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Julius Wellhausen was a monumental figure in the study of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Yet his methods and conclusions have been accused of antisemitism. This book offers a more nuanced view of Wellhausen's scholarship through a critical edition and translation of one of the last doctoral dissertations by a Jew in Nazi Germany: Friedemann Philipp Boschwitz's Julius Wellhausen: Motives and Measures of His Historiography.Boschwitz presents a deep, holistic analysis of Wellhausen, examining his work on ancient Judaism, early Christianity, and formative Islam together within the framework of comparative religion and cultural history. He also situates Wellhausen in wider German intellectual history, tracing the influence of Johann Gottfried Herder on Wellhausen and Wellhausen on Friedrich Nietzsche. In addition, Paul Michael Kurtz provides incisive commentary and archival materials that highlight Boschwitz's scholarly achievements and open new vistas onto Jewish intellectual history. Piecing together fragments from private letters and official documents, Kurtz shows the formidable challenges Boschwitz faced as a Jewish scholar under a discriminatory political and academic regime. The correspondence also reveals Boschwitz's rich social life and connections with major émigré thinkers, such as Salo Baron, Leo Strauss, and Karl Löwith. Ultimately, Boschwitz on Wellhausen brings together a fascinating wealth of published and unpublished material to tell an original story of great importance to scholars of the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, and the Quran, as well as those interested in German Judaism and modern philosophy.

Designed to accompany A Grammar of the Hittite Language, Part 1: Reference Grammar, this tutorial guides language learners through a series of graded lessons with illustrative sentences for translation drawn from actual Hittite texts. The tutorial is keyed to the reference grammar and provides extensive and updated notes, a vocabulary list for each lesson, and a comprehensive glossary.

Since its publication in 2008, A Grammar of the Hittite Language has been the definitive Hittite reference and teaching tool. This new edition brings Hoffner and Melchert's essential work up to date, incorporating the dramatic progress achieved in the field over the past fifteen years.Heavily revised and expanded, the second edition recasts the discussion of topics to better serve the linguistically informed reader. A reorganized presentation of the synchronic facts makes them accessible to both Hittitologists and linguists interested in Hittite for historical or typological purposes. Part 1 provides a thorough overview of Hittite grammar that is grounded in abundant textual examples. Part 2 is a tutorial that guides students through a series of graded lessons with illustrative sentences for translation. The tutorial is keyed to the reference grammar and includes extensive updated notes. Taken together with Part 2: Tutorial, which guides students through a series of graded lessons keyed to this reference grammar, the work remains the most comprehensive and detailed Hittite grammar ever produced.

Over the last few decades, the field of trauma studies has shed new light on biblical texts that deal with individual and collective catastrophe. In The Language of Trauma in the Psalms Danilo Verde advances the conversation, moving beyond the emphasis on healing that prevails in most literary trauma studies. Using the lens of cognitive linguistics and combining insights from trauma studies and redaction criticism, Verde explores how trauma is expressed linguistically in the book of Psalms, how the trauma-related language was rooted in ancient Israel's external realities, and how psalms helped define Yehud's cultural trauma in the Persian period (539-331 BCE). Rather than assuming the psalmists' personal experiences are reflected in these texts, Verde focuses on the linguistic strategies used to express trauma in the Psalms, especially references to the body and highly dramatic metaphors. Current analyses often approach trauma texts as tools intended to help sufferers heal. Verde contends that many group laments in the book of Psalms were transmitted not only to heal but also to wound the community, ensuring that the pain of a previous generation was not forgotten. The Language of Trauma in the Psalms shifts our understanding of trauma in biblical texts and will appeal to literary trauma scholars as well as those interested in ancient Israel.

