Bøger udgivet af Birkhauser

The 39 chapters in this volume consider subjects ranging from genetics, markers, and molecular biology of alcoholism, to clinical observations and treatment. The aim is to integrate pertinent information from the fields of molecular and cell biology with view to establishing a molecular basis of alcohol use and abuse. An initial preview summarizes historical aspects of alcohol use, and subsequent chapters concern novel drugs, pharmacological aspects, gene structures, cloning, and enzymatic properties. Also contributions by "non-traditional" alcohol scientists have been included in this collection, in order to highlight possible interaction and parallels between different fields. Novel results of particular interest include up-dated summaries on receptors, enzymes, and other proteins, as well as corresponding gene structures and regulation, setting the basis for distinguishing markers and pinpointing further possible pharmacological treatments.

A Interpolation And Time-Invariant Systems.- I. Interpolation Problems For Operator-Valued Functions.- 1.1. Preliminaries About Notation And Terminology.- 1.2. Nevanlinna-Pick Interpolation.- 1.3. Tangential Nevanlinna-Pick Interpolation.- 1.4. Controllability Operators And Interpolation.- 1.5. Tangential Hermite-Fejer Interpolation.- 1.6. The Nehari Extension Problem.- 1.7. Sarason Interpolation.- 1.8. Nevanlinna-Pick Interpolation Viewed As A Sarason Problem.- 1.9. Two-Sided Nudelman Interpolation.- 1.10. The Two-Sided Sarason Problem.- 1.11. A Filtering Problem.- Notes To Chapter I.- II. Proofs Using The Commutant Lifting Theorem.- II.1. The Commutant Lifting Theorem.- II.2. Proof Of The Standard Left Nevanlinna-Pick Interpolation Theorem.- II.3. Proof Of The Nehari Extension Theorem.- II.4. Proof of the Sarason Theorem.- II.5. Proof of the Two-Sided Nudelman Theorem.- II.6. Proof of the Two-Sided Sarason Theorem.- Notes to Chapter II.- III. Time Invariant Systems.- III.1. State Space Analysis.- III.2. Controllability and Observability.- III.3. Point Evaluation.- III.4. Realization Theory.- III.5. Anticausal Realizations.- III.6. Computing the Hankel form.- III.7. Computing the Projection in the Sarason Problem.- III.8. Explicit Conversion Formulas.- III.9. Connecting Nudelman and Two-Sided Sarason Problems.- III.10. Isometric and Unitary Systems.- Notes to Chapter III.- IV. Central Commutant Lifting.- IV. 1. Minimal Isometric Liftings.- IV.2. The Central Intertwining Lifting.- IV.3. Central Intertwining Lifting Formulas.- IV.4. Central Intertwining Lifting Quotient Formulas.- IV.5. The Central Schur Solution.- IV.6. The Quasi Outer Factor for D2/By.- IV.7. Maximum Entropy.- IV.8. Some Mixed Bounds for the Central Intertwining Lifting.- IV.9. A Mixed Two-Sided Sarason Result.- Notes To Chapter IV.- V. Central State Space Solutions.- V.1. The Central Formula For Nevanlinna-Pick.- V.2. Central Nevanlinna-Pick Solutions.- V.3. The Central Hermite-Fejer Solution.- V.4. The Central Formula For The Sarason Problem.- V.5. Central Nehari Solutions.- V.6. Central Nudelman Solutions.- V.7. The Central Two Block Solution.- V.8. The Four Block Problem.- Notes To Chapter V.- VI. Parameterization Of Intertwining Liftings And Its Applications.- VI.1. The Möbius Transformation.- VI.2. The Schur Parameterization.- VI.3. Recovering The Schur Contraction..- VI. 4. Constructing The Schur Contraction.- VI.5. The Redheffer Scattering Parameterization.- VI.6. The Parameterization for A ?.- VI.7. The Nevalinna-Pick Parameterization.- VI.8. The Nehari Parameterization.- VI.9. The Two Block Parameterization.- Notes To Chapter VI.- VII. Applications to Control Systems.- VII. 1. Feedback Control.- VII.2. The Youla Parameterization.- VII.3. Mixed H? and H2 Control Problems.- VII.4. A Two Block Control Problem.- VII.5. The Multivariable Case.- Notes To Chapter VII.- B Nonstationary Interpolation and Time-Varying Systems.- VIII. Nonstationary Interpolation Theorems.- VIII.1. Nonstationary Nevanlinna-Pick Interpolation.- VIII.2. Nonstationary Tangential Nevanlinna-Pick Interpolation.- VIII.3. Nonstationary Tangential Hermite-Fejer Interpolation.- VIII.4. Nonstationary Nehari Interpolation.- VIII.5. Nonstationary Sarason Interpolation.- VIII.6. Nonstationary Nudelman Interpolation.- VIII.7. Nonstationary Two-Sided Sarason Interpolation.- Notes to Chapter VIII.- IX. Nonstationary Systems and Point Evaluation.- IX.1. Time Varying Systems.- IX.2. Nonstationary Controllability and Observability.- IX.3. Point Evaluation.- IX.4. From Nonstationary Systems to Stationary Systems.- IX.5. A Nonstationary Filtering Problem.- Notes to Chapter IX.- X. Reduction Techniques: From Nonstationary to Stationary and Vice Versa.- X.1. Spatial Features.- X.2. Operator Features.- Notes to Chapter X.- XI. Proofs of the Nonstationary Interpolation Theorems by Reduction to the Stationary Case.- XI.1. The Standard Nonstationary Nevanlinna-Pick Interpolation Theorem.- XI.2. The Nons

