Bøger udgivet af American Medical Publishers

Pediatric sepsis is a medical condition, which involves a severe inflammatory response in the body that can lead to tissue damage and organ failure in children. Premature babies and infants are most susceptible to this condition. The common symptoms include fever, lethargy, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and dehydration. There is no single diagnostic test for sepsis. A combination of tests such as a spinal fluid test, X-ray, or ultrasound may be required for diagnosing sepsis. Urine tests are done to gain information on urinary tract infection and kidney condition. In addition, blood tests are used to detect the presence of elevated or low white blood cells, lactic acid, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Infants and children who have developed sepsis need close monitoring and specialized medical and life-care support systems such as ventilators. Treatment with intravenous fluids, antibiotics, and other medications helps in improving the condition of the patients. Preventive measures such as frequent hand washing, vaccines, and timely medical attention inhibit an infection from developing in the first place. This book contains some path-breaking studies related to pediatric sepsis. It outlines the diagnosis and management of this disease in detail. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Pediatrics and neonatal care refers to a type of medical specialty that cares for newborn infants, premature babies, young children and teenagers. It focuses on various fields including pulmonary rehabilitation, child obesity, pediatric sinusitis, pediatric endocrinology, childhood asthma, and pediatric oncology. It also deals with innate immunity, inborn errors, protein misfolding disorder and interventional cardiac catheterization. Pediatric care provides medical therapy for children who are chronically or acutely ill, and delivers preventative health care for children who are otherwise healthy. The provision of neonatal intensive care has improved the outcomes of high-risk newborns, who were born prematurely, or with severe surgical or medical issues. It encompasses the care of infants who are ill or require specific medical attention because of medical conditions such as intrauterine growth restriction, sepsis, preterm conditions, congenital anomalies, low birth weight, birth asphyxia or pulmonary hypoplasia. This book explores all the important aspects of pediatric and neonatal care in the present day scenario. It contains researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Probiotics are dietary foods or supplements that include viable microorganisms which affect the microflora of the host. Their use is beneficial in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea and treating acute viral gastroenteritis in healthy children. Prebiotics are dietary foods or supplements which include a food element that cannot be digested but instead promotes the activity and growth of native probiotic bacteria. Human milk comprises a high concentration of prebiotics and contains a significant amount of oligosaccharides, which are prebiotic components. These oligosaccharides are responsible for preventing pathogenic infection, developing the immune system, and regulation of the bifidogenic and gastrointestinal microbiota in infants. Prebiotics and probiotics have a significant impact on the composition of the gastrointestinal flora. Probiotics have been used to prevent and treat a wide range of diseases in both adults and children. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding on the role of prebiotics and probiotics in pediatric medicine. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity and resting tremor. This disease has motor and non-motor symptoms. Some of the common symptoms of this disease are trembling of hands, inadequate balance and coordination, and low movement. Individuals with Parkinson's disease may experience melancholy, sleep issues, or difficulty in chewing, etc. In early stages, symptoms appear slowly and usually to one side of the body and as the disease progress, effects can be seen on both sides of body. Parkinson's disease occurs when the nerve cells in the brain fails to construct sufficient dopamine. A wide range of medications can occasionally improve symptoms of this disease. In critical cases of Parkinson's disease deep brain stimulation (DBS) and surgery can be beneficial. This book unravels the recent studies on the diagnosis and management of Parkinson's disease. It can be used by physicians, researchers, and neuroscientists who want to learn more about this disease. The book is appropriate for those seeking detailed in this area.

Pathogenic bacteria are a type of bacteria which can cause several diseases. Several species of bacteria are not harmful and are beneficial to humans but some can spread infectious diseases. Certain pathogenic bacteria are capable of causing diseases under some circumstances, including when they penetrate through the skin in a wound, through a weakened immune system, and by sexual activity. The virulence factors aid bacteria in invading the host, transmitting disease and circumventing host defenses. Endotoxins, adherence factors, siderophores, invasion factors, exotoxins and capsules are some of the virulence factors. Antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections. They are categorized as either bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal, depending on whether they only stop bacterial growth or kill the bacteria. Antibiotics come in a variety of forms and each class inhibits certain process that is unique to the pathogen compared to the host. This book contains some path-breaking studies on pathogenic bacteria. It contains a detailed explanation of the pathogenesis, virulence factors and antibacterial treatment strategies associated with pathogenic bacteria. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Autism refers to a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social communication along with confined and repetitive behaviors. It is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The factors that can increase the likeliness of autism during pregnancy include fetal growth restriction, infections, autoimmune diseases, and various toxins like alcohol, air pollution, and cocaine. Diagnosis of these disorders is done on the basis of the behavior and not through cause or mechanism. There does not exist any known treatment for these disorders but various interventions can be helpful. Skill building, and behavioral, educational and psychological interventions can be utilized to facilitate people with autism disorders, which help them in living their life independently. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorder. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this medical condition.