A Glossary of Old Syrian: l-z is the second of two volumes that aim to map the lexicon of Old Syrian as it can be extracted and reconstructed from the (Old Akkadian) Eblaite through the Old and Middle Babylonian corpora.Referring to a continuum of dialects spoken in the Syrian-Levantine and Syrian-Mesopotamian regions through the third and second millennia BCE, "Old Syrian" is a diachronically conservative, geographically pluricentric, and pragmatically multilayered linguistic cluster. As such, the Glossary pays special attention to the distribution of lexical data along diachronic, diatopic, and diastratic criteria. Given the extent and widely dispersed nature of this data, entries are supported by the most representative corpora of the Old Syrian linguistic landscape. Each entry is headed by an etymon, a kind of prelinguistic consonantal skeleton, and further information about different lexemes, their roots, and their derivations is provided in subentries. As the lexicography of Old Syrian remains uncertain, the Glossary includes leading interpretative opinions alongside the most relevant Semitic material to corroborate the lexical choices it adopts. Bibliographical references are succinct and restricted, as a rule, to texts easily found in any Assyriological or Semitic library.Intended as a reference work in support of future study, A Glossary of Old Syrian offers a clear view of the state of the field.

From the tragic young Adonis to Zashapuna, first among goddesses, this handbook provides the most complete information available on deities from the cultures and religions of the ancient Near East, including Anatolia, Syria, Israel, Sumer, Babylonia, Assyria, and Elam. The result of nearly fifteen years of research, this handbook is more expansive and covers a wider range of sources and civilizations than any previous reference works on the topic. Arranged alphabetically, the entries range from multiple pages of information to a single line--sometimes all that we know about a given deity. Where possible, each record discusses the deity's symbolism and imagery, connecting it to the myths, rituals, and festivals described in ancient sources. Many of the entries are accompanied by illustrations that aid in understanding the iconography, and they all include references to texts in which the god or goddess is mentioned.Appropriate for both trained scholars and nonacademic readers, this book collects centuries of Near Eastern mythology into one volume. It will be an especially valuable resource for anyone interested in Assyriology, ancient religion, and the ancient Near East.

An introduction to the history of Ukraine for young readers.

2500 Ur III Sumerian documents (transliteration, index).

Following the great periods of national leadership by Moses and Joshua, the book of Judges depicts the stewardship of various judges that rose to power to solve local religious and military challenges in the premonarchic period. This volume provides a close reading of the entire book of Judges, taking seriously the distinct elements of the book and how they are interconnected.Elie Assis explores the ways in which the ideology and theology of Judges unfold through a careful literary analysis. Moving beyond the cycle of sin, punishment, and salvation, Assis demonstrates how differences in the descriptive language applied to each judge, as well as the evaluations in the opening and concluding chapters, provide clues as to the organization and message of the text. Most works on Judges focus on the historical background of the period or the historical process of the book's composition and seek to dissolve its stories into component parts. In contrast, Before There Were Kings points to the deep underlying unity of Judges and the function of the individual stories within the whole.New and carefully drawn insights related to the purpose of each section and the themes that shape the book as a whole make this a groundbreaking, programmatic contribution to research on the book of Judges. It will be of particular interest to students and scholars of the Old Testament and the Hebrew Bible.

This study uses modern linguistic theory to analyze a frequently recurring syntactic phenomenon in the Hebrew Bible that has thus far resisted explanation: ¿¿ ¿¿.The combination of the two particles ¿¿ and ¿¿ produces a construction that is notoriously difficult to describe, analyze syntactically, and translate. Dictionaries of Biblical Hebrew offer a dizzying variety of translations for this construction, including "that if," "except," "unless," "but," "but only," and "surely," among other possibilities. In this book, Grace J. Park provides a new approach that strives for greater precision and consistency in translation. Park argues that ¿¿ ¿¿ is used in three patterns: the "full focus" pattern, the "reduced focus" pattern, and the less common "non-focus" pattern. Her syntactic analysis of all 156 occurrences of the ¿¿ ¿¿ construction in the Bible lends greater clarity to the contested passages.Drawing on recent linguistic research into the typology of clausal nominalization as well as previous work on contrastive focus, this innovative project provides important new insight into the syntax of Biblical Hebrew. It will be especially valuable for scholars seeking to translate ¿¿ ¿¿ more consistently and accurately.

A collection of essays by scholars of the Hebrew Bible providing recommendations for how Jews and Christians can think theologically about the challenge of similarities between YHWH and other ancient gods.