Variational methods in mechanics and physical models.- Fluid flows in dielectric porous media.- The impact of a jet with two fluids on a porous wall.- Critical point methods in nonlinear eigenvalue problems with discontinuities.- Maximum principles for elliptic systems.- Exponential dichotomy of evolution operators in Banach spaces.- Asymptotic properties of solutions to evolution equations.- On some nonlinear elastic waves biperiodical or almost periodical in mechanics and extensions hyperbolic nonlinear partial differential equations.- The controllability of infinite dimensional and distributed parameter systems.- Singularities in boundary value problems and exact controllability of hyperbolic systems.- Exact controllability of a shallow shell model.- Inverse problem: Identification of a melting front in the 2D case.- Micro-local approach to the control for the plates equation.- Bounded solutions for controlled hyperbolic systems.- Controllability and turbulence.- The H? control problem.- The H? boundary control with state feedback; the hyperbolic case.- Remarks on the theory of robust control.- The dynamic programming method.- Optimality and characteristics of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations.- Verification theorems of dynamic programming type in optimal control.- Isaacs' equations for value-functions of differential games.- Optimal control for robot manipulators.- Control theory and environmental problems: Slow fast models for management of renewable ressources.- On the Riccati equations of stochastic control.- Optimal control of nonlinear partial differential equations.- A boundary Pontryagin's principle for the optimal control of state-constrained elliptic systems.- Controllability properties for elliptic systems, the fictitious domain method and optimal shape design problems.- Optimal control for elliptic equation and applications.- Inverse problems for variational inequalities.- The variation of the drag with respect to the domain in Navier-Stokes flow, .- Mathematical programming and nonsmooth optimization.- Scalar minimax properties in vectorial optimization.- Least-norm regularization for weak two-level optimization problems.- Continuity of the value function with respect to the set of constraints.- On integral inequalities involving logconcave functions.- Numerical solution of free boundary problems in solids mechanics.- Authors' index

This open access book covers the main topics for a course on the differential geometry of curves and surfaces. Unlike the common approach in existing textbooks, there is a strong focus on variational problems, ranging from elastic curves to surfaces that minimize area, or the Willmore functional. Moreover, emphasis is given on topics that are useful for applications in science and computer graphics. Most often these applications are concerned with finding the shape of a curve or a surface that minimizes physically meaningful energy. Manifolds are not introduced as such, but the presented approach provides preparation and motivation for a follow-up course on manifolds, and topics like the Gauss-Bonnet theorem for compact surfaces are covered.