Paraplegia refers to an impairment in sensory or motor function of the lower extremities. It is commonly caused by congenital condition or spinal cord injury, which impacts the neural elements of the spinal canal. The area of the spinal canal which is influenced by paraplegia mainly covers lumbar, thoracic or sacral regions. Individuals with paraplegia can have wide range of disabilities, which require different treatments. The goal of rehabilitation is to assist the patient in regaining as much independence and functionality as possible. Physiotherapy can benefit in improving stretching, range of motion, transfer and strength skills. Majority of paraplegics are reliant on a wheelchair for their transportation. Activities of daily living (ADLs) can be difficult initially for persons having a spinal cord injury (SCI). Individuals having SCI may learn new skills and adapt old ones with the help of occupational therapists and physiotherapists, helping them to live self-sufficiently in the community. The topics covered in this book offer the readers new insights on the clinical characteristics, prevalence and treatment outcomes of paraplegia. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Parasitology is a scientific discipline that is concerned with the study of the biology of parasites and parasitic diseases. A parasitic disease caused by infection with tiny tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus is called echinococcosis. It is mainly classified into two categories, namely, cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis. The other types include unicystic echinococcosis and polycystic echinococcosis. Unicystic echinococcosis manifests as a slow-growing mass in the body. Alveolar disease generally starts in the liver, but can spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or brain. The patient may experience abdominal pain, weight loss, along with yellow-toned skin discoloration due to development of jaundice when the liver is affected. A major cause of the disease includes the consumption of food or water that contains the eggs of the parasite. It can also be caused by coming in close contact with an infected animal. The disease is diagnosed using blood tests and medical imaging tests such as CT scan and MRI. This disease can be prevented by vaccinating the infected animals. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of echinococcosis and the recent researches with respect to this disease. Its aim is to present researches that have transformed the study of this disease. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Ophthalmology is a medical specialty that focuses on diagnosing and treating eye disorders. Common eye disorders include refractive errors, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, amblyopia and strabismus. Red eyes, night blindness, headache, light sensitivity, floaters, flashes, dry eyes, excessive tearing, blurred or distorted vision, and swelling are the common symptoms of eye disorders. A range of tests can be performed to confirm an eye condition or establish the extent or severity of an eye disorder. Angiography, electroretinography, ultrasonography, pachymetry, optical coherence tomography (OCT), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are a few such tests. There are a variety of treatment options available for treating eye disorders depending upon the type of disorder and its extent. Conventional surgery, medicines, laser surgery, and artificial tears are some of the available treatment options. In the past few years, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) has become quite popular for screening, diagnosing, and treating eye diseases. This book unfolds the recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases. Medical professionals and students actively engaged in the field of ophthalmology will find it full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Osteoimmunology refers to a field of study that investigates the interface between the skeletal system and the immune system, also known as the osteoimmune system. It also investigates the components and mechanisms of these two systems in vertebrates, such as signaling molecules, ligands, transcription factors and receptors. This field is studied clinically for treating various diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA), periodontitis, osteoporosis, bone metastases and osteopetrosis. The study of the interactions between the immune system and skeletal system reveal relations that exist between structural pathologies and molecular communication taking place in the blood cells. Clinical osteoimmunology is a domain which focuses on the prevention and treatment of diseases related to the bone, which are caused by immune system disorders. Bone destruction and osteoporosis are diseases caused by the disorders of the osteoimmune system. These diseases are accompanied by RA, characterized by high infiltration of CD4+ T cells in the rheumatoid joints. This book explores all the important aspects of osteoimmunology in the present day scenario. The topics covered herein offer the readers new insights on the interactions between the immune system and the skeletal systems.

Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. Free radicals refer to oxygen containing molecules consisting of uneven number of electrons. Oxidation is a process in which free radicals can stimulate large chain chemical reactions in the body. If functioning properly, the free radicals can help fight-off pathogens which might lead to infections. The presence of more free radicals in the body than can be kept in balance by antioxidants, leads to oxidative stress, which can cause damage to fatty tissue, DNA and proteins in the body. The diseases associated with oxidative stress include diabetes, atherosclerosis, or the hardening of the blood vessels, inflammatory conditions, high blood pressure (hypertension), etc. Some of the common sources of free radicals in the environment are ozone, certain pesticides and cleaners, cigarette smoke, radiation, and pollution. Adding enough antioxidants such as berries, cherries, citrus fruits, broccoli, olives, etc. in diet, can help prevent oxidative stress. Certain lifestyle changes such as the application of sunscreen, regular exercise, reducing alcohol intake, etc. can also help reduce oxidative stress. The topics included in this book on oxidative stress are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

The spinal cord and the brain together form the central nervous system (CNS). A CNS tumor develops when healthy cells in the brain or spinal cord start growing uncontrollably forming a mass. CNS tumors may be malignant or benign. Malignant tumors grow rapidly and can spread to other parts of the body whereas benign tumors grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. Astrocytoma, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG or the brain stem glioma), ependymoma, germ cell tumor, medulloblastoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), and optic pathway glioma are a few types of CNS tumors. Diagnosis of CNS cancer is done using tests and procedures including neurological examination, imaging tests such as CT scan and MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options include radiation therapy, radiosurgery, chemotherapy, and targeted drug therapy. The results of various researches and advanced studies related to CNS tumors have been included in this book. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the globe, on various topics related to CNS oncology. This book will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Tumor, also known as neoplasm, is a mass or group of tissues that is formed as a result of abnormal growth. It can appear anywhere on the body. Bone, tissues, skin, glands, and organs, all can be affected by tumors. They may be cancerous (malignant), non-cancerous (benign), or precancerous. Malignant tumors can spread to adjacent tissues, glands, or other body parts. Benign tumors pose a low risk of death. They are isolated and do not spread to other body parts or impact neighboring tissues. Precancerous tumors are non-cancerous tumors which may become cancerous if left untreated. Most common types of cancer treatments include targeted therapy (molecularly targeted therapy), hormonal therapy and cytotoxic therapy. There exist two types of targeted therapies, namely, small molecule medicines and monoclonal antibodies. The small molecule medicines are biopharmaceuticals that are so small that they can enter the cancer cells and destroy them. Targeted therapy makes use of monoclonal antibodies which cannot enter into the cells. However, these monoclonal antibodies attack targets outside of cells. In various cases, monoclonal antibodies are used to launch chemo and radiation straight into tumors. This book aims to provide the readers a comprehensive overview of the applications of targeted therapies for the treatment and management of tumors. For all readers who are interested in understanding this therapeutic procedure, it will serve as an excellent guide.

The diseases or disorders that affect the human eye are called ocular diseases. The branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases is referred to as ophthalmology. The most common types of ocular diseases include cataract, glaucoma, uveitis, eye tumors, diabetic retinopathy, strabismus, etc. Infection, allergy, vitamin deficiency, chemical irritants, genetics, smoking etc. are some of the prominent causes of eye diseases. The examination and management of ocular diseases involve the use of diagnostic methods such as ocular tonometry to determine intraocular pressure, refraction assessment, visual acuity, etc. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a specialized test used to access ocular structures. OCT scans are used to examine the efficacy of managing diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. Some other tools to examine the eye and help in the diagnosis include retinal topography and fluorescein angiography. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the mechanisms and management of ocular diseases and ophthalmology. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in the field of ophthalmology.

