Bøger udgivet af BAR Publishing

This study analyses the military architecture of Middle Bronze Age (MBA) Jordan. Although military architecture is one of the defining features of urban development in the MBA Levant, the military architecture of Jordan has never been adequately assessed. The study aims to redress this imbalance and to consider the military architecture of MBA Jordan within the trends of urban and regional developments. The result will be a greater understanding of the relationship between Jordan and the Greater Levant during the MBA. The core data for the study was excavated at Pella and Rukeis under the supervision of the author and is complemented by data from other sites in Jordan. Chapter 1 maps out the background to the military architecture of MBA Jordan; the geography, chronological framework and historical background; the textual, iconographic and archaeological evidence. Chapters 2 and 3 explore Pella and Rukeis respectively. Chapter 4 makes a comparative study of walls, towers, gates, ramparts, and related features. Chapter 5 presents the authors conclusions and the five Appendices detail the comparative pottery analyses.

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 12Campeche state and Quintana Roo, and more generally the area south of the Yucatan peninsular, afford rich fields of study in terms of our understanding of Mayan relations in the region. This volumes concentrates on major research projects undertaken at key sites such as Calakmul, Becán, Balamku, and Nadzca'an, during which considerable advances were made in specific areas of research including analysis of the complexities of architectural styles and the iconography of the region during Mayan times. The sum of the information and results obtained adds a wider perspective on the southern Yucatan peninsular of the time as a whole. This large-scale work is presented in three sections. Section one concentrates on natural factors such as climate, soils, and vegetation, detailed summaries of large-scale excavation projects by season to 1998 (including seasons at "La Tulane", Xpuhil, Becán, Chicanná, Hormiguero, Calakmul, Río Bec, etc.), and methodology. Section two provides a gazetteer of smaller sites by zonal regions. Section three deals with the major zone of Kaynikte-Manos Rojas, including analyses of occupation, architecture and ceramics. Section four covers the evolution and chronology of sites in the south of Yucatan.

The principal focus of this study is an analysis of "independent animal burials", as they are most often indiscriminately interpreted as early evidence for a religiously symbolic significance of the species that occur. Such a cultic interpretation only rarely is offered for the other category of burial, that of animals interred in or, in its later developed form, directly associated with human graves. These animals have generally been considered merely another form of grave goods. However, this type of animal burial, in the form of subsidiary burials, can be tracked into the early First Dynasty and beyond. Thus the diachronic development of this particular category of burial exhibits an uninterrupted continuity between the predynastic and early historic periods. The geographical scope extends from Upper Egypt (Badarian and Naqada Cultures), to Lower Egypt (Neolithic and Maadi-Buto Culture), and Lower Nubia (A-Group), and detailed appendices cover a Gazetteer of independent animal burials, animals in human graves; elite cemeteries; food offerings; and cemetery maps.

This study looks at Greece (or the province of Achaia) during the period of Late Roman Antiquity with regards to new evidence, both textual and physical, as well as new archaeological opinion. Kosso is concerned with how Roman colonialism and imperialism affected the conquered Greek economy. This study is particularly interested in how this new information sheds light on the imposed socio-economic patterns in Greece during this period. Kosso looks at evidence for imperial policies from literary sources,and also states how the main basis for economic and social life for Roman citizens was land. Classical rhetoric is looked at, as well as Roman and Greek historians of the time, but more importantly Roman law and tax legislation give an excellent source of evidence for economic, social and agricultural policies. This evidence suggests that the imperial government widely encouraged the cultivation of rural areas, giving special attention and protection to small landholders. Archaeological evidence is used in this study to illustrate the transition in settlement patterns in Achaia during the Late Roman Period. The surveys in this study show how there was a change from large, less-intensely farmed agricultural estates, to smaller, more-intensively farmed isolated farmsteads. This would suggest that land became more widely owned and accessible at this time, with an increase in overall settlement patterns, especially in the rural areas. Kosso states how during this period there was an increase in population, urbanisation, and market demand, but she also states that these would have changed the nature of the Greek countryside only in conjunction with Imperial public policies. The literary evidence of a policy to increase cultivation is backed up by a decentralisation and subsequent intensification of land use. Kosso concludes that in Late Roman Greece, and in the Late Empire as a whole, the government implemented policies that would control elite landowners and local government/officials, but also protect small landowners, discouraging patronage due to its almost slave-like nature. Therefore this study helps us to better understand the connection between the Late Roman Imperial centre and source of legislature, and the surrounding provinces. Fundamentally it can be seen how Late Roman Imperial policy had a major impact on the landscape and demographics of the entire empire.

