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South Asian Archaeology Series No. 9Edited by Alok K. Kanungo

This book, constructed around a central theme rather than a specific time period or region, aims to show how different researchers working on different topics address the issues around the inter-relationships between groups in pre- and protohistoric periods, through the analysis of certain raw materials. This diachronic perspective allows the reader to obtain a broader view of some of the lines of research that are being followed in different areas of the Mediterranean. The editors intend for this monograph to open its doors to researchers who work over a broad chronological period, rather than focusing on a specific moment, as some congresses or collective monographs do. It is hoped that it presents avenues for future research, which can help other researchers to understand some of the lines that are currently being followed and the methodologies that are being used to analyse and determine the origin of raw materials used in the preparation of ornaments, ceramic vessels, lithic instruments, and other objects.

The present volume on the site of Mas Gusó presents in detail the results obtained during fourteen excavation campaigns, focusing, this time, on the Roman settlement. This complex was built in the late second century BC over an old Iberian settlement, which in turn occupied the space on which an Early Iron Age community had previously settled, following a previous Bronze Age settlement. The Roman complex of Mas Gusó had a military-public function, as a praesidium intended to control the hinterland territories of Emporion and to take part in military actions within the province of Hispania Citerior, beginning with the Late Republic, c. 135 BC, and continuing for several centuries until its disappearance around 280 AD. During the first decades of the Common Era, the complex was probably transformed into a statio, directly linked to the local road network, although it did not lose its military function. The building presents a classical structure, showing a clear Italic influence that is observed repeatedly and with little variation throughout the Empire.En el presente volumen sobre Mas Gusó se exponen extensamente los resultados obtenidos a lo largo de catorce campañas de excavaciones, referidos, en esta ocasión, al establecimiento de época romana. Un complejo levantado hacia finales del siglo II a.C. sobre un antiguo asentamiento ibérico, el cual, a su vez, ocupó el mismo espacio en el que anteriormente se estableció una comunidad de la primera Edad del Hierro, sucesora de otra de la Edad del Bronce. El conjunto romano de Mas Gusó tuvo un carácter público-militar, un praesidium relacionado con el control del hinterland ampuritano y con las operaciones militares en la Hispania Citerior, desde la Baja República, hacia el 135 a.C., prolongándose su existencia a lo largo de los siglos, hasta desaparecer alrededor del año 280. A partir de las primeras décadas de nuestra era, probablemente fue transformado en una statio, vinculada directamente a la red viaria local, sin perder su función militar. Adopta una estructura clásica, de clara filiación itálica, que se repite con pocas variaciones a lo largo de todo el Imperio.

L'Architettura Rupestre è una particolare forma di architettura che presenta caratteristiche "costruttive" e morfologiche diverse da quelle tradizionali. Il volume propone una revisione delle procedure di acquisizione 3D, elaborazione e rappresentazione inerenti l'Architettura Rupestre attraverso uno studio metodologico sulle diverse fasi del processo e la sistematizzazione dei criteri operativi. Lo studio è stato attuato attraverso l'integrazione di differenti metodi di rilevamento e, allo stesso tempo, attraverso la comparazione di strumenti software per la gestione ed elaborazione dei dati, in funzione della rappresentazione e della comunicazione finale. L'approfondimento della ricerca metodologica è stato condotto su un caso di studio nazionale, rappresentato dal Monastero Benedettino di Subiaco, esempio di integrazione tra architettura e cavità naturali che ha permesso di trovare soluzioni alternative su aspetti fondamentali della ricerca.Rupestrian Architecture is a particular form of architecture that presents 'constructive' and morphological characteristics different from the traditional ones. This volume proposes a general revision of procedures for the 3D acquisition, elaboration and representation of Rupestrian Architecture through a methodological study on the different phases of the process and a systematization of the operational criteria. The study was implemented by integrating different survey methods and, at the same time, by comparing software tools for data management and processing, focusing on the final representation and communication of the data. The methodological research was conducted as a national case study, represented by the Benedictine Monastery of Subiaco, an example of the integration of architecture and natural cavities that has allowed the author to find alternative solutions in fundamental aspects of the research.