This volume is designed as a textbook for an introductory course on wavelet analysis and time-frequency analysis aimed at graduate students or advanced undergraduates in science and engineering. It can also be used as a self-study or reference book by practicing researchers in signal analysis and related areas. Since the expected audience is not presumed to have a high level of mathematical background, much of the needed analytical machinery is developed from the beginning. The only prerequisites for the first eight chapters are matrix theory, Fourier series, and Fourier integral transforms. Each of these chapters ends with a set of straightforward exercises designed to drive home the concepts just covered, and the many graphics should further facilitate absorption. Chapters 10 and 11 consist of original research and are written in a more advanced style. In Chapter 10 it is shown that the structure of Maxwell's equations implies the existence of a wavelet analysis specifically adopted to electromagnetic radiation. The associated "eletromagnetic wavelets" are pulses parameterized by their point of origin and their scale, and can be made arbitrarily short by choosing fine scales. Furthermore, it is shown that every electromagnetic wave can be composed of such localized wavelets. This is applied in Chapter 11 to give a new formulation of radar based on electromagnetic wavelets. Since this theory is fully relativistic, its description of the Doppler effect is exact. In particular, it is three-dimensional, and does not make the usual assumption that the outgoing signal has a narrow bandwidth. Thus it should be useful in the construction of ultra-wideband radar systems.

1 Myc Structure and Function.- 2 The ETS Family of Transcriptional Regulators.- 3 myb Proto-Oncogene Product as a Transcriptional Regulator.- 4 The v-erbA Oncogene.- 5 Rel Proteins and Their Inhibitors: A Balancing Act.- 6 Structure/Function and Oncogenic Conversion of Fos and Jun.

In 1931 Erwin Schrödinger considered the following problem: A huge cloud of independent and identical particles with known dynamics is supposed to be observed at finite initial and final times. What is the "most probable" state of the cloud at intermediate times? The present book provides a general yet comprehensive discourse on Schrödinger's question. Key roles in this investigation are played by conditional diffusion processes, pairs of non-linear integral equations and interacting particles systems. The introductory first chapter gives some historical background, presents the main ideas in a rather simple discrete setting and reveals the meaning of intermediate prediction to quantum mechanics. In order to answer Schrödinger's question, the book takes three distinct approaches, dealt with in separate chapters: transformation by means of a multiplicative functional, projection by means of relative entropy, and variation of a functional associated to pairs of non-linear integral equations. The book presumes a graduate level of knowledge in mathematics or physics and represents a relevant and demanding application of today's advanced probability theory.

This monograph extends this approach to the more general investigation of X-lattices, and these "tree lattices" are the main object of study. The authors present a coherent survey of the results on uniform tree lattices, and a (previously unpublished) development of the theory of non-uniform tree lattices, including some fundamental and recently proved existence theorems. Tree Lattices should be a helpful resource to researcher sin the field, and may also be used for a graduate course on geometric methods in group theory.

1 Schrödinger and Dirac operators.- Discrete spectrum of the periodic Schrödinger operator for non-negative perturbations.- The discrete spectrum in a gap of the continuous one for compact supported perturbations.- Schrödinger operators with strong local magnetic perturbations: Existence of eigenvalues in gaps of the essential spectrum.- Regularity of the nodal sets of solutions to Schrödinger equations.- Results in the spectral theory of Schrödinger operators with wide potential barriers.- Stark ladders and perturbation theory.- Singular potentials: algebraization.- Asymptotic behavior of the resolvent of the Dirac operator.- Discrete spectrum of the perturbed Dirac operator.- 2 Generalized Schrödinger operators.- The spectrum of Schrödinger operators in Lp(Rd) and in C0(Rd).- On spectral properties of generalized Schrödinger operators.- A Fermi-type rule for contact embedded-eigenvalue perturbations.- A simple model for predissociation.- Scattering on several solenoids.- Hall conductance of Riemann surfaces.- 3 Stochastic spectral analysis.- Framework and results of stochastic spectral analysis.- Occupation time asymptotics to the decay of eigenfunctions.- Holomorphic semigroups and Schrödinger equations.- Some problems on submarkovian semigroups.- Smoothness estimates and uniqueness for the Dirichlet operator.- Trace ideal properties of perturbed Dirichlet semigroups.- Quantum dynamical semigroups.- 4 Many-body problems and statistical physics K.B. Sinha.- Limits of infinite order, dimensionality or number of components for random finite-difference operators.- Atoms at finite density and temperature and the spectra of reduced density matrices.- Quantum fluctuations in the many-body problem.- General Hamiltonians and model Hamiltonians.- Poisson fields representations in the statistical mechanics of conitinuous systems.- Exact ground states for quantum spin chains.- The spectrum of the spin-boson model.- A survey of Wigner-Poisson problems.- 5 Chaos.- Classical d'Alembert field in an one-dimensional pulsating region.- Irregular scattering in one-dimensional periodically driven systems.- Relatively random unitary operators.- 6 Operator theory and its application.- A trace formula for obstacles problems and applications.- Propagation in irregular optic fibres.- Singular perturbations, regularization and extension theory.- Adiabatic reduction theory. Semiclassical S-matrix for N-state one-dimensional systems.- The functional structure of the monodromy matrix for Harper's equation.- Eigenfunction expansion of right definite multiparameter problems.- Singularly perturbed operators.- Some problems of p-adic quantum theory.

Feller Semigroups, Bernstein type Operators and Generalized Convexity Associated with Positive Projections.- Gregory's Rational Cubic Splines in Interpolation Subject to Derivative Obstacles.- Interpolation by Splines on Triangulations Oleg Davydov.- On the Use of Quasi-Newton Methods in DAE-Codes.- On the Regularity of Some Differential Operators.- Some Inequalities for Trigonometric Polynomials and their Derivatives.- Inf-Convolution and Radial Basis Functions.- On a Special Property of the Averaged Modulus for Functions of Bounded Variation.- A Simple Approach to the Variational Theory for Interpolation on Spheres.- Constants in Comonotone Polynomial Approximation - A Survey.- Will Ramanujan kill Baker-Gammel-Wills? (A Selective Survey of Padé Approximation).- Approximation Operators of Binomial Type.- Certain Results involving Gammaoperators.- Recent research at Cambridge on radial basis functions.- Representation of quasi-interpolants as differential operators and applications.- Native Hilbert Spaces for Radial Basis Functions I.- Adaptive Approximation with Walsh-similar Functions.- Dual Recurrence and Christoffel-Darboux-Type Formulas for Orthogonal Polynomials.- On Some Problems of Weighted Polynomial Approximation and Interpolation.- Asymptotics of derivatives of orthogonal polynomials based on generalized Jacobi weights. Some new theorems and applications.- List of participants.

1 The Abstract Cauchy Problem.- 1. Well-Posedness of the Differential Cauchy Problem in C(E).- 1. The Cauchy problem in a Banach space E. Definition of well-posedness in C(E).- 2. Examples of well-posed and ill-posed problems in C(E).- 3. The homogeneous equation. Strongly continuous semigroups.- 4. The nonhomogeneous equation. Analytic semigroups.- 5. Well-posedness in C(E) of the general Cauchy problem.- 2. Well-Posedness of the Cauchy Problem inC0?(E).- 1. The homogeneous problem. The space C0?(E).- 2. Well-posedness in C0?(E) of the general Cauchy problem.- 3. Well-Posedness of the Cauchy Problem in Lp(E).- 1. Definition of the well-posedness of the Cauchy problem in LP(E).- 2. A formula for the solution of the Cauchy problem in Lp(E).- 3. Spaces of initial data.- 4. The values of the solution of the Cauchy problem in Lp(E) for fixed t.- 5. The coercivity inequality for the solutions in Lp(E) of the general problem (1.1).- 4. Well-Posedness of the Cauchy Problem in Lp(E?, Q).- 5. Well-Posedness of the Cauchy Problem in Spaces of Smooth Functions.- 1. The space C0ß, ?(E). The nonhomogeneous problem.- 2. Well-posedness of the general problem.- 3. Semigroup estimates.- 4. The coercivity inequality for the general problem.- 2 The Rothe Difference Scheme.- 0. Stability of the Difference Problem.- 1. The difference problem.- 2. Banach spaces of grid functions.- 3. The operator equation in ?(E). Definition of the stability of the difference scheme.- 4. Stability of the difference scheme.- 1. Well-Posedness of the Difference Problem in C(E).- 1. The homogeneous difference problem.- 2. The nonhomogeneous problem. A real-field criterion for analyticity.- 3. An almost coercive inequality in C(E).- 2. Well-Posedness of the Difference Problem in C0?(E).- 3. Well-Posedness of the Difference Problem in Lp(E).- 1. Definition of the well-posedness of the difference problem in LP(E).- 2. Spaces of initial data.- 3. The coercivity inequality for the solutions in LP(E) of the general problem (0.6).- 4. Well-Posedness of the Difference Problem in Lp(E?, Q).- 1. Strongly positive operators and fractional spaces.- 2. Well-posedness of the difference problem in Lp(E'?, q).- 5. Well-Posedness of the Difference Problem in Difference Analogues of Spaces of Smooth Functions.- 1. The space CQ'(E). The nonhomogeneous difference problem.- 2. Well-posedness of the general difference problem.- 3. Estimates for powers of the resolvent.- 4. The coercivity inequality for the general problem.- 3 PadÉ Difference Schemes.- 0. Stability of the Difference Problem.- 1. Padé approximants of the function e-z.- 2. Difference schemes of Padé class.- 1. Well-Posedness of the Difference Problem in C(E).- 1. The homogeneous problem.- 2. The nonhomogeneous problem.- 3. Sufficient conditions for almost-well-posedness. A real-field criterion for analyticity.- 4. Estimates of powers of the operator step.- 2. Well-Posedness of the Difference Problem in C0?(E).- 1. The case of a general space C0?(E).- 2. The case of the special space C0? (E).- 3. Well-Posedness of the Difference Problem in Lp(E).- 1. Definition of the well-posedness of the difference problem in Lp(E). Stability of the difference problem.- 2. Spaces of initial data. Well-posedness of the difference problem.- 3. Estimates of powers of the operator step.- 4. Well-Posedness of the Difference Problem in Lp(E'?, Q).- 1. Stability of the difference problem.- 2. Well-posedness of the difference problem.- 5. Well-Posedness of the Difference Problem in Difference Analogues of Spaces of Smooth Functions.- 1. Well-posedness of the difference problem in C0ß, ? (E).- 2. Estimates of powers of the operator step. The coercivity inequality for the general problem.- 4 Difference Schemes for Parabolic Equations.- 1. Elliptic Difference Operators with Constant Coefficients.- 1. The definition of an elliptic difference operator and properties of its symbol.- 2. A formula for the solution of the resolvent equation.- 3. Point estimat

Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Glomales.- Biodiversity and characterization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at the molecular level.- Characterization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by immunochemical methods.- European Bank of Glomales - An essential tool for efficient international and interdisciplinary collaboration.- Physiological characteristics of the host plant promoting an undisturbed functioning of the mycorrhizal symbiosis.- Recognition and infection process, basis for host specificity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.- Ultrastructural analysis reveals the complex interactions between root cells and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.- Impact of mycorrhizal colonisation on root architecture, root longevity and the formation of growth regulators.- Biogeochemical cycling and arbuscular mycorrhizas in the sustainability of plant-soil systems.- Arbuscular mycorrhizas and agrosystem stability.- Hyphal phosphorus transport, a keystone to mycorrhizal enhancement of plant growth.- Approaches to the study of the extraradical mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.- Water relations and alleviation of drought stress in mycorrhizal plants.- Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant uptake of heavy metals and radionuclides from soil.- Biocontrol of plant pathogens using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.- Management of positive interactions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with essential groups of soil microorganisms.- Micropropagated plants, an opportunity to positively manage mycorrhizal activities.

Tendering constitutes the transition from the drawing and planning stage to the construction phase. In addition to its economic and contractual dimension, it is also an essential tool for translating design quality into built quality. This volume presents various ways to put construction works out to tender. In addition, it explains in practical terms how to describe construction work and how to prepare all of the documentation required for a complete invitation to tender.Subjects: Allocating construction work; Different ways to specify construction work; The structure of a work specification; Quantity determination; Using invitations to tender to realize plan quality.