are blood clots, lymphoma, hemophilia, leukemia, among others. Hematopathologists are pathologists whose expertise lies in the diagnosis of hematological diseases. Blood clotting tests, Coombs test, radioallergosorbent test, Kleihauer-Betke test, live blood analysis, etc. are some of the commonly performed tests to evaluate blood diseases. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of hematology. It aims to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying hematology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

The medical condition characterized by the inflammation of the pancreas is known as pancreatitis. There are two principal categories of pancreatitis - acute and chronic pancreatitis. Symptoms of pancreatitis are abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. In acute pancreatitis, the pancreas undergoes sudden inflammation. It is caused by a gallstone blocking the common bile duct, systemic diseases, trauma, heavy alcohol use and mumps. It can be recurrent or it may progress into chronic pancreatitis. It can be treated through intravenous nutritional support, pain control and intravenous fluid rehydration. Chronic pancreatitis is a long-term inflammation of the pancreas in which the structure and function of the pancreas is irreversibly changed. It is generally caused by idiopathic pancreatitis, tumors, intraductal obstruction, calcific stones, ischemia, etc. Chronic pancreatitis can be treated through therapeutic endoscopy and surgery. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of acute and chronic pancreatitis. It strives to provide a fair idea about these medical conditions to help develop a better understanding of the latest diagnostic and therapeutic advances in this field. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The blood clot, which develops inside a blood vessel is known as thrombosis. In this condition the blood flow through the circulatory system is obstructed. This can occur in either veins or arteries. Atrial fibrillation is the most common cause of arterial thrombosis whereas venous thrombosis is majorly caused by a combination of hypercoagulability and venous stasis. In some cases a thrombus may get detached as an embolus and travel through circulation. This results in a type of embolism called thromboembolism. Low molecular weight heparin, insertion of a vena cava filter and mechanical calf compression are some of the methods used for its treatment. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects related to thrombosis. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to this medical condition. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

The branch of medicine that studies the causes, prognosis, treatment and prevention of diseases associated with blood is known as hematology. It is concerned with the treatment of diseases which affect the production of blood, hemoglobin, blood cells, bone marrow, platelets, spleen, blood vessels, etc. Some hematological disorders are hemophilia, blood clots, leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma. These are diagnosed at the hematology laboratory through the examination of bone marrow slides and blood films, along with an analysis of blood clotting test and hematological test results. Hematologists specialize in specific domains, such as in the treatment of hemoglobinopathies, hematological malignancies and bleeding disorders, as well as bone marrow and stem cell transplantation. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of hematology. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.