Megalithic tombs in Orkney have yielded some of the largest volumes of human remains in Neolithic Britain. However, discrete skeletons are lacking; the researcher is often presented with formidable volumes of disarticulated and comingled remains. Themes of transformation, fragmentation and manipulation of the body permeate the literature, conferring on the megalithic structures significance as places of transition. Previously, the inherent complexity of the remains has made them an unattractive proposition for detailed study. However, advances in taphonomic analysis mean that techniques now exist for approaching such complex assemblages. A study has now been successfully carried out on the Orcadian remains, uncovering the wealth of new data presented in this volume. This data draws attention to subtle variations in funerary ritual between and within the tombs, and pushes for a dramatic reconsideration of our current understanding of the practices and cosmologies associated with these enigmatic structures.

This study sets forth a typological classification of hitherto undocumented ceramic artefacts from the Hulbuk excavation site (south east of Tadjikistan, Kuliob district). This material from the ninth to the mid-eleventh century, collected from 1953 to 1978 by the Russian-Tadjik campaigns, mainly comes from the citadel, some wells located in the lower part of the city and from one or two kilns. Concentrating on this site - the capital of Khuttal - the author focuses on the material culture of the Turkish-Iranian dynasty. Previous research in this area has not been on the same scale as that undertaken in mediaeval Central Asia (West to East Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kirghizstan and South Kazakhstan). The chronological period in question is rich in technical innovations and decorative creations. The ninth century saw the beginning of the development of glazed pottery. Under the Abbasids, considerable advances were made in science, in particular chemistry, and this led to the emergence of techniques, such as glaze, which modified the ceramic craft. In Part 1, the author examines specific aspects of the geography and history of Central Asia at the beginning of medieval period (the eighth to the eleventh century) to shed light on the extent to which this vast central-Asian area was physically and ideologically conquered. Regarding the Arab-Islamic conquest of this area, the study shows as far as is possible how a new culture and religion penetrated these countries, presenting also the influence of Near-East dynasties and the gradual lack of control of the caliph on local dynasties. Contacts and political tensions with China and tribal Turks are also taken into consideration. For the ceramic study (Part 2), the author puts in place a typology according to: fabric and shape for glazed and unglazed pottery; the nature of the glaze and decoration; and additives in the glaze-ware. This research offers an important ceramics corpus in a new typo-morphology, of interest to historians and archaeologists working on central-Asian Islamic pottery. Part 3 deals with the technical particularities of this geographical area, presenting a typology of ceramics produced in Hulbuk, and highlighted specific elements required for the manufacture of pottery (moulds), including placing and firing the pottery in the kiln. Part 4 deals briefly with the distribution of glazed and unglazed types of mains ceramics and commercial paths according to the historical sources.

Society for Arabian Studies Monographs No. 7

Artefacts are meaningless until viewed in their chronological, spatial and functional context. Archaeological interpretation relies unequivocally on the integrity of these affiliations. The archaeological record, however, is not static. It is part of a dynamic natural system that is constantly being changed and reworked. The importance of this fact is that these natural systems can affect the inferences that archaeologists make. Natural site formation processes must be understood before using the archaeological record for interpretations. There are many natural processes that can affect the record, including biological factors and physical agencies. The potential processes available for study are vast and as a result, within this work a selected set of site formation processes are considered in detail. Of the extensive array of natural processes at work in site formation, a predominant part of the equation is the action of sedimentation. Various past studies in site formation are based on sedimentation in a fluvial environment and have dealt with lake margins only in a cursory manner. It is this geomorphological process in a near shore environment that will be examined for its effect upon archaeological sites and the material artefact record. The archaeological remains examined in this work are possibly Plio-Pleistocene occurrences from East and Central Africa. Chapter One sets out to describe the importance of understanding lake margin processes as well as to describe the scope of this work. Chapter Two includes a discussion of the methodology and background for this research. It will provide the necessary information for an understanding of some of the pertinent geomorphological processes at work at a lake margin. Chapter Three is a presentation of the methodology and results of each site formation experiment conducted. It includes a description of each experiment, summary and descriptive statistics, a discussion of the findings and a summary of results as indicators of archaeological site transformation. Since a single model analogue used exclusively in taphonomic and site formation analysis may be a simplistic approach to a complex situation, actualistic studies outlining alternative models are examined in Chapter Four. It is a comparative study of the effects of a lacustrine incursion with all other known agencies that have potential for transforming an archaeological site. Chapter Five is an application of the results to Naiyena Engol from Lake Turkana, Kenya and Senga 5A from Zaire, the first being a Plio-Pleistocene archaeological site and the second being an occurrence that has variously been interpreted as Pliocene to Holocene in age. Chapter Six is a conclusion and summary of the findings.

