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South Asian Archaeology Series No. 3

A study of the pluralistic community at Cerro Baul, Peru, offers the opportunity to explore the complex factors that effect the composition of social groups. The observations contribute to understanding of the socio-economic dynamics between the Wari and Tiwanaku cultural groups in the Middle Horizon (c.600 - 1000 AD).

This volume represents the final product of a three-day conference organized by the editors and sponsored by the American Academy in Rome and the École Française de Rome. Archaeological Methods and Approaches: Ancient Industry and Commerce in Italy, April 18-20, 2002, involved 29 papers authored or co-authored by 43 scholars from 24 institutions.

The opportunity to systematically study the prehistoric buildings of Cyprus was presented in the 1970s with the emergence of the Lemba Experimental Project.

This research is a study of the development of weapon technologies in Early Egypt (the interval from earliest times until the end of the 2nd Dynasty of the Egyptian state) through the examination and interpretation of material remains. This includes a detailed assessment of the relevant artefacts from prehistoric and Early Dynastic sites. Weapons are evaluated to determine whether they had a military, hunting or ritual function or indeed combinations of these. The earliest depictions of warriors and warfare are then assessed to determine the influence of military aspects upon Early Egyptian society. Cross-cultural research is used to identify possible anthropological parallels that may lead to a better understanding of the Egyptian evidence. The contribution of warfare during the formation of the Egyptian state is discussed and the possibility of a peaceful origin is assessed. For the purposes of this study the territory occupied by the Egyptian Nile valley culture(s) defines Egypt. Throughout the periods examined the Egyptian culture essentially occupied the Nile valley, extending from the First Cataract in the south to the mouth of each branch of the Nile as it disgorged into the Mediterranean Sea in the north. The author develops a model for warfare in Egypt from its earliest times to the end of the 2nd Dynasty, by reviewing current trends in the archaeology, anthropology and history of warfare. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of warfare during the rise of the Egyptian state. Aspects of warfare in Early Egypt are examined through interpretation of pictorial narratives, fortifications and settlement patterns, cultural expansion and predynastic invasions, and wars from Dynasty 0 to Dynasty 2.

The Aeolian Islands, though a small archipelago, figured prominently in ancient civilisation. Their centrality in the south Tyrrhenian sea attracted the attention of outsiders, from the neighbouring regions in the eastern Mediterranean world in the proto-history period, to the Cnidians and Rhodians in the Archaic period and to the Romans afterwards; these groups controlled the islands as a whole or merely used them to exploit their strategic position together with the natural resources. When the proto-historic peoples or the Greeks or the Romans settled in the islands or even sailed off the islands they left highly distinctive remains of ancient maritime activity that came to light in the extensive excavations by Bernabò Brea and Cavalier. These archaeological remains either from land or underwater research have provided a wealth of maritime data, which has been exposed to partial analysis. Systematic work on Mediterranean seafaring society has greatly improved our knowledge of the maritime world that left such valuable data. These advances have occasioned a fresh context in which to plot the maritime activity data provided by the Aeolian Islands, and the time seems ripe for a re-examination of these data. This book intends to provide a detailed account of the Mediterranean maritime routes crossing the south Tyrrhenian through the Aeolian Islands from prehistory to Roman period. Within a chronological approach it presents a systematic study of archaeological sites found on the seabed around the Aeolian Islands and their relationship with historical events, as well as a view of the economy of the societies involved. In view of the variety of types of sites now lying below the sea's surface, a study of maritime archaeology requires a research strategy combining archaeological, geological, and marine meteorological data in order to identify the ancient coastlines and link the various finds to them. The archaeological sites involved in this work consist predominantly of wrecks of ancient ships and their cargoes. These are indisputable witnesses to the precise movements of the commercial activity of the times. Furthermore, they represent an important and unique sample of Mediterranean underwater heritage, which document almost four millennia of history. This book takes as its focus not only the wrecks of ancient ships and their cargoes, but also, wherever possible, the topography of maritime landing places, areas of anchorage and of shelter from prevailing winds, and thus of those sites related to ancient shipping and to the most heavily travelled routes of the Lower Tyrrhenian sea. The research strategy adopted is the result of a combination of archaeological, geological, and marine meteorological data, seeking to evaluate the interaction between two main maritime components, either in terms of the ancient economy or of the maritime landing places involved in the ancient seafaring world.