¿esed (steadfast love, loyalty, devotion) denotes an important concept in the Hebrew Bible that is relevant to interpersonal relationships in every generation. In this book, Karen Nelson investigates New Testament approaches to that concept and the exegetical value of recognizing such engagement.This investigation employs an original hybrid of two methodological approaches: intertextuality, used to consider whether and how the concept corresponding to the Hebrew term ¿esed is appropriated in the New Testament, and categorization, used to analyze and compare instances of the categories ¿sd and ¿syd within those corpora. Nelson's work challenges assertions that the concept corresponding to ¿esed in the New Testament is agap¿ (love) or charis (grace). Rather, she contends that the parallel meaning is more likely to be evoked by eleos (the usual LXX rendering of ¿esed) or hosios (the usual LXX rendering of ¿asid). Nelson rereads selected New Testament pericopes in light of ¿esed, concluding that the presence of the categories ¿sd and ¿syd highlights the fulfillment and development of scriptural tradition, the enduring devotion of God, and the exemplary ministry of Jesus. In this rendering, ¿sd and ¿syd critique the contemporary socioreligious situation and encourage belief, enduring commitment, and appropriately changed lifestyles.Addressing a topic that spans the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament, this study will be of interest to New Testament scholars and to biblical scholars more widely, especially those who are interested in semantics.

The Biblical Hebrew Vocabulary Card provides learners with easy access to the words that appear on almost every page of the Hebrew Bible. This six-page trifold study guide translates 1,600 of the most common words in the Hebrew Bible, arranged alphabetically, with straightforward and precise definitions. Along with the Biblical Hebrew Grammar Card, this card will provide a reliable and easy-to-use reference for students of Biblical Hebrew.

Appropriate for beginning and advanced students of Biblical Hebrew, this easy-to-use reference provides a concise summary of basic grammar concepts in an accessible format. Condensed into a six-page trifold format, the Biblical Hebrew Grammar Card neatly presents topics such as prefixes, nouns, adjectives, and suffixes, as well as numbers, weights, and measures. The verb charts are straightforward and comprehensive, with hundreds of examples organized according to stem, tense, and root.

Do shifts in material culture instigate administrative change, or is it the shifting political winds that affect material culture? This is the central question that Shlomit Bechar addresses in this book, taking the transition from the Middle to Late Bronze Age (seventeenth-fourteenth centuries BCE) in northern Canaan as a test case.Combining archaeological and historical analysis, Bechar identifies the most significant changes evident in architectural and ceramic remains from this period and then explores how and why contemporary political shifts may have influenced, or been influenced by, these developments. Bechar persuasively argues that the Egyptian conquest of the southern Levant--enabled by local economic decline following the expulsion of the Hyksos and the fall of northern Syrian cities--was the impetus for these changes in ceramics and architecture. Using a macro-typological approach to examine the ceramic assemblages, she also discusses the impact of the influx of Aegean imports, suggesting that while "attached specialists" were primarily responsible for ceramic production in the Middle Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age ceramics were increasingly made by "independent specialists," another important result of the new administrative system created following Thutmose III's campaign.An important contribution to our understanding of the transition between the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, this original and insightful book will appeal to specialists in the Bronze Age Levant, especially those interested in using ceramic assemblages to examine social and political change.