The sensory system used for smelling or olfaction is called olfactory system or sense of smell. The overall olfactory system is divided into two types, namely, the main olfactory system and the accessory olfactory system and they perform different functions. The main olfactory system detects airborne substances while the accessory olfactory system detects fluid-phase stimuli. There are various types of olfactory disorders based on the type of malfunction. These disorders include anosmia, agnosia and hyperosmia in the loss of smell, which may be total anosmia, incomplete anosmia (partial anosmia, hyposmia, or microsmia), and distorted anosmia (dysosmia). Agnosia refers to an inability to recognize odors despite having a normally functioning olfactory system. Hyperosmia is a rare condition characterized by an abnormally heightened sense of smell. The olfactory problems can be bilateral or unilateral similar to the case of vision and hearing problems. Olfactory dysfunction can be caused due to age, viral infections, exposure to toxic substances, neurodegenerative diseases, and head trauma. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the advanced researches related to olfaction and olfactory disorders. Through case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts as easy and informative as possible for the readers.

Nutritional neuroscience is an area of study which focuses on the impact which diverse constituents of diet have on neurochemistry, cognition, behavior and neurobiology. A few of such diet components are minerals, protein and vitamins. Minerals such as iron, zinc, copper and manganese can impact the development of the brain based on their deficiency or excess. The deficiency and overload of iron has the potential to disrupt the central nervous system function. Deficiency of zinc can lead to various disorders such as anorexia, depression and memory impairment while it excess can hinder the absorption of copper. The imbalance of vitamins in a person's body can also lead to degenerative and developmental diseases. This book is a compilation of research papers that discuss the most vital concepts and developments in the field of nutritional neuroscience. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Nutrition is an important aspect of developing and maintaining health. Each individual has different nutritional needs and a distinctive physiological make-up. Enriched nutrition is linked to stronger immune systems, decreased risk of non-communicable diseases, enhanced infant, child and maternal health, longer life spans, as well as safer pregnancy and delivery. Nutrition and diet are inextricably and intimately linked to all aspects of drug efficacy, metabolism and safety. Nutritional therapy seeks to alleviate symptoms and a variety of illnesses by assessing and altering lifestyle as well as dietary practices. A significant advantage of nutritional treatment is its capacity to aid in the management of chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer and digestive issues. It can include treatment methods like oral supplements, IV treatments and medical food. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of nutritional therapeutics and pharmacology. It presents researches and studies on their role in health and disease, performed by experts across the globe. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Dermatological science refers to a field that includes the study, research, diagnosis and treatment of any medical disease impacting the nails, skin, membranes and hair. Eczema, cold sores, acne, fungal infections, skin cancer, psoriasis, dermatitis and warts are some of the most common dermatologic conditions. There are various forms of dermatological therapies that can be used for the management of skin diseases, such as surgery, topical drugs, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, laser therapy, dermatohistopathology, immunotherapy and phototherapy. The most recent developments in medical and cosmetic dermatology comprises scientific discoveries for oral sun protection, breakthroughs in botanical blends for hair care, and new directions in red light photodynamic therapy (PDT). It also involves the development of new devices to treat superficial skin lesions and solar lentigines for improving aesthetics. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of dermatology. It covers in detail some existent and innovative concepts revolving around this domain. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life. Cell physiology refers to the biological study of the various processes that take place in the cell, which keep it alive. In living systems, free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play a crucial role in regulating a wide range of cell activities such as autophagy, metabolism, growth and development, solute transport, programmed cell death, and stress responses. Furthermore, ROS and RNS can damage tissues through oxidative stress and tissue dysfunction, and they can also act as molecular messengers for stress responses that are advantageous to the organism. Cellular pathology on the other hand, studies the diseases that occur in the cells, tissues and organs. The primary diagnostic tests that are utilized in cell pathology include cytopathology and histopathology. This book provides an insight into the new paradigms in the research on cellular physiology and pathology. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Urology is the branch of medicine that is concerned with the pathologies of the male and female urinary and reproductive tracts consisting of kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. It also deals with the conditions or disorders of male reproductive organs, such as penis, testes, scrotum, and prostate gland. Major sub-specialties of urology include pediatric urology, urologic oncology, kidney transplant, male fertility, urinary tract stones, female urology and neurourology. The discipline of urology is involved in the treatment of diseases, such as adrenal gland cancer, bladder diseases, erectile dysfunction, kidney diseases, testicular diseases, penile cancer, upper urinary tract cancer, and urethral cancer. This book includes contributions of international experts and scientists which will provide novel insights into the field of urology. Various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing techniques and the evolution of this field have been examined in detail. Researchers and students actively engaged in the study of urology will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Cardiothoracic surgery is the medical specialty involved with the surgical treatment of organs within the thorax, principally, the heart, lungs, chest wall, esophagus and diaphragm. There are three major subspecialties of cardiothoracic surgery, namely, cardiac, thoracic and congenital. There are a variety of cardiothoracic surgeries and procedures. Angioplasty is a commonly used surgical procedure, which helps in the restoration of healthy blood flow to the heart. This is done by reopening the arteries that are narrowed by the accumulation of fatty plaque. Stent placement is another cardiothoracic surgical method that involves the placement of a small metal coil or tube to hold open the narrowed arteries. Some other surgical procedures and device implantations under cardiothoracic surgery are coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), heart valve repair or replacement, ventricular assist devices, heart transplant, carotid surgery, pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of cardiothoracic surgery. It consists of contributions made by international experts. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