The settlement site of Sion-Avenue Ritz, located in central Valais (Switzerland), was occupied during the middle Neolithic (Cortaillod). The analyzed faunal remains come mainly from dump pits and they are mostly consumption or butchery wastes, belonging to domestic animals. One exceptional pit contained the skeletons of at least 15 sheep in partial anatomical connection. The zooarchaeological analysis of these special remains show that the animals, ranging from very young to sub-adult individuals, were very likely to have been thrown complete in the pit, simultaneously and probably following the bodies' cremation. Although several hypothetical interpretations of this context are essayed, one is considered the most tenable by the author: the stock may have died from an epizootic which hit the flock during spring, and were buried in a pit specially dug for them after they were partially burnt. The zooarchaeological analysis of this site, particularly of the '15 sheep pit', yields data of an exceptional quality in the context of Neolithic settlements in the middle and high Rhone valley where faunal remains are usually poorly preserved. It allows, among other things. An attempt to extrapolate interpretations on the stock's assessment and to understand the breeding conditions of these animals.

with contributions by C.S. Lightfoot, E.A. Ivison and M.T. WypyskiThe site of Amorium is located in western Turkey, some 168 km southwest of Ankara, and some 70 km to the northeast of the modern provincial capital of Afyon. Its strategic position explains in part its prominence in Byzantine times, when Amorium served as the provincial capital and military headquarters. This first volume in the series of excavation monographs details the glass finds from this important site. After a detailed introduction, the author describes in two sections the finds made between 1987-1992 and 1993-1997. In each section the glass is presented according to category and type, and is followed by context concordances. A short section of concluding remarks completes the volume. The Amorium monograph series will present the definitive final results of the Amorium excavations, which have been the subject of detailed preliminary reports since 1988. In planning the series, the editors decided to adopt the model set by other excavations by designating volumes for categories of excavated materials and for trench histories. These volumes will also contain technical reports on distinct groups of materials, such as textiles, pigments, human remains, flora and fauna. This first volume marks a substantial contribution to the study of Roman and Byzantine glass in Anatolia.

with contributions by Anthony Johnson and David WilliamsThis work details one of the 6th-century Byzantine wrecks located at Dor, off the Carmel coast, Israel. The anchorages of Dor have attracted much recent interest and the discoveries form part of a vast and highly informative body of maritime heritage. Wreck D provides significant insights, especially as regards amphorae finds, into the trade in wine of the period.

Four skeletal samples comprising a total of 500 skeletons, dated to the Bronze and Iron Ages, were examined. Investigated were health, morbidity and mortality. Parameters included measures of mortality, growth, growth disturbances, joint disease, trauma and dental health. The information was integrated with archaeological and ethnographic evidence. The results indicated a general improvement in health through the time periods studies.

The main indicator for the presence of an ancient settlement at a certain location is the find of pottery fragments. With regard previously to the sites of continental Croatia, it has been the practice to date fragments to a broad period of 'medieval times'. This volume marks the first full-scale attempt to closely examine 10th to 13th Croatian pottery typologically and chronologically. As well as pottery analysis, data obtained from cemeteries and Romanesque architectural remains, as well as other types of finds such as coin hoards and swords, were included in the study. This, and information taken from historical sources, has considerably increased the available knowledge on the organization of settlements in the Sava-Drava interfluves during the period of 10th to 13th centuries.

Based on her Doctoral research, Katherine Giles's study focuses on the physical structure and spatial arrangement of medieval guildhalls.

The book analyses exchange and trade in their social contexts, during the transition from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age, with a professed interest in long-term changes occurring over a vast area of central and eastern Europe. Different areas of central Europe were united by symbolic and commercial systems.

La necropoli di Capestrano (AQ), celebre per la famosa statua di guerriero, rappresenta il sito archeologico più noto dell'età preromana dell'Italia medio-adriatica. Fin dal 1934 gli scavi archeologici hanno scoperto una complessa area funeraria databile al periodo tra VIII sec. a.C. e gli inizi del II sec. d.C. per un totale di circa 500 tombe. Nel primo volume gli autori offrono un catalogo completo degli scavi condotti nell'area di Fossascopana, il settore centrale della necropoli, tra il 2003 e il 2009. La completa documentazione delle indagini archeologiche qui condotte include: storia delle ricerche, aspetti del rituale funerario, tipologia degli oggetti di corredo, indicatori dell'organizzazione sociale, analisi tafonomica, dati antropologici e paleopatologici.The necropolis of Capestrano (AQ, Abruzzo), well-known for its warrior statue, is the most famous archaeological site of the pre-Roman middle-Adriatic area of Italy. From 1934 onwards, archaeological investigations have uncovered a complex funerary area dating to the period between the 8th century BC and the 2nd century AD, with a total of about 500 burials. In this first volume, the authors offer a complete catalogue of the excavation in the Fossascopana, a central sector of the necropolis, investigated between 2003 and 2009. They present a documented review of the history of research on the site, archaeological artefact typologies, funerary aspects, burial rituals and social organization, alongside taphonomic, anthropological and palaeopathological data.With contributions by Silvia D'Alessandro, Francesca Delle Grazie, Serafino Lorenzo Ferreri, Francesca Mancini, Stefania Montanaro, Federica Properzio, Elena Rossi, Laura Sagripanti and Serena Torello Di Nino

