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The use of sawing has often been considered as a characteristic of the manufacturing of polished stone axes in the Circum-Alpine region during the Neolithic. This technique has however only been noted at certain periods and in a few areas. The technique of sawing was used to produce very long polished blades made of rare rocks, as well as more common tools, as attested by the thousands of objects found in the wetland sites of the Swiss Plateau. The analysis of this exceptional material allows us to seek answers to questions relating to the various technical choices and how the production was organized, as well as being able to ask questions about the social organizations that underpin these phenomena.

The eighth annual Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology took place from the 20th to 22nd February 2004 at Trinity College, Dublin. Since its inception, SOMA has sought to provide postgraduate researchers in Mediterranean archaeology with a forum in which to present their work and give voice to new trends in Mediterranean archaeological research. This year, one of the main aims of the organisers was to make the symposium inclusive of regions and time periods not normally covered by the conference, i.e., to reach beyond the eastern Mediterranean region, and the Bronze Age and Classical periods. The presentations, therefore, covered places as diverse as Libya, Sardinia, and Jerusalem, and ranging chronologically from Neanderthals to Crusaders.

In November 1988, Gotland University College started a new archaeological research project on the Trobriand Islands, Papua New Guinea. Sixteen Swedish archaeologists and osteologists carried out excavations and osteological analyses at newfound sites on the northern part of Kiriwina Island. The aim of the project is to study the introduction and subsequent cultural development of the Trobriand culture (c 1000-1500 AD). 8 contributions are published here, including surveys, excavation reports, lithics, ceramics, oral traditions, climate and culture.

This book focuses on the prehistoric settlements of Eastern Thrace (Turkish Thrace). Turkish archaeology, under the influence of the German archaeological tradition, is not founded upon innovative theoretical ideas but the documentation and collection ofdata. In this work the author attempts to break the traditional views and concentrates on archaeological interpretation and a theoretical discussion on the archaeology of Eastern Thrace. This study is the product of intensive fieldwork undertaken in the Edirne region of Eastern Thrace, and it offers new information and theories on the prehistoric settlements of the region. Chapter I discusses the extensive and intensive surface survey results in the Edirne region. This project concerned the settlement history of the region from the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age. It includes systematic surveys for both off-site and site scatters, and intra-site gridded collection at selected sites. Chapter II concentrates on settlement mobility in the prehistoric settlements of Eastern Thrace as well as settlement types. It introduces two models for settlement mobility - extensive mobility and restricted mobility. Chapter III discusses settlement territories in the prehistoric settlement of the Edirne region. Chapter IV investigates prehistoric stone axe factories in Eastern Thrace, which are unique in the prehistoric record of the Balkans and Anatolia. The next chapter deals with explanatory models for the apparent dramatic decrease in population of Eastern Thrace inthe Late Chalcolithic period. Chapter VI puts forward a new hypothesis related to the symbolic value of landscape for island colonization.

This work is primarily devoted to the history of the Amber Lands in Roman times. It is based on archaeological data dating back to the beginning of the 1st millennium AD, and studies the local material and culture of this region. Geographically, the Amber Lands include the western outlying district of the southeast sector of the Baltic Sea littoral, or "Southeast Baltic". This part of Central Europe, limited by the lower reaches of the River Vistula in the west, and the Neman in the east, has a complex landscape formed in the Late Glacial. Dating to this historical period are the amber-bearing layers of glauconit ("blue ground"), covered by a mass of sandy soils carried by the glacier sweeping in from east Europe approximately 2 million years ago.

Comprising a rectangular enclosure bounded by a rampart and ditch, the Roman camp displayed the skills of the Roman military engineers in assessing and deploying human and other resources.

This work studies copper alloy artefacts deposited in non-funerary contexts in north-west France between c. 1700-1400 BC. These finds constitute the great majority of the available documentation as there is a shortage of settlements and graves in the area and for the period under study. The book provides a better understanding and a more precise definition of the Atlantic Bronze Age and is based on this particularly abundant documentation, which assembles more than 1200 finds and more than 6600 objects. The author includes a detailed analysis of this extensive documentation (including chance finds). Three main axes of research are tackled : a typological review, dating analysis, and an interpretive approach of the various hoards. Local and wider regionalfactors are considered, as well as the many cultural links with other populations.

Grand public buildings and opulent villas more often than not steal the limelight from more mundane structures such as shops and workshops which, nevertheless, played a vital role in catering for the needs of Roman Britain.