A CHILDREN'S BOOK FOR ADULTS!hidden in a secret pavilion... Psalms (Authorized King James Bible)Except for the fact that amidst a herd of all white unicorns Naythorn was birthed with a black mane, his life in the unicorn hold of Wittanor would have been wonderful. Instead, he was daily treated as a misfit, teased, and bullied. Defending himself one day against a gang of bullying unicorns the young blackmane causes a commotion; for that he is told by his sire to go anywhere away from the unicorn hold. Seizing the opportunity, for the first time in his life Naythorn Blackmane finds himself running truly free. A dilemma is created when Naythorn comes upon vicious wolves attacking a half grown bear. Unicorns in the hold of Wittanor were instructed to never interfere in the lives of non-magical animals. The difficulty for Naythorn is that from personal experience he detests any kind of bullying behavior, and so decides to say yes to himself and no to the idea of unicorn herdness. The blackmane next rescues from the same pack of mean-looking wolves a wild boar and her piglets, a duck, and a goose.Upon returning the next day to Wittanor Hold, Naythorn discovers that the white herd has...vanished! Far out at sea he glimpses unicorns being carried away upon large barges. He finds that only his old and feeble grandsire remained behind in order to tell Naythorn the reason the white herd had forever departed their hold. Having little to lose, the animal persons that the blackmane had before rescued come to cling to the blackmane. Unicorn magic is invoked to do something never before done, common animals are by the sparking of grandsire Cabalbard's horn given the gift of uniform animal speech. That done, Naythorn finds himself to be the leader of animal persons that are loyal and true to a black-maned unicorn intent on refinding his magical white herd. Stung by the unfair wresting of animals of prey from his pack of fierce wolves, Naythorn comes to be by Albarochk hated. The goodness of a magical blackmaned unicorn becomes a magnet for the evil intentions of a wolf leader.Inside a crumbling pavilion hidden inside a hollow mountain, Naythorn rescues a horse filly badly outnumbered by Albarochk and his wolfpack, and in so doing is terribly bitten by two wolves. The healing blood of the wounded Naythorn produces a miracle. A horse filly begins to grow wings. Unfortunately the taste of unicorn blood transforms Albarochk into a fearsome monster, and makes a small yellow-hided lieutenant wolf to become extra devious. The animal band grows to include a bison, a cattle, two mountain sheep, two dogs, and two warrior blacksmiths. As the platoon of animal friends search for the vanished white herd, its members learn that in order to survive the attacks of Albarochk and his growing legion of wolves, they must themselves become a disciplined military company.At the same time that Naythorn and his band have many adventures, the voyaging white herd of unicorns comes to face danger. Only the innocence and purity of a brave unicorn filly can withstand the colossus of the deep. The admiral and the two matriarchs of the white herd learn to rely on each other in unique ways that help a fleet of five barges to follow in the direction of the fixed star. The story of Naythorn, his band, Admiral Zoumar, and the magical white herd of unicorns is filled with adventures that inspire the growth of remarkable friendships and bring to triumph of the magical gifts of Love and Truth.

The 8 Realizations featured in Healing Our Bloodlines reveal a path to liberation from the cyclic pain passed down from elders to children.These realizations were gleaned from 15 years of multi-cultural workshops and client sessions where participants bravely faced their family trees to discover the invisible burdens that they had inherited. As they lifted those burdens, they found their special gifts that were germinating deep inside. Those who have embodied the 8 Realizations were rewarded with 8 Birthrights, the very nourishment that empowered them to release their past hurt, embrace their true passion, and celebrate their most authentic identity. By walking this path, you become a Catalyst for generational change.New York Times Bestselling Author Andrew Carroll endorsed Healing Our Bloodlines, saying: "History has a way of leaving indelible, even deep scars on a lineage, and those wounds often find their way to the next generation of the family tree. But Hunter has discovered an empowering way to lift the sometimes painful remnants of the past, demonstrating to his readers an approach that sheds this melancholy and helps them to become the living legacy of a healed and inspiring lineage."More Endorsements: "I have spent my life transmitting tradition as a vital and profound means of confronting and celebrating life's hard earned truths. George Kamana Hunter has shown me that trauma can be transmitted along with tradition and has distinguished between storytelling and burden dumping. His insights are deep, his wisdom profound, his strategy fascinating and his goals admirable. I have learned much from Healing Our Bloodlines. It has put into words and into exercises some of struggles of a lifetime of learning, wrestling with the past and trying to create a better future for myself and for the world in which I live. The great Hasidic Master Menachem Mendel of Kotzk once said: 'Nothing is as whole as a heart that has been broken and mended.' G. K. Hunter shows us why."Michael Berenbaum, original Project Director for the U. S. Holocaust Memorial Museum & Author of The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust"Healing Our Bloodlines is a powerful tool for understanding the trauma which affects us all. George Kamana Hunter eloquently and poignantly shares, with unique personal vulnerability, wisdom on how to find a path to freedom and healing. It is an unveiling of truths which are sorely need today."Joanne Shenandoah, Grammy Award winning artist, multi-cultural peace advocate, & Native America's most celebrated musician.

This is a guide for those who are planning to marry, and are already married and want to have a successful marriage.The role of the man and the woman God's way. A Guide, illustration, logo and poems.