Adopting a multidisciplinary approach, this work presents an integration of osteological and historical evidence to examine the detrimental impact of the workhouse on inmates in nineteenth-century London and to assess whether the 1834 change to the English Poor Laws led to deterioration in health. Due to the new legalities of the New Poor Laws, reformers sought to create a nationalised system of welfare, which culminated in the establishment of the Union workhouse. All aspects of daily life were influenced within the institution, in an attempt to instil the 'virtues of the independent labourer'. It is hypothesised that the effects of the New Poor law would have exposed inmates to episodes of dietary deficiencies and infectious disease, detectable in the osteological record. This was investigated utilising published osteological data for five Post-Medieval London cemeteries and four associated historical registers of burials.

This study of the area around St Saviour's Abbey (Alto Lazio/Tuscia, Viterbo, southern Etruria, Italy) is based on multidisciplinary research methods which employ analyses of documents, surveys, aerial archaeology, and modern computer technologies to determine the connection between archaeological and documentary data. The abbey, according to tradition, was founded by the Lombard King Ratchis. The main objective of this volume is to determine archaeological evidence that may be linked to the many settlements reported in the abbey's extant literary and MSS resources.

South Asian Archaeology Series No. 10

Written records of knowledge in the pre-Columbian New World are virtually non-existent (in contrast to an abundance of such records for ancient China and the Near East). Consequently chemical knowledge in the Americas, prior to the arrival of Europeans, is poorly documented. The arts and technologies discussed in this volume are those known to have existed in pre-Columbian times, as well as those thought to have been developed by native peoples (independently of foreign influence) during the five centuries since the European conquest of the Americas began.

A unique study of 26 rare wooden mosques from Samsun, in the Central Black Sea Region, and as much a travel account of the author's personal ambition to record these vanishing structures as it is a detailed study of these charming monuments themselves. "I began this study with travelling and finished it in the same way. During the journeys I took along the Istanbul-Samsun, Istanbul-Melbourne and Istanbul-Amasya routes, my heavy bag filled up with an ever increasing number of documents that took up the most important corner of the places where I stayed. Even during the times I was not able to work for a number of weeks due to health problems and other reasons, they were always on my mind and before my eyes." (from the author's Foreword)

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 75During 1992/3 nine Later Stone Age (LSA) coastal midden sites ranging in age from 6960 BP to 290 BP, and representing 28 depositional units were excavated in the Blombosfontein Nature Reserve and in the directly adjacent Blombos Estates, situated 20 km to the west of Still Bay, southern Cape, South Africa. This monograph is based on the results derived from the author's research of these sites, including more recent data. In this monograph the term Blombosfontein is used to cover both the Blombosfontein Nature Reserve and the Blombos Estates. The original excavations of 1992 revealed Middle Stone Age deposits but excavation in these levels was limited and the age of the deposits could not be determined. Subsequent excavations of the MSA levels show that the BBC deposits range in age from over 140 000 years to less than 300 years. Excavation of these MSA levels is continuing . The primary objectives of the initial research at Blombosfontein were to examine the economic and cultural diversity present within and across these nine coastal middens. The core of the project revolved around the excavation of the 9 sites and the subsequent analysis and interpretation of the recovered data.

In the Middle Ages, Great Yarmouth was a town of considerable economic and strategic significance; in 1334, it ranked fourth in English provincial towns in its wealth. This work examines in detail the construction and, more especially, material composition of the Great Yarmouth town walls.

Ptolemy's second century geography is the main source traditionally used when dividing pre-Roman Britain into tribal areas. In it he describes the Durotriges as inhabiting Dorset and parts of Somerset, Wiltshire and Hampshire.

Translated from Russian by N.S. Makhortykh

Hypogean Archaeology No 1Written by Roberto Basilico, Luigi Bavagnoli, Stefano Del Lungo, Gianluca Padovan and Klaus Peter WilkeTranslation by Ivana Micheli

This monograph set out to reveal what an essentially geological analysis could tell about the churches and Nonconformist chapels that appeared so abundantly in the county of Berkshire, England, between the late eighteenth century and the First World War. In an attempt to understand the geological evidence, however, the work inevitably strays into other fields.