The election of Solon as Archon in Athens at the beginning of the 6th century BC brought about significant revisions to both the sacrificial calendar and the code of civil laws. Dr Valdés Guía's work represents a detailed analysis of the background and implementation of Solon's major reforms that were to put an end to the stasis of the City, by means of a fresh definition of the internal and external frontiers of the polis, at a crucial moment in Athens' consolidation as a city-state.

This book examines the Uyuni, who inhabited the Intersalar area of south-west Bolivia in Prehispanic times. This is one of the main centres for the exploitation of salt which enabled the inhabitants to obtain miscellaneous complementary products such as corn, chilli, wood, coca leaves etc. Various archaeological data, gathered from 110 sites dated to six periods (Formative Horizon, Ancient Intermediary, Middle Horizon, Late Intermediary, the Inca, Colonial and Contemporary), show that this area was once the centre of strong human occupancy. Settlements and small finds are discussed resulting in a comprehensive picture of life over centuries.

This work identifies 'social ideology' as an example of a crucial mover in the emergence of a complex society, and one that helps explain the developments visible in the archaeological record of fourth millennium BC Mesopotamia. It is argued that these developments were the result of an expansion in the exploitation of resources (flora and fauna); acquisition of rare materials, such as stones and metals, probably played a role but not as the primary basis for the resulting pattern. The shape this expansion took was conditioned by a unique ideology, known as 'The Uruk Phenomenon' and the point of departure for this study.

This monograph presents an account of the archaeological and historical investigation of the seabed remains of the Flower of Ugie, a wooden sailing vessel built in Sunderland in 1838 and wrecked in the Eastern Solent, England in 1852. The vessel was discovered in 2003 when a fisherman snagged his nets on the wreck, following initial investigation by the Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology (HWTMA), on-going survey was conducted on the site between 2004 and 2008. The shipwreck lies within anarea that is licensed for aggregate extraction, placing the remains under potential threat from such activity. Liaison with the dredging company led to the establishment of a voluntary dredging exclusion zone around the site. The shipwreck lies in three main parts comprising two large sections of hull remains, with a dispersed area of broken, mainly concreted iron elements in between. The vessel is primarily constructed from oak, ebony and elm. At the time of sinking, the exterior of the hull was sheathed in yellowmetal. It was not possible to date the vessel through dendrochronology, but comparative analysis of the metal fastenings allowed a provisional date of c. 1820-1850 to be assigned. A provisional tonnage of 350 old tons was suggested. There are few artefacts from either the vessel's cargo or on-board items surviving.

This volume presents a catalogue and analysis of those Bronze Age ceramics excavated at Troy by Schliemann which are now housed at Munich and Poznan. The detailed (140 page) discussion proposes typologies and chronologies for the various artefact types (pottery, whorls, loom weights, and pierced pottery disc sherds) as well as remarks on function.

While excavating the protohistoric settlement of Mas Castellar (Pontós-Alt Empordà, eastern Spain), an interesting pit (FS362) was found that contained many samples of food remains - mammals, birds and fish - as well as various pottery fragments. This present study details all the materials collected and provides an insight into the dietary habits of the Catalan-Iberian world between 500-300 BC. The upper layers sealing the pit contained plentiful remains of wrought iron, enabling the investigators to study the level of ironwork development at the period. The quantity and quality of the materials found suggest that a banquet or special feast may have taken place within a fortified settlement, where a festive event associated with the blacksmiths' trade might have been celebrated. The work also reviews the historiography of the time, the handling of foods, the utensils and vessels used, as well as food and midden sites found at Catalan-Iberian settlements.

The main objective of this book is to discuss parts of the later life histories of burial mounds by studying local interests in them through folklore, but also disturbances and reuses of them. To this end, this study discusses folklore about burial mounds in the two Norwegian southern counties of Agder. These mounds were constructed as the burial places for the dead, in Norway built with a changing frequency during the Bronze Age and the Iron Age (c.1800 BC-AD 1050). These narratives, told by those people who have lived in their vicinity, document a local interest in the monuments, but also question who are the stakeholders and who should be the stewards of the archaeological record. These issues are discussed by scrutinizing the following three main topics: 1. Discussion: of selected parts of the later life histories of burial mounds, mainly during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, confined to oral narratives and folkbeliefs about them, but also their disturbance. 2. Reflexivity: attaining knowledge on how archaeologists - but also other scholars - have viewed and responded to the discussion of life histories of archaeological monuments, mainly from the establishment of archaeology as an academic discipline around 1840 and until around the year 2000. 3. Indigenization: considering to what extent the interests of non-archaeologists should be included by archaeologists and in heritage management, which has also been termed ethnocritical archaeology.

This honorary volume offered to Paolo Biagi for his 65th birthday brings together papers by his friends, former students and colleagues, who have shared with him research experiences on different geographical regions and topics. Paolo Biagi, one of the outstanding Italian prehistorians, was elected in 2009 as Honorary Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London in recognition of his original work in the field, studying the environmental contexts and lithic technologies of a wide range of human cultures, from Europe to the Indian sub-continent. The twelve papers in this volume cover the fields of Paolo Biagi's scientific activity, extending from the prehistory from northern Italy, the Adriatic and the Aegean, to the Indus Valley. The topics covered include the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition, the Neolithization of the Mediterranean Basin, and archaeometric approaches to prehistoric archaeology. Other contributions are look at matters philosophical and theoretical, and offer an original view of the human past.

This research explores 4 main genera of bovids found in major Middle and Upper Pleistocene sites in the wider Mediterranean area and the Caucasus. Four geographical zones offer sites from Spain to Azerbaijan and include sites at Caune de l'Arago, Portel-Ouest, Arbreda, Hortus, Orgnac 3, Karaïn, Sakazia, and Asych. From a comprehensive study of the faunal evidence, the work provides an outline of early man's relationship to the environment across a wide area. Typically, a zooarchaeological approach was applied to the sites and levels of units I and III of the Caune de l'Arago. Levels M, N and O from unit I correspond to carnivore occupations while in most of the levels of unit III, argali accumulation is due to human occupation. In level F dated from about 440,000 years, the cavity was occupied from the end of spring to the beginning of summer by groups which practised non selective hunting and argali was the main prey. The study of locomotive and dietary adaptations shows that fossil populations had verycomparable adaptations to those of current populations. Dental microwear shows the seasonal changes in food selection which varied with the hunting season of small bovids and with palaeoenvironmental conditions.

This book attempts to explain the development of exchange relations between the two culturally distinct societies of Yap and Ulithi, Western Caroline Islands (Pacific Ocean). Much has been written about past interactions between Yap and Ulithi, both members of a larger exchange system known as "sawei." This study contributes to the long-term effort of research on interactions between Yap and the coral atolls of the Western Caroline Islands by adding ceramic analyses from archaeological contexts and diachronic explication of the ethnohistoric data pertaining to exchange. The author includes chemical characterization data from Yapese and Ulithian contexts to address questions about ceramic exchange and culture change. Before integrating the fragmentaryarchaeological and ethnohistoric records of exchange, ethnohistoric records are independently analyzed and structured into a diachronic paradigm. Archaeological and ethnohistorical records are integrated to construct a model of past Yap-Ulithi exchange. This model encompasses the time period between the earliest archaeological evidence of interaction on Mogmog (cal A.D. 620, AA-21212) to the end of the nineteenth century, when inter-island voyages were forbidden by the German and later the Japanese colonial governments. The distinct epistemologies of archaeological and ethnohistoric records of exchange are also examined to understand the possible integration of these vital data.

This catalogue of the metal parts of ploughing implements from Gallia and Germania Superior is an expanded work based on the author's thesis 'Researches on the ploughing implements and the working on the soil in Gallia Belgica'. The essentially multidisciplinary methodology of this research, bearing in particular on technical studies of ploughing implements, necessitated the technical representation of metal parts in the form of a catalogue in addition to the customary archaeological drawings. This volume, therefore, most often uses these two forms of representation. A classification based on the use of the parts, 'socketed shares', 'tanged shares' and 'coulters', is employed. This catalogue contains 51 entries of socketed shares, 31 of tanged shares and 37 of coulters, representing in all 119 entries. Although inevitably incomplete, with data collection ending in 2000, it is the first catalogue of these types of metal parts to have been published for the Gallia provinces and Germania Superior. An accompanying textual analysis is provided by the same author in: BAR S1235, 2004 "Recherches sur les instruments aratoires et le travail du sol en Gaule Belgique" (ISBN 9781841715940).

This work is a study of rock shelter sites used by arctic hunter-gatherers of all periods in the specific physical landscape of continental climate-type tundra in the interior of Central West Greenland investigated by field-surveys from 1999-2002. Excavations alone do not reveal the full significance of these sites and the author includes a review of the ethnographic and ethno-historic sources which show the large variability in the use of caves, rock shelters and boulders: places for telling stories, homes for mythical beings, entrances to the underworld, and centres for ritual and 'magic'.

A discussion of Late Classical and Hellenistic fortifications in Magna Graecia, looking in particular at those of southern Italy, excluding Sicily.

This volume, which is entirely devoted to African cookware, attempts to fill a gap in the field of Roman pottery studies. African cookware, one of the few Roman cooking wares subjected to voluminous interregional trade or exchange, was produced in the province of Africa Proconsularis (present-day Tunisia) from the early 1st at least to the late 5th century AD. In general, the quantity in which African cookware is frequently found outside Tunisia is another reason that makes it a rewarding subject for a detailed study. But while the state-subsidized traffic in agricultural products from Roman Africa has traditionally been regarded as a decisive factor, attention has seldom been paid to the life cycle of African cookware. As the life cycle of pottery includes all the stages from the acquisition of raw materials to the consumption of finished pots, the following discussion introduces a holistic examination of extended sherd families from some twenty-one hundred African cookware vessels found in the Late Roman deposits of the Palatine East excavations (ca. AD 270-550), one of the major excavation projects taken place in Rome within the last twenty years. The first objective of this volume is to use the study assemblage to trace down the technological choicesrelated to African cookware fabrics, forms, and other aspects of production. A further important stimulus for this study lies in the history of Roman pottery studies, the most obvious reason being the long-lasting lack of interest towards the class of undecorated common wares. It is hardly surprising that African cookware has never been studied as a unique group, but only in association with the corresponding tableware, African Red Slip ware.

This volume presents 36 papers from ten Interpreting Stratigraphy conferences held between June 1993 and February 1997. The conferences offered informal opportunities for fieldworkers interested in stratigraphic excavation, and the problems and potentialit embodied, to create a context for discussions with like-minded people. The focus remains on papers attempting to outline new ideas and perspectives, and those summarizing organizational or methodological work in progress.

This volume contains a selection of papers delivered at the Theoretical Archaeology Group conference held at Cardiff University in 1999. They derive from the session entitled 'The interpretation and Structure of Ritual Space', which was intended to provide a forum for new research concerning ritual landscapes and material culture. Of the 12 papers delivered at the conference session, 9 are published here, covering a broad chronological range from Neolithic ritual landscapes to medieval churches.

This is an ethnoarcaheological study exploring social and economic lives of specialized producers: blacksmiths, potters and masons, working in the Middle Niger area. The area was chosen because archaeological finds evidence some two thousand years of pottery making andiron smelting and forging. The three groups studied showed striking differences between them. The study included interest in persons and systems which resulted in considerations of specialization, and dedicated lineage production in the past, and the possible roles these may have played in Iron Age urbanism.

This volume forms the report of an archaeological survey project carried out in an area of the coastal strip of southern Turkey.

This is a third in a series of definitive publications on the excavations of medieval sites in Nubia. It is concerned with the funerary remains uncovered in two cemeteries, one on the island of Kulubnarti, the other on the adjacent left bank of the Nile.The report includes detailed descriptions of grave types which are set within their Nubian medieval context. Special attention is given to the analysis of textiles found as well as to the physiscal anthropology.

The main focus of this work is the oxygen and strontium isotope analysis of cattle teeth from three LBK settlements and human teeth from a cemetery. These samples provide information about seasonality and location. The combination of the two different isotope systems from the enamel of the same tooth allows for a differentiation between seasonal mobility and a more sedentary pattern of animal husbandry, and a determination of the time of year and pasture locations used. This study concentrates on southwest Germany and examines systematically these multiple perspectives and evaluates them in conjunction with current hypotheses about the spatial organization of LBK animal husbandry.

The results of five excavations carried out in Cambridgeshire between 1998 and 2002 by Birmingham University Archaeological Field Unit (BUFAU) - currently known as Birmingham Archaeology (BA). The respective sites are distributed fairly evenly across thecounty and run in a broad west to northeast direction that roughly centres upon Cambridge. The sites investigated are all within small towns or villages that have been the site of continuous settlement since at least medieval times. Consequently, the excavations proved very productive, revealing evidence for a wide range of activities and sometimes considerable spans of occupation. At Woodhurst, a Romano-British settlement was later succeeded by Saxon and then medieval occupation of the same area. Fordham provided a detailed insight into changing patterns of activity in a single location during the Anglo-Saxon period. Investigations at Buckden produced a less wide-ranging but nonetheless significant view of economic activities during medieval times. Finally, the excavations at Soham and St Neots revealed sequences running respectively from the Late Saxon and medieval periods through until modern times. In addition, all five sites produced small-scale evidence for prehistoric activity which combine to form a small but useful contribution to existing knowledge of prehistoric occupation in the region.