Bøger udgivet af American Medical Publishers

Respiratory diseases are a group of pathological conditions that affect the lungs and other parts of the respiratory system. Some of its common types are common cold, influenza, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, pneumonia, acute asthma, lung cancer, tuberculosis, and severe acute respiratory syndrome. Respiratory diseases can be caused by tobacco smoking, infection, breathing second hand smoke, asbestos, radon and air pollution. Patients are examined by performing diagnostic tests, including, chest X-ray, ultrasound, blood test, lung biopsy, bronchoscopy, pulmonary function test, and CT scan. Treatments for respiratory diseases include medications, such as oral drugs, combination of inhalers, and intravenous treatment. Advanced procedures like interventional bronchoscopy, lung transplant, and stem cell therapy can also be used to treat respiratory diseases. Interventional bronchoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure used for the treatment of lung tumors, while lung transplant is appropriate for patients with severe or progressive respiratory conditions. This book outlines the mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases in detail. It will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in the study and treatment of these medical conditions at various levels.

Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer. Thoracic oncology is a sub-specialty of oncology that focuses on cancers of the lung, mediastinum, esophagus and pleura. It deals with malignancies like mesothelioma, esophageal cancer, small cell lung cancer and non-small lung cancer. Thoracic cancer refers to any cancer located in the organs, glands, or structures of thoracic cavity, or chest. Its major types are lung cancer and esophageal cancer, while thymus cancer and pleural cancer are among its less common forms. The field of thoracic oncology is extensively involved in the research aimed at the development of more effective treatments for thoracic cancer. Some current therapies and treatment in thoracic oncology are chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgical procedures. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of thoracic oncology. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study. Researchers and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are infections that affect the respiratory tract, including body parts like the throat, airways, sinuses and lungs. These infections can be classified into two types, namely, upper respiratory infections and lower respiratory infections. Upper respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses that enter the human respiratory system. Some common upper respiratory infections are epiglottitis, common cold, pharyngitis, sinusitis, and laryngitis. Lower respiratory infections last longer and affect the lungs and airways. Viral infections of the respiratory tract can easily spread from one person to another through cough droplets or coming into contact with an infected surface. Cough, fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes are some common symptoms of viral respiratory infections. Diagnosis of these infections involves tests like lung CT scan, sputum test, throat swab, etc. Treatments can involve pain relief medications, antihistamines and decongestants, which can help to relieve the symptoms. This book provides comprehensive insights into the viral infections of the respiratory tract. Researchers and students engaged in the study of these infections will be assisted by this book.

Non-small cell lung cancer refers to a disease in which the cancer cells are formed in tissues of the lung. There are three common types of non-small cell lung cancer, namely, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma. Smoking cigars, pipes or cigarettes is the major cause of this disease. Radiation therapy, air pollution and pulmonary fibrosis are some other causes of non-small cell lung cancer. Some common symptoms of non-small cell lung cancer are chest pain, appetite loss, unexplained weight loss, tiredness, and swelling of face or the veins in the neck. Patients can be examined by certain diagnostic tests, like chest X-rays, blood or urine tests, sputum cytology, bronchoscopy, etc. Surgery is the major treatment for non-small cell lung cancer. Some other treatments include radiofrequency ablation, chemotherapy, and targeted drug therapy. This book provides comprehensive insights into the prevention, management and emerging therapies for non-small cell lung cancer. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers studying this medical condition.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a type of cancer characterized by the development of malignant cells in the tissues of the lung. The major signs and symptoms of NSCLC are shortness of breath, cough, chest discomfort, hoarseness, problem in swallowing, tiredness, etc. Some risks factors of this type of cancer include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asbestos exposure, pulmonary exposure, HIV or AIDS, and air pollution. There are five main ways of treating NSCLC, namely, surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Surgical procedures including lobectomy, segmentectomy, a wedge resection and pneumonectomy are used for treating this cancer. Chemotherapy utilizes drugs for destroying cancer cells by preventing the cancer cells from proliferating, dividing and replicating. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the current therapies and treatments of non-small cell lung cancer. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts, this book targets students and professionals.