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 13The site of Caseta in the Sayula Basin (Jalisco, Mexico) was discovered in 1992 and immediately became the focus for a rescue project because of its archaeological importance. Over the following seasons, the funerary assemblages took on an increased significance, representing as they did, finds from the Usmajac phase (300/400 BC) to the Amacueca (1100-1500 AD), and by way of their differences from the usual characteristic features of the vicinity. Analysis of this funerary material revealed socio-cultural as well as archaeo-biological insights into the populations over a relatively long period before the hispanicisation of the Sayula Basin. Chapters 1 & 2 are devoted to a general overview of the region and the site. Chapters 3-5 detail the finds. The cultural and biological nature of the finds are discussed in Chapters 6 & 7, while Chapters 8 & 9 concentrate on comparative studies and synthesis.

Zum Problem der Wertung von Waffen in Gräbern des 3. und frühen 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr. in Mesopotamien und Syrien

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 51The Kintampo Complex is the first settled, sub-Sahelian complex in West Africa, and central to our understanding of West African prehistory. Kintampo appeared in Ghana around 4000 years ago, just after the onset of the last arid phase in the Sahara. This volume is based on research undertaken on the Gambaga Escarpment in Northern Ghana and expands knowledge in three ways: it provides the first description of the area; it places the northern manifestation of Kintampo within the context of what is known about the Kintampo complex; it explores the question of a framing base for Kintampo subsistence and embeds it in the current discussions on the origins of agriculture.

This volume, edited by John Bintliff and Hanna Stöger, consists of 24 papers and an introduction covering recent developments in the Medieval and Post-Medieval Archaeology of Greece. These are revised and updated articles from a conference organized at the University of Corfu. The contributions are grouped under the following themes: Landscape Studies, Individual Site Studies, Medieval and Ottoman Mytilene, Vernacular Architecture, Ceramics and Material Culture, Early Modern Ethnoarchaeology and Heritage and Perception. The collection provides an excellent introduction into current research in till-recently neglected eras of Aegean Archaeology.

This publication is based on new fieldwork carried out on the island of Huahine, French Polynesia, in the years 2001-2004. The aim of the project was to establish a chronological framework of the marae structures mainly on the island of Huahine in the Leeward Society Islands. However dates were also conducted on earlier collected charcoal from excavated marae structures on the Windward Islands to control the wider context of our local results. Other questions of interest to this study were how the marae structures were located on the landscape, as well as, aspects of their extended uses and modern changes.

This study examines faunal assemblages from late Neolithic sites in Provence for what they can add to our picture of late Neolithic animal husbandry and what the strategies employed indicate as regards social complexity. French text.

This volume discusses the role of organic residue analysis in identifying economic activities and subsistence practices associated with the first uses of pottery in the Middle East, and presents the results of analysis of 280 potsherds recovered from 22 Neolithic and early Chalcolithic settlements dating between 7300 and 4300 cal BC.

South American Archaeology Series No.9

This is the publication of the late Avner Raban's wide-ranging work on the harbour of Sebastos (Caesarea Maritima), completed and edited by his colleagues under the aegis of Michal Artzy.Edited by M. Artzy, B. Goodman and Z. Gal

This study aims to reconsider current reconstructions of the Iron Age Northern Levant and the role that ceramics studies have played in these interpretations. The author presents a regional ceramic typology for the Iron Age (including the Persian period) and undertakes an analysis of the distribution patterns of this typology across the Northern Levant. An alternative interpretation of the ceramic data is offered, before being compared with the conventional historical model. This alternative reconstruction focuses on theories of practice, and foodways, whilst appreciating the dynamic manner by which material culture is used to constantly negotiate and consolidate social structures. In the end, the study offers one perspective on the compatibility of archaeological data and the historical text, and makes some final recommendations for their correlation.

The dry stone structures that are the subject of this book are located in the Mandara mountains of the Extreme North province of Cameroon and are known to the Mafa who live among them as diy-ged-bay, best glossed as "ruins of chiefly residence". From this the term "DGB site" is derived, having the advantages of brevity and of lacking implications regarding function. Following the introduction, chapter 2 presents basic information on all known DGB sites and suggests a typology. Chapter 3 is an account of the excavation and dating of DGB-2 emphasizing its complex sequence of construction and reconstruction. Chapter 4 similarly presents the excavation of DGB-8. In chapter 5 there is an analysis of the artifacts and ecofacts from the excavated sites and the light they throw upon the cultural sequences. Chapter 6 begins by extending the discussion of cultural sequence to the full set of sites. It then briefly evaluates and discards a number of the functional interpretations that were suggested prior to extensive fieldwork and excavation. Finally, by considering the archaeological evidence in the context of regional ethnology and the environmental record, a case is built for their having been centers of community ritual and performance related to water and reproduction. In chapter 7 Gerhard Müller-Kosack investigates concepts and traditions held by the Mafa regarding the population of the region and the builders of the sites. While these traditions throw little or no light on DGB culture, Judy Sterner shows that the DGB sites have had the more recent, turbulent, history of the region projected upon them. Finally, chapter 8 returns to the theoretical questions raised above and, after considering the energetics of DGB site construction, reassesses the sites in terms of the agential processes that brought them into being and the influence that they in turn exerted on their builders. A final section places the DGB culture in its broader archaeological and cultural context.With contributions by Judy Klassen, Scott MacEachern, Jean Maley, Gerhard Müller-Kosack, Andrea Richardson and Judy Sterner

The city of Jerusalem is more familiar to a wider public than most other ancient cities. This book attempts to present a picture of Jerusalem before Islam.

The relative chronology and local grouping of sites

Towards the end of the 20th century, sand and gravel extraction in the Middle Trent moved from the higher terrace gravels down onto the wide floodplain zone. The lower Hemington terrace gravels presented waterlogged conditions with excellent preservation of riverine structures, organic artefacts and ecofacts. One of the first discoveries occurred at Hemington Quarry in 1985: a 12th century mill dam and vertical water mill. An ongoing watching brief recorded many riverine structures and culminated in the discovery of three medieval bridges. The present book describes the discoveries from 1998 to 2000 of numerous medieval riverine structures. Three fish weir complexes of the late 7th-12th centuries produced rare evidence for the capture of migrating silver eels. A 12th-century mill dam was later reused as a basket fishery. A series of stone and timber bank-side structures of the 14th century reflect a change in fishing technology: the cribs were used to manage the river and provide river conditions suitable for net fishing.With contributions by Matt Beamish, Jennifer Browning, Nicholas J. Cooper, Robert Howard, Patrick Marsden, Angela Monckton, Anita Radini and Deborah Sawday

In this work the author focuses on early Hispanic churches built before the arrival of the Roman Liturgy and the Romanesque techniques by examining liturgical sculptural evidence. This material record provides a detailed understanding of both the functional and constructive features of the churches and leads to a definition of an archaeological methodology for surveying Late Antique and Early Medieval Hispanic churches, a methodology that enables a revision of the traditional historical model based on general stylistic elements that pay little or no attention to spatial context. To illustrate this, the author also makes use of a wide body of research obtained over the last fifteen years undertaken at several Hispanic churches that provides insights into building technology, the most important historical conclusion of which has been the re-dating of the most famous churches of the period. Examples are provided from the churches of San Pedro de la Nave (Zamora), Santa María de Quintanilla de las Viñas (Burgos), San Juan de Baños (Palencia), Santa Comba de Bande (Orense), Santa María de Melque (Toledo), and Santa Lucía del Trampal (Cáceres).

A study and catalogue of the silver hoard (the contents of a woman's tomb of the first century AD) from Bursa (Prusa, in the former region of Pontus and Bithynia), modern Turkey.

In this volume, the author investigates the sudden appearance of the human form in the visual remains of the Aegean Bronze Age at the beginning of the historical period referred to as Late Minoan. Found in a range of media, the beauty of the images of men and women, as well as the great skill of their execution emerging so suddenly, called out for exploration. The study attempts to get at the specific social meanings of performances (primarily bull leaping and dancing) as they would be understood to the people who enacted them. Having comprised a workable set of meanings for images of bull leaping and dancing, the author turns to the larger historical framework of the period, and questions why these images of performance emerged at this specific time during the Aegean Bronze Age.

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 61This work is a comparative study of iron smelting practices among the Pangwa and Fipa peoples of Tanzania. The author discusses local concepts of metallurgy by step-by-step observations of the processes involved. Included is a description of the technology observed in several re-enactments of smelting practices and a discussion within a comparative framework of the multiple and shared levels of meaning and experience (symbolic repertoires and symbolic reservoirs) held by technicians during these observed technological processes. The study demonstrates, with a focus on magic and metaphors, the link between perceptions of the body and concepts of the technology. The author shows how a shift in the concepts of the technology is also useful for those studies of iron technology where there are no living exponents to answer questions about the use, or meaning, of specific objects or processes.

This book consists of French and English papers from the general sessions of Section 4 (Human Origins and the Lower Palaeolithic) of the XIVth UISPP Congress, University of Liège, Belgium, 2-8 September 2001.Présidents de la Section 4 : M. Toussaint, Chr. Draily and J.-M. Cordy

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 14This present volume discusses the period between, approximately, AD 600 and 1500. The geographic region concerned is limited to the eastern part of the Antilles, including Trinidad, the Lesser Antilles, the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico and the adjacent coastal area of South America. The emphasis is on the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles as research has progressed so much in especially this area during the past decade, while other regions such as the Windward Islands to the south have been less studied. The papers include: Espaces naturels et territories amérindiens dans la Caraïbe orientale (André Delpuech); Time and culture: chronology and taxonomy in the Eastern Caribbean and the Guianas (James B. Peterson et al.); Islands of chaos (William F. Keegan); Social dynamics and change in the Northern Lesser Antilles (Corrine L. Hoffman et al.); Political and social history of Eastern Puerto Rico: the Ceramic Age (L. Antonio Curet et al.); What happened after AD 600 in Puerto Rico? Corporate groups,population restructuring, and post-Saladoid social changes (Peter E. Siegel); Late Ceramic Age developments in the Virgins Archipelago: The Puerto Rican connection (Elizabeth Righter et al.); Distribution and exchange of lithic materials: three-pointers and axes from St. Martin (Sebastiaan Knippenberg); Inter-island exchange, settlement hierarchy, and a Taion-related chiefdom on the Anguilla Bank, Northern Lesser Antilles (John G. Crock et al.); Late Ceramic Age survey of the northeastern islands of the Guadeloupean Archipelago: Grande-Terre, La Désirade and Petite-Terre (Corinne L. Hofman et al.); At the onset of complexity: Late ceramic developments in St. Croix (Birgit Faber-Morse); En vue de l'étude de l'occupation post-Saladoïde de la Martinique (Nathalie Vidal et al.); Life in an insular environment: the case of Antigua (Reg Murphy); Post-Saladoid society on Barbados (Peter Drewett); The Arauquinoid tradition in the Guianas (Stéphen Rostain et al.); Koriabo and the polychrome tradition: the late-prehistoric era between the Orinoco and Amazon mouths (Arie Boomert); Linking prehistory and history in the Caribbean (Samuel M. Wilson).

Studies in the Archaeology & History of Baluchistan, Volume IThis volume is the first in a series that will ultimately provide a thorough archaeological and historical survey of Baluchistan, a vast region that, as recently as the Eighties of the nineteenth century, the Oxford Atlas for Pakistan still marked as terra incognita, its population still retaining an equivocal reputation for inhospitality and cruelty, thus explaining the very scanty attention Baluchistan received in works dealing with British India, "Partition", Pakistan and its borderlands towards Iran as well as "the obscurity that - in Lord Curzon's words - has rarely lifted from these regions". The ten contributors to this first volume begin the series by considering the data provided by literature and tradition in relation to archaeology and its solid evidence and chronologies. Field work is complemented with a comprehensive investigation through the literary sources, that is to underpin the study of material and human evidence with a systematic study of the available literature, in both eastern and western languages, printed and manuscript: the starting point were the sources in Arabic referring to Parthian, Sasanian and early Islamic times, and from there the authors investigate all literature focused on "mediaeval" periods up to Europe's appearance on this eastern stage. Work in the anthropological and ethno-anthropological sectors has advanced the study of the current settlements through the analysis of their organization, ever dependent on the water factor, a vital element and source of wealth in this arid, desolate and decidedly inhospitable desert - pre-desert environment. A final section considers monuments, and remains of a past that is rapidly vanishing. The result is a reconstruction of Baluchistan's history in more than purely political - dynastic terms, and an outline of specific phases and periods concerning its life in all its various aspects and components.