The prevailing opinion regarding Gallo-Roman religion is that it was a fusion between the two religions. Scholars who dissent from this view can be divided into two different groups. On the one hand, scholars contend that, during a formative period of Gallo-Roman civilisation, there was a partial abandonment of the Gallic rites, that Roman religion came to be understood to be better as well as different, and that Gallo-Roman religion offered more spiritually as well as materially. On the other hand, other researchers hold that the Gallic deities continued to be worshipped, some under a Roman guise, others in their original pre-Roman form; however, they accept aniconism, atectonism and the reports that the Romans stopped human sacrifice and headhunting. This volume argues not only that the worship of Gallic deities continued, but also that Gallic religion already used man-made sanctuaries and anthropomorphic images before the Roman Conquest, that the disappearance of human sacrifice was wrongly attributed to the Romans and that the Romans never suppressed headhunting. In chapter one some conceptual problems, including those regarding terminology, presuppositions and errors are looked at. In the second chapter the archaeological and literary sources of information about Gallic religion and their reliability are examined. Using these sources, in the third chapter, Gallic deities are identified and the enigma of the pantheon set out by Caesar is decoded. In the fourth chapter the use of formal structures of worship and ritual by the Gauls is confirmed and the essential elements of such structures are analysed, with the argument being supported by a comparison of pre-Roman Celtic sanctuaries from both inside and outside the Roman Empire. In the fifth chapter the concept of sacrifice is examined from an anthropological perspective and this approach is applied to all Gallic sacrifices; the Gallic rituals of divination and circumambulation are also examined. The basis for the magico-religious significance and popularity of headhunting is established in the sixth chapter. Finally, in the seventh chapter, the Celtic belief in an Afterlife is defined and its attraction is demonstrated. In each chapter, the number of these Gallic beliefs and customs, which continued after the Roman Conquest, is examined and it is demonstrated that Gallic religion was not abandoned, that the Celtic sanctuary design was the basis for Gallo-Roman temple design and that Gallo-Roman religion continued to be Gallic as well as Roman.

Intrigued by this mundane, ubiquitous vessel, the author of this study began to collect data from amphora related burials with the intention of drawing parallels between Roman lifestyles and changing funerary practices in Gaul. As the data collection grew, it became apparent that not all of the burial contexts that contained amphorae qualified as élite burials. Some contained sherds rather than complete amphorae, together with potsherds and fragmentary goods. Convinced that sherd burials hinted at a localised tradition, details were added to the growing database of evidence. This study therefore aims to understand this relationship through interrogation of the reasons for the selection of amphorae and their treatment in the light of mortuary practice. While amphorae are still the key to this study, it is recognised that the significance of the vessels must be relative to cultural and social contexts; therefore the focus of this study widens from being a study of amphora in burials to a study of funerary behaviour and attitudes in which amphorae are incidental. The work is divided into three parts. The first section explores the development of feasting rituals in Iron Age Europe using the evidence of mythic literature, classical texts and iconography. Chapters 2 and 3 identify, describe, differentiate and analyse the feasting customs of Greek and Roman societies in order to lay a foundation for a comparative interpretation of Celtic or Gallic feasting ritual in Chapter 4. Chapter 4, as well as reviewing the classical observation of authors such as Tacitus and Strabo who describe the Gauls through Roman eyes, also introduces the corroboration of later Irish mythic in which 'Celtic' feasting plays a part. In Chapter 5 the textual sources are supported by the artefactual evidence of feasting vessels, furnishings and accommodation which were particular to feasting. Chapter 6 comments on the rise of powerful individuals and the social changes which may have culminated in a series of Gallic burials containing wine-related vessels. In part II three chapters are concerned with the disposal of both human and non-human material. Chapter 7 lists 265 Late Iron Age burials of Gallic Europe which contain amphorae, either in complete or sherd form. Though the initial recording of interments may have been included in a cemetery record, in this instance each burial is treated as a unique ceremony and is accorded an individual account. The amphora burials of the Champagne region are considered in full detail in Chapter 8. A body of evidence presenting similar ideology to that of amphorae burials is that of 'funerary' pits, which contain artefactual deposits associated with wine. These are considered in Chapter 9. Part III, the concluding Chapter 10, provides an interpretation of the assembled evidence, and attempts to justify conclusions.

Report of the 1995 and 1996 excavations at the site of Lao Pako, situated c. 40 km from Vientiane at the bank of Nâm Ngum River in Laos. The artefacts and other material give evidence of many different kinds of activities going on about 1600 years ago. The importance of the site in manufacturing of or trading with pottery is indicated by the 45 complete buried jars and 270 kilos of pottery sherds. Further finds include slag, iron artefacts etc. The inhabitants belonged to the same large cultural group as those occupying sites such as Ban Na Di, Ban Chiang and Ban Chiang Han. This culture is distinctively different to groups living at the same time in southern China.

Society for South Asian Studies Monograph No 2