Pulmonary diseases are the disorders that inhibit the lungs and respiratory system from functioning properly. They can be classified into three main types, namely, airway diseases, lung tissue diseases and lung circulation diseases. Smoking is considered as the main cause of pulmonary diseases. Some other causes include infection, radon, asbestos, and other types of air pollution. The most common pulmonary diseases are asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer pulmonary fibrosis, and pneumonia. Some major symptoms of pulmonary diseases are cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath, which can be diagnosed through chest X-ray, CT scan, bronchoscopy, pleural biopsies and pulmonary function tests. Treatments of pulmonary diseases include medications, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and lung transplantation. Preventive measures like quitting smoking, proper nutrition and getting vaccinated can help reduce the progression of these diseases. This book unravels the recent studies on pulmonary diseases. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a form of acute respiratory failure that causes disruption of epithelial and endothelial barriers in the lungs. The severe form of acute lung injury manifests as adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Some common symptoms of acute lung injury are severe dyspnoea, tachypnoea, and resistant hypoxaemia, bowel perforation, and sepsis syndrome. Appropriate diagnostic tests such as blood or urine cultures, and bronchoalveolar lavage are performed for examining a patient for underlying conditions, particularly pneumonia, sepsis, pancreatitis or transfusion related lung injury. Treatment strategy for acute lung injury consists of treatment of the underlying disease, mechanical ventilation for elimination of carbon dioxide and securing oxygenation, and adjunctive procedures for treating specific pulmonary pathologies. This book outlines the pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of acute lung injury in detail. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of medicine. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with the study of this medical condition will benefit alike from this book.

Pulmonary diseases are a group of disorders that affect the lungs and other parts of the respiratory system. Some of the major causes of pulmonary diseases include infection, tobacco smoke and other forms of air pollution. They can be classified into several types, such as asthma, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis. Several diagnostic tests can be used to diagnose pulmonary diseases, including biopsy of the lung or pleura, blood test, bronchoscopy, chest X-ray, CT scan, pulmonary function test, etc. The treatment of pulmonary disorders depends on the type of disease. Pulmonary rehabilitation, lung transplant and oxygen therapy are some common treatment options available for the clinical management of pulmonary fibrosis. This book outlines the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary diseases in detail. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the major concepts in this area of study. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed pulmonologists, this book targets medical students and professionals.

Virus refers to a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates solely within the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all kinds of life, including animals and plants as well as microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea. They are found in all the ecosystems that exist on Earth. Virology is a subspecialty of microbiology that studies viruses. A biological preparation that induces active acquired immunity against a specific infectious disease is defined as vaccine. It usually comprises an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism. It is commonly manufactured from weakened or deceased forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. Antivirals, or antiviral drugs, refer to a class of medications that are used to treat viral infections. These drugs do not destruct their target pathogen but prevent it from growing. Vaccines and antivirals play a significant role in controlling pandemics and eradicating viral diseases. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about viruses. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of antivirals and vaccines. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

Weight-related disorders are those disorders which are caused due to the extra body weight. An increased body mass index (BMI) raises the risk of developing non-communicable diseases and disorders, like musculoskeletal disorders, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, which significantly reduces life expectancy and quality of life. Obesity is common in adolescents in which the accumulation of excess body fat causes a detrimental impact on health. It is caused by a long-term energy imbalance between calories ingested and calories burned. Weight related disorders results in various disorders, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), depression, metabolic syndrome (MetS), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obstructive sleep apnea, hyperlipidemia, certain types of cancer, osteoarthritis, hypertension, etc. There are various treatment options available for obesity, including bariatric surgery, lifestyle changes, fecal microbiota transplantation and anti-obesity medications. This book contains detailed explanation of the pathophysiology and therapeutics associated with weight-related disorders. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this condition.

Human respiratory viral infections are diseases caused by a range of viruses having similar characteristics, which negatively affect the respiratory system and respiratory tract. The viruses that cause respiratory viral infections encompass parainfluenza viruses, respiratory adenoviruses, influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). These spread directly through coughing or sneezing, which results in the transmission of viruses when they are inhaled. They can also spread indirectly by coming in contact with contaminated surfaces, hands, handkerchiefs, toys, etc. Some common symptoms of respiratory viral infections are fever, headache, chills, loss of appetite, body ache and weakness. There are various complications associated with respiratory viral infections, including pneumonia, tonsillitis, bronchitis and laryngitis. Their treatment involves administration of antiviral agents, such as amantadine and ribavirin. This book provides a detailed understanding of human respiratory viral infections. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study. The book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers engaged in the study of these infections.