The branch of medicine that studies the causes, treatment and prevention of blood-related diseases is known as hematology. Hematologic malignancy is a type of cancer that originates in blood-forming tissues such as the bone marrow or in the cells of the immune system. It is caused by cells dividing at an abnormal rate. The three main types of hematologic malignancies include, leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma. A cancer that begins in the lymphatic system is called lymphoma. The lymphatic system is an important part of the immune system and it includes lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland and bone marrow. Lymphoma cancer can affect any part of the lymphatic system. Multiple myeloma is a cancer that originates in the bone marrow. It affects the plasma cells. In multiple myeloma, the plasma cells affected with cancer, start building-up in the bone marrow along with the healthy blood cells. Leukemia is a cancer that starts developing in the bone marrow, or blood-forming tissues, or the lymphatic system. The diagnosis includes various blood tests, such as complete blood count (CBC) test and electrophoresis blood test. This book includes some of the vital pieces of works being conducted across the world on various topics related to diagnosis, treatment and control of hematologic malignancies. Students, researchers, hematologists, and all associated with this subject will benefit alike from it.

Microbiology comprises the study of various microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and viruses. It is focused on gaining knowledge of all the aspects associated with these microorganisms, like physiology, behavior, biochemistry, evolution and ecology. It also assesses the pathology of the disease caused by them. According to the taxonomy, various branches of microbiology include bacteriology, nematology, protozoology, immunology, parasitology, mycology, and phycology. Microbiology includes a range of subsets from immunology, from genetic engineering to microbial genetics. Immunology studies the manner in which the immune system in humans protects them from microbes causing infectious disease. It is concerned with understanding the relationships between the hosts and pathogens like viruses and bacteria. The integrated approach to immunology and microbiology can be utilized in understanding the effect that microbes have on the health of humans. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of immunology and medical microbiology, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Anti-cancer agents are the chemicals that are utilized for arresting the growth of cancer cells. These chemicals affect the abnormal growth of cancer cells but they also impact the normal cells such as the cells in the bone marrow, skin, gonads and gastrointestinal tract. Various drugs that are utilized for inhibiting the growth of cancer cells include hydroxyurea, platinum-based drugs and L-asparaginase. Anti-HIV agents on the other hand, are those compounds which decrease the viral load and probability of transmitting HIV to others. Various compounds that are utilized for the treatment of HIV infections include nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs), and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). The NtRTIs are developed to fight virus resistance as they are phosphorylated and require less cellular processing. A significant role is played by secondary metabolites produced by living organisms in the drug development and discovery, as they have biological and structural diversity. They hold the potential for developing anti-cancer and anti-HIV drugs. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of clinical drug research on anti-cancer and anti-HIV agents which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Arthritis refers to a condition characterized by the inflammation of the joints. Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are the two major forms of arthritis. Some other types of arthritis include psoriatic arthritis, gout, fibromyalgia and septic arthritis. Pain in the joints, stiffness, redness, swelling and decreased range of motion are the most common symptoms of arthritis. Multiple factors such as age, genetic history, muscle weakness and autoimmune disorders can lead to the development of arthritis. There are several diagnostic tests for this medical condition that include physical examination, blood tests, X-ray, MRI, and CT scans. The objective of treatment is to provide effective relief from symptoms and control further joint damage. Some common treatments are medications, physical therapy, nutrient rich diet, occupational therapy, regular exercise, and hot and cold compresses. The aim of this book is to present new insights into arthritis research. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying this medical condition.

Neuropsychopharmacology is an interdisciplinary science that is related to psychopharmacology and fundamental neuroscience. It is the study of the neural mechanisms on which drugs act upon for influencing behavior. It investigates the mechanisms of neuropathology, pharmacodynamics, psychiatric disease, and states of consciousness. It explains the effects that drugs have at the behavioral and molecular levels. Integration and synthesis of knowledge from numerous disciplines, such as neuroanatomy, physiology, molecular biology, pharmacology, and behavioral sciences are required in neuropsychopharmacology. It is assumed in this field that all the states of mind: diseases involving cognitive or mental dysfunction, or normal and drug-induced altered states, have a neurochemical basis and as well as certain pathways in the central nervous system. Thus, understanding of neurons and nerve cells is important for understanding the mind. This will help in developing and devising prescriptions for various psychiatric disorders and neuropathological conditions. This book covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around the therapeutic perspectives on neuropsychopharmacology. Its aim is to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. This book will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in neuropsychopharmacology.

The brain, kidneys, intestines, arms, and legs receive oxygen-rich blood from the heart through arteries, and veins carry the blood back to the heart. Blood vessels that are damaged, injured, or deformed can cause bleeding or circulation difficulties, leading to strokes or headaches. Neurovascular or cerebrovascular diseases refer to all those diseases in which a part of the brain is temporarily or permanently impacted due to bleeding or limited blood flow. Blood vessel constriction, clot development, blockage, and blood vessel rupture may be caused due to restricted blood flow. Neurovascular conditions that affect the blood vessels of the brain, spine, and spinal cord can be treated using open surgical procedures or minimally invasive surgical procedures. Various surgical options for neurovascular conditions include microsurgery, endovascular surgery and radiosurgery. This book includes some of the most vital pieces of work being conducted across the world on topics related to neurovascular surgical techniques. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to students and experts alike.

There are various types of therapies available for the treatment of cancer such as targeted therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and immunotherapy. Chemotherapy makes use of drugs to eliminate cancer cells. Targeted therapy is a type of molecular medicine that stops cancer cells from growing by interfering with specific targeted molecules needed for carcinogenesis and tumor growth. It is available for lung cancer, colorectal cancer, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, head and neck cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, and melanoma. Targeted cancer therapies are more successful and less damaging to normal cells than traditional treatments such as chemotherapy. Research related to cancer immunology has helped in creating several targeted therapies. They act as biological response modifiers or immunomodulators. The most successful targeted therapies target a protein or enzyme that possesses a mutation or any other genetic modification specific to cancer cells and not found in normal host tissues. The aim of this book is to present researches that have been instrumental in advancing cancer research and techniques of treating and managing cancer. It will provide innovative insights to all readers.

The area of medicine which focuses on the diagnosis and monitoring of neurological diseases through the measurement and evaluation of nervous system function is known as neurophysiology. Brain-stem is an important part of the nervous system which connects the brain to the spinal cord. There are majorly three parts of the brain-stem, which includes the medulla oblongata, the midbrain and the pons and sometimes the diencephalon. The brain-stem plays a crucial role in conduction. This involves relaying the information from the body to the cerebellum and cerebrum, which pass through the brainstem. It also has integrative functions which play an integral role in respiratory control, alertness, pain sensitivity control, cardiovascular system control, consciousness and awareness. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of neurophysiology. It provides comprehensive insights into brain-stem function and control. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Sense of agency (SA), in neuropsychology refers to the subjective awareness of originating, executing, and controlling one's own volitional activities in the world. This also adds to the subjective phenomenon of self-consciousness by allowing oneself to feel separate from others. The sense of agency is crucial in cognitive development, particularly in the initial stage of self-awareness, which supports theory of mind capacities. SA is the manner in which self builds itself as an entity autonomous from the external world and from other agents. Differentiating oneself from others is one of the significant functions of human brain. Even slight impairments in this ability have profound effects on the functioning of the individual in the society. Furthermore, SA is also significant in law and ethical questions, which concerns guilt and responsibility. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the neuropsychology of the sense of agency. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.