Acts of the XIVth UISPP Congress, University of Liège, 2-8 September 2001SECTION 3 : PALEOECOLOGIE / PALEOECOLOGYColloque / Symposium C3.1The 17 papers in this volume represent the XIVth UISPP Liège Congress session on the dietary behaviours of prehistoric hunter-gatherers from as far afield as Poland and Israel, Spain and Croatia. The subsistence strategies of prehistoric hunters were dependent on the dietary resources available in the environment and within this range the prehistoric populations were obliged to make certain choices. The contributors to this volume explore the theme, and among the many questions addressed are the issue of linkage between changes of palaeoecological contexts and variations in subsistence behaviour, and the relationship between the results from palaeoethnographical and biogeochemical studies; the palaeoecological reconstructions they propose provide valuable insights into the answers.

This work is an archaeological investigation of the Moche culture of northern Peru (ca. AD 100-800). It is a study of Moche burial patterns and social structure. One of the main objectives of this research was to bring together information available on Moche burials from different settlements and from contexts dating to the Early, Middle, and Late Moche periods as well as the Transitional period. General patterns regarding burial context and energy expenditure are identified. The nature of social status is explored and some general principles of social structure are detailed. Issues regarding funerary rites of passage, delayed burial, grave re-entry, and funerary specialists are also discussed with regard to Moche representation of death.

The aim of this book was to develop a method for analysing the seasonality of the European Oyster, Ostrea edulis. Patterning, in the form of growth breaks or bands in the shell micro-structure, has been shown to occur in other molluscs and has sometimes been used to ascertain the season of gathering for archaeological samples, but until now this has never been attempted on Ostrea edulis. The objective was to apply the method to oysters from Danish shell middens (køkkenmøddinger) in order to obtain information on the season of gathering at these sites. This is a particularly interesting area of Mesolithic studies as it is believed that the Ertebølle culture was a socially complex society of hunter gatherers, living off abundant coastal resources which enabled them to lead a sedentary existence. What is also of major importance is that through objects found, such as pottery and axes, it can be demonstrated that the Ertebølle people had contact with the farmers in the south, and yet agriculture was not adopted for 1000 years. Why such a long time lag exists has fired many debates and oysters have played a significant role in some of these.

Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of Postgraduate Researchers, The University of Liverpool, 23-25 February 2001The Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology is a conference designed to offer the opportunity to postgraduate students to present their research and discuss ideas and methods in archaeological practice. The success of the conference lies in the diversity and the amalgamation of culture found in this particular part of the world. Furthermore, this symposium is unique in its synthetic character of space and time, and thus allows researchers to promote and demonstrate new lines of thought, theory and methodology. This volume contains 30 papers on the conference's main topics - Surveying; Landscape and Topography; Sacred Space; Symbolic Architecture; Movement and Social Dynamics; Body, Gender and Space; Iconography; Heritage.

This book addresses the relationship between state-managed archaeology and control of the past, with particular attention to the rigid association of administration and identity, i.e. nationalism, as manifest in the nation-state. A critical approach is feasible because the management of archaeology underwater is implicated in the reproduction of two fundamental aspects of the nation-state - territoriality and nationality - by virtue of the frequent location of ancient material underwater on the fringes of territory, and of the inter-'national' character of ancient material of maritime origin. Empirical material is drawn from a comparative analysis of managing archaeology underwater in France, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, the UK and Ireland and from a historical analysis of the development of management in the UK from the mid 1960s to the mid 1970s. The theoretical basis is drawn from Anthony Giddens' work on modernity, structuration and locale.

with English abstract

A collection of papers from the Romanian conference (with two from the CAA meeting held in Glasgow). The 19 papers consider different approaches to site evaluation and site analysis, the study of artefacts, dating and the role of GIS and the web in archaeology.

A detailed catalogue of 417 seals belonging to the Tablets & Cylinder Seals Collection in the Near Eastern Department of the National Museum of Aleppo. The collection dates from the 7th millennium BC to the Sasanian period. All pieces are illustrated.

South American Archaeology Series No 18A collection of 14 recent studies on archaeological GIS applications from contributors in Argentina, Brazil and Chile in South America. The subjects covered include predictive modeling and analysis of site location and distribution, settlement patterns, lithic raw material availability, regional archaeological visibility, intrasite material distributions and zooarchaeological collections as well as heritage management and risk assessment. The time periods analyzed include cases from the Holocene up until present day and the papers are written in English, Portuguese and Spanish.

This work examines a group of clay figurines representing porters carrying sacks (saccarii) recovered from Ostia and other harbours. The saccarii were responsible for the loading and unloading of goods from ships to river boats and warehouses. Contextual and iconographic analyses of the statuettes suggest they represented the religious symbol (genius) of the workers' guild (collegium). Their probable location in shrines and niches in streets, taverns and workshops, frequented by saccarii and the heterogeneous community, gives an insight into the exhibition of social identity and religious beliefs through material culture by a group of overlooked workers in Roman Imperial Ostia.

Excavations at Late Neolithic Toumba Kremastis Koiladas, near the modern town of Kozani in north-western Greece, have yielded one of the largest faunal assemblages of this period from Greece (and probably also from Europe). This assemblage is important not only because of its large size, but also because of the character of the site and the apparently distinctive nature of bone deposition. Although near to a settlement mound or tell, the excavated area from which the assemblage is drawn appears to be of the 'flat/extended' type of site. As such, much of the bone assemblage is derived from clearly defined pits and ditches cut into the bedrock, offering much greater opportunities for contextual analysis than is usually possible on tell sites with complex vertical stratigraphy. Furthermore, the excavator's observation of complete animal skeletons in some pits suggested the possibility of structured deposition of a sort that, though well known from the Aegean Bronze Age, is as yet rare in the Neolithic of Greece. The assemblage studied here thus offers unusually high potential for investigation of patterns of bone deposition and animal consumption and also for exploration of the extent to which these processes may have obscured or distorted the evidence commonly used to infer patterns of animal management and land use. The questions addressed in this book are centred within four main contexts: Types of Neolithic settlements (tells vs. 'flat/extended' sites); The Neolithic household in Greece; Neolithic husbandry regimes in Greece; Scales and contexts of consumption during the Greek Neolithic.

The development of settlement in the region between Chiusi and Volterra (northern Etruria, corresponding to the modern territory of Siena), from the Iron Age to the end of the Romanization period (9th-1st century BC), is a much-debated subject among Etruscan archaeologists. This comprehensive study attempts to analyse all the available information on the Etruscan settlements of the area to produce a coherent development model that can be adapted to cover the long time period under consideration.

This research centres on the ideology and socio-economic practices of the communities in the Argolid and the Methana Peninsula (Peloponnese, Greece) that existed during approximately 1200 BC through 900 BC. A thorough examination of mortuary practices, the built environment, ceramic material and metal objects demonstrate that during this transitional period an ideological shift took place alongside complex socio-economic developments. An analysis of the material evidence indicates the active formation of a new ideology and socio-economic practices that privileged the individual and the domestic unit over the larger corporate group. After presenting the geographic and research background for these two regions, the author discusses the concept of the Greek"Dark Ages" and analyses the mortuary evidence and built environment, demonstrating that, following the collapse of the Mycenaean palatial administration, the remaining communities maintained and developed practices that promoted the individual or the domestic unit. Analysis of specific examples from the ceramic material and metal objects dating to this period are used to discuss specific activities, such as production and exchange. Evidence from this data illustrates that these activities had, in all probability, taken place outside the direct control of the Mycenaean palatial administration and continued without substantial interruption throughout this period. This re-appraisal of the material culture dating from the Late Helladic IIIB 2 through Early Geometric period combines new theoretical approaches to collapsed societies and attempts to reconstruct the ideology and socio-economic practices of Iron Age communities in the Argolid and the Methana Peninsula.

This book includes papers from N-TAG TEN, the Proceedings of the 10th Nordic TAG conference at Stiklestad, Norway 2009.

This work considers the female body in ancient and medieval societies as seen through the eyes of doctors. In their writings on gynaecology, the medieval authors that are studied here have made clear their thoughts on women, which are grounded in the texts of their predecessors (Greek and Latin doctors) but conditioned by their own religious beliefs - Christian, Jewish, or Muslim. Their works were written not only to educate or inform other doctors and midwives, but also to aid medical students and to provide guidance for women who might seek it. These texts also reflect popular opinion when it comes to such issues, as in many instances they are closer to popular belief than to science. Our selected authors wrote in order to gain recognition and prestige. They based their advice on texts written by earlier, widely recognized specialists and, in turn, their work became references for future doctors who, in their own writings, would cite them or recreate their work. From this point of view, it may be said that none of these doctors pursued an objective relative to our own current medical practices, but this does not necessarily mean that their texts are any less important. The texts studied in this work span almost twenty centuries, from the fifth century BC to the fifteenth century AD.

A collection of papers focusing on questions of Copper Age metallurgical contexts, outlining the importance of an integrated analysis of artefacts, considering pottery, metal, stone and osseous productions as inseparable aspects of economic and social choices.

This book includes papers from a session on 'Mother Earth' sites presented at the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the European Association of Archaeologists in Valetta, Malta, in September 2008. The papers discussed the various forms of evidence not only from definite 'Mother Earth' sites but from others for which an expression of a divine feminine principle, personified as belief in an Earth Mother or other female deity, may be inferred as possible or sometimes likely-especially where the work is based on new discoveries.

South American Archaeology Series No 17Analyses of animal finds and remains from sites around Lago Cardiel, Patagonia.

A study of the Neolithic in Macedonia.

The Klissoura cave site (Argolid, Greece) is a multi-layered site with layers dating back to the Middle Palaeolithic. In the Aurignacian layer were found concave clay forms which are estimated, by C14 dates, to be 35-37.5 calibrated kyrs BP. In this study the author takes an experimental approach to investigate these important primitive features.

This book presents the proceedings of the 'Theory and Method in Archaeology of the Neolithic (7th - 3rd millennium BC)' conference held in Mikulov, Czech Republic, 26th - 28th October 2010.

During the Middle Sicán period (C.E. 950-1050) on the North Coast of Peru, artisans developed a sophisticated tradition of ceramic and metalworking production amidst dry coastal forests of the region. Organic fuel resources, specifically wood, clearly played a vital role in the manufacture of these objects; however, this component of production has been largely overlooked. Thus, a major gap in our understanding of the relationship between Sicán period production and the local landscape has developed. The Sicán Archaeological Project (SAP) suggests that the production of metal and ceramics during this period likely placed the local fuel resources under considerable stress. Yet, an evaluation of the archaeological data is essential to assess the degree of overexploitation, identifying the fuels used, their contexts for use, and their role in local ecology. This study interprets how Middle Sicán artisans met their fuel-wood requirements for production in light of easily endangered forest resources. An examination of the archaeological charcoal from Middle Sicán period kilns, hearths, and metal furnaces permits the reconstruction of fuel use and the ecological setting of production. This unique site demonstrates the concurrent production of metal and ceramics, as well as the presence of domestic activity. Using wood anatomy of fuels recovered from archaeological features, the author identified the fuel materials of different use contexts.

This research aims to better understand Maya ritual practices associated with the burning of aromatic substances and the use of incense burners in the southern Maya lowlands during the Classic (A.D. 250 - 900) to Postclassic (A.D. 900 - A.D. 1200) transition. Incense burners are considered as important components of Maya ritual and religious paraphernalia through which communication with supernatural beings was enacted. Their forms and decoration were the products of specific principles of design and iconography that were commonly imbued with symbolic and religious meaning. The study involves an analysis of the form and decoration of these vessels as well as their contexts of recovery and use through time. The changes and continuities in the forms and decoration of incense burners, their contexts and their use sheds light into the continuation and/or innovation of ritual and religious ideas which are linked to broader social, economic and political factors in Maya society during the end of the Classic period. The study is based on a sample of incense burner materials excavated in Guatemala and from various museum collections.

The translated title of this work is: "Gotland Picture Stones of the Migration- and Vendel periods as Reflections of the Early Historical Cultural Environment". Gotland has a prominent position within northern Europe due to the quantity and wealth of pre- and early historical evidence. The picture stones of this area are prominent relics of the Scandinavian Iron Age, taking the form of processed limestone monuments of different sizes and designs. Usually, the stones reveal a worked front side carved with various motifs, such as whirling discs, ships and animals. These picture stones date from approximately the first centuries after Christ until after the first millennium and are found on the island of Gotland situated in the Baltic Sea, and politically, part of Sweden. The author focuses on the stones and fragments which can be dated to the Migration- and Vendel period. At the core of the work is the aim to gain an interpretation with the anticipation of making statements about the early historical cultural environment.

The painters of Sicyon were rulers of a τ¿χνη in their artistic creation that allowed them to combine their natural talent for painting with a scientific method. The main objective of this book is to place Sicyon at the centre of an aesthetic conflict between Plato and Aristotle. The Sicyonian school of painting has always been identified as one of the main enemies of Plato for various reasons, in particular for the use of scientific disciplines that for Plato should be reserved for the study of philosophy or dialectics. By contrast, Aristotle shared many of the aesthetic ideals of the school of Sicyon: his love of nature as a teacher of art and the maximum value offered through drawing within the liberal arts education. This book demonstrates the importance of the Sicyonian school of painting in Antiquity. For the first time painting and drawing were taught in Sicyon as subjects worthy of being learned. In this cultural context of artistic and theoretical reflection, some of the greatest artists of the Greek world were fostered, such as Apelles, Lysippus, Pamphilus, and Pausias. Sicyonian works of art were admired, imitated, and even taken to Rome as paradigms of Greek art and as examples of how best to understand art and culture: attributes that were still in evidence at the time of the Renaissance.

This book presents a contextual study of the Famabalasto Negro Grabado pottery of the late period in the Calchaqui Valleys in northwest Argentina, especially in the Yocavil or Santa María Valley in the south of the area. This is an interesting black and polished ceramic that is different from contemporary decorated pottery and comes closer in design to certain special metallic goods made in cast bronze, such as round plates and Santamarians bells or tan-tanes.