A virus is a microorganism that functions and replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms known as host cells. It causes damage to the host cells and often kills the host cell in the process. Some common examples of human diseases caused by viruses are common cold, SARS, influenza, chickenpox, cold sores, rabies, Ebola virus disease, AIDS (HIV), avian influenza, etc. Vaccinations are the most effective method for preventing viral diseases as they provide immunity against infections. Another method of dealing with viruses is the use of antiviral drugs that selectively interfere with the replication of virus. There are multiple types of vaccines based on how they are prepared; and these include live-attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, toxoid vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and viral vector vaccines. Due to large-scale vaccination drives, there has been a considerable decline in morbidity and mortality associated with viral infections such as polio, measles, mumps, and rubella. This book provides a comprehensive understanding of the role of vaccines in the treatment of viral infections. It will serve as a valuable source of reference to students, virologists, public health experts, and clinicians.

Cancer refers to a group of diseases that involve abnormal cell growth in one or more parts of a body which may also spread to other parts of the body. Cancers that arise from the skin are called skin cancers. They can be categorized mainly into three types, basal-cell cancer (BCC), squamous-cell cancer (SCC), and melanoma. Basal skin cancer grows gradually and damages the surrounding tissue. It becomes visible as a raised area of skin that appears shiny with small blood vessels running over it. It may also appear as a raised area with an ulcer. The most common form of treatment for skin cancers is surgical excision or reconstructive surgery. Human papillomaviridae (HPVs) are small non-enveloped viruses belonging to the Papillomaviridae family. There are five main classes or genera of HPVs namely α, β, γ, ν, and µ. Out of these five, α-HPV and β-HPV are known to play a role in human diseases. α-HPVs play an etiological role in mucosal and skin infections as well as cervical carcinoma and benign viral warts. β-HPVs have been associated with skin infections and SCC. This book presents various researches on the role of viruses in the development of skin cancers. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Urology is a branch of medicine that focuses on medical conditions and diseases of the male and female urinary tract systems and reproductive organs. The different sub-specialties of urology include, but are not limited to female urology, andrology, neurourology, urologic oncology, reconstructive urology, and pediatric urology. Urology is involved in the medical and surgical treatment of various diseases and conditions such as bladder cancer, cystitis, vasectomy, kidney stone and erectile dysfunction. It also deals with prostate cancer and development of the urinary and reproductive organs. An evidence-based approach to urology offers practical recommendations for the care of patients. This book provides comprehensive insights into an evidence-based approach to urology. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study. The book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Uveitis is an inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of tissue surrounding the eye that consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. The anatomical forms of uveitis are anterior, intermediate, posterior, or diffuse. Anterior uveitis is defined as inflammation of the iris and the anterior chamber. Intermediate uveitis is defined as inflammation of the ciliary body and vitreous humor (the jellylike filling in the anterior portion of the eye). Posterior uveitis is defined as the inflammation of the retina, choroid, or optic disc (where the optic nerve enters the retina). The major causes include an infection (viral, fungal, bacterial, or parasitic), systemic disease (typically an autoimmune disorder), or injury to the eye. The symptoms of uveitis consist of eye redness, eye pain, blurred vision, light sensitivity, floating spots, and decreased vision. Treatment consists of glucocorticoid steroids, either as topical eye drops (prednisolone acetate) or as oral therapy that relieves pain caused by spasms of the pupil-constriction muscle. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different causes, symptoms, and treatment methodologies of uveitis. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Urologic surgery is a surgical specialty that deals with the medical conditions or diseases of the male and female urinary tracts. It is involved in treating diseases of several organs such as kidneys, ureter, urethra, bladder, penis, testes, prostate, scrotum, etc. There are a number of different urologic surgeries that include vasectomy, cystoscopy, prostate procedures, ureteroscopy, lithotripsy, etc. Vasectomy is a common urologic surgery which is used for birth control in men on a permanent basis. Ureterostomy is a procedure for changing the path that urine takes when exiting the body. Prostate biopsy helps in diagnosing prostate cancer. This book is compiled in such a manner that it will provide an in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of urologic surgery. It includes contributions of experts and researchers which will provide innovative insights into this field. The book will prove immensely beneficial to medical professionals and students involved in the area of urologic surgery at various levels.

Urologic surgery is a surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases or conditions involving the male and female urinary tract, and the reproductive organs. There are several sub-disciplines of urology including endourology, laparoscopy, urologic oncology, neurourology, pediatric urology, andrology, female urology, reconstructive urology, etc. Endouorlogy comprises minimally invasive techniques which are used for performing diagnostic procedures and surgeries. It utilizes a thin tube which consists of cameras and surgical tools. A number of different urologic surgeries including bladder removal can lead to the development of several medical complications such as heart trouble, blood clots, urinary leakage and stone formation. This book aims to present recent studies on the complications and management of urologic surgery. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of surgery. The book is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Urology refers to a specialty of medicine that focuses on diseases of the reproductive organs and urinary tract system that can be treated medically or surgically. It includes organs such as the urinary bladder, kidneys, ureters, urethra, adrenal glands, as well as male reproductive organs such as seminal vesicles, epididymis, penis, testes, vas deferens and prostate. The reproductive and urinary tracts are interconnected and problems with one have an impact on the other. In the field of urology, diseases including urinary tract infections and enlarged prostates are treated medically, whereas prostate cancer, stress incontinence, bladder cancer and kidney stones are treated surgically. Surgeries assisted by laser, minimally invasive laparoscopy and robotic surgery, and other scope-guided treatments are examples of urological techniques. Pediatric surgery, oncology, gynecology, colorectal surgery, endocrinology, nephrology, andrology and gastroenterology are closely associated to urology. This book explores all the important aspects of clinical urology in the present day. It includes contributions of experts and researchers which will provide innovative insights into this field. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Patient safety refers to a health care discipline that evolved in response to the increasing complexity of health care systems and the consequent increase of patient harm in health care facilities. The goal of patient safety is to prevent and minimize harm, risks and errors while providing health care services to patients. It majorly focuses on the continuous improvement which is based on learning from adverse events and errors. Patient safety is critical to provide high-quality health services. Skilled health care personnel, clear policies, patient involvement, data to drive safety improvements and leadership ability are all required for supporting successful implementation of patient safety methods. There are various situations which are concerned with patient safety, such as unsafe injections practices, radiation errors, venous thromboembolism, medication errors, diagnostic errors, health care-associated infections, unsafe transfusion practices and unsafe surgical care procedures. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of patient safety. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Patient safety refers to a health care discipline that evolved in response to the increasing complexity of health care systems and the consequent increase of patient harm in health care facilities. The goal of patient safety is to prevent and minimize harm, risks and errors while providing health care services to patients. It majorly focuses on the continuous improvement which is based on learning from adverse events and errors. Patient safety is critical to provide high-quality health services. Skilled health care personnel, clear policies, patient involvement, data to drive safety improvements and leadership ability are all required for supporting successful implementation of patient safety methods. There are various situations which are concerned with patient safety, such as unsafe injections practices, radiation errors, venous thromboembolism, medication errors, diagnostic errors, health care-associated infections, unsafe transfusion practices and unsafe surgical care procedures. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of patient safety. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks and destroys cells in the pancreas, which are responsible for producing insulin in the body. It causes an absolute destruction of insulin-producing beta cells that leads to insulin deficiency. Some symptoms of type 1 diabetes are extreme hunger, increased thirst, frequent urination, tiredness, etc. Urine test can be done to find out the presence of a byproduct, where fat tissue and muscle are used for generating energy, as body does not have sufficient insulin for utilizing glucose. Tests can also be run to check for autoantibodies related with type 1 diabetes. The main treatment for this disease involves the administration of insulin through daily injections or an insulin pump. Some other treatments for type 1 diabetes are frequent monitoring of blood sugar levels and carbohydrate counting. This book outlines the etiology and treatment of type 1 diabetes in detail. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important disease.

Ultrasound is a diagnostic method that uses high-intensity sound waves to produce the images of structures within the body. It serves as a valuable source of information for several purposes, including diagnosis of various diseases and monitoring the course of pregnancy. Ultrasound can also be used as an image guidance tool during certain medical procedures. The images generated by an ultrasound are known as sonogram. Ultrasound can be categorized into three main types, which includes pregnancy or prenatal ultrasound, diagnostic ultrasound, and ultrasound guidance for procedures. There are several procedures that need ultrasound guidance, such as guiding needle placement to sample fluid or tissue from joints, tendons, muscles, transplant organs, etc. Lesion localization procedures, embryo transfer for in vitro fertilization and nerve blocks are some other medical procedures that make the use of ultrasound guidance. Ultrasound is also used for the management of patients undergoing critical care. The diagnosis and assessment of various medical conditions such as pulmonary edema, pneumothorax and deep vein thrombosis can be done in a rapid manner through ultrasound. This book unravels the recent studies on ultrasound imaging. It strives to provide a fair idea about its applications in critical care. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). It is disseminated through air when persons with active tuberculosis in their lungs cough, spit, speak or sneeze. Tuberculosis affects the lungs in most cases, but it can also affect other parts of the body such as brain, lymphatic system or bones. In the majority of infections, there are no visible symptoms, known as latent tuberculosis. Chronic cough with bloody mucus, fever, night sweats and weight loss are all common symptoms of active tuberculosis. It is diagnosed by chest X-rays and culture of bodily fluids. The tuberculin skin test (TST) or blood tests are used for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis. Multiple antibiotics must be used over a long period of time to treat this infection. Antibiotic resistance is becoming a problem as the number of people with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is rising. This book contains some of the path-breaking studies related to tuberculosis. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world on the diagnosis, causes and treatment of this disease. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease that mainly causes damage to the lungs. This disease is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) bacteria. It can be transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person, through tiny droplets released while sneezing and coughing. Some common symptoms of TB include coughing for more than three weeks, chest pain, or pain while coughing and breathing, fatigue, fever, and loss of appetite. Several conditions like diabetes, severe kidney disease, malnutrition, and HIV makes a person more prone to TB bacteria by reducing the capacity of immune system to work efficiently. Tuberculosis can cause death if left untreated. Furthermore, it is a leading cause of complications like spinal pain, swelling in the membranes covering the brain, heart disorders, and liver or kidney problems. Its diagnosis starts with a physical examination of lymph nodes for swelling. Other diagnostic methods include blood tests, imaging tests and sputum tests. DOT (directly observed therapy) is a predominant treatment of TB. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to tuberculosis. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Mental illnesses are health conditions involving changes in emotional, thinking, or behavioral patterns. The most common forms of mental disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Factors such as a traumatic brain injury, use of alcohol and recreational drugs and chemical imbalances in brain can lead to the development of mental disorders. There are several signs and symptoms of mental disorders such an inability to cope with daily problems or stress, suicidal thinking, major changes in eating habits, fatigue, low energy, and sleeping problems. Patients with mental health disorders can be best managed with the help of a mental health treatment plan or mental health care plan, which involves three basic steps, namely, assessment, planning, and referral. The assessment step involves assessing a patient's mental health condition and making a diagnosis. Planning includes preparing a mental health treatment plan. The last step, referral, involves referring a patient to psychologist, psychiatrist, or other occupational therapists. This book addresses the treatment and interventions for mental health disorders. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this branch.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs. It is caused by airborne bacteria named Mycobacterium tuberculosis. There are three stages of TB, namely, primary infection, latent TB, and active TB. Miliary tuberculosis is the most lethal form of TB. Older people, children under the age of four, and people with a weakened immune system are more susceptible to miliary tuberculosis. It can lead to several complications such as meningitis, Addison's disease, hepatitis, TB lymphadenitis, etc. Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) and a blood test, known as the interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) are a few major screening tests for TB. Some other diagnostic tests include chest X-ray, computed tomography (CT) scans, and lab tests on sputum and lung fluid. TB treatments depend on the type of infection and comprise medications. This book outlines the causes, clinical assessment and treatment of tuberculosis in detail. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of tuberculosis.

A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a brain injury that occurs suddenly as a result of head being hit, bumped into, or jolted. TBI leads to non-degenerative, non-congenital lesions in the brain caused by an external mechanical force. Such brain damage usually results in permanent or temporary impairment of cognitive, physical, and psychosocial functions and a lowered or changed level of consciousness. The causes of traumatic brain injury are falls, road accidents, sports injuries, and being hit by a weapon such as hammer or knife. Symptoms of mild TBI include brief loss of consciousness, headache, confusion, lightheadedness, dizziness, blurred vision, convulsions or seizures, vomiting, and fatigue. The prominent symptoms of moderate to severe TBI include persistent headache, nausea, convulsions, slurred speech, loss of balance, weakness in arms or legs, and increased agitation. Mild TBI treatment involves the use of pain-relievers and proper rest whereas moderate to severe TBI may require rehabilitation therapies, counseling, surgery, and rest. This book discusses the fundamentals of traumatic brain injury and the modern approaches to its treatment. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Students, researchers, experts, and all associated with the study of traumatic brain injury will benefit from this book.

Skin diseases are a group of conditions that affect the skin. There are several types of skin diseases, which include vitiligo, acne, rosacea, skin cancer, Raynaud's phenomenon, psoriasis, alopecia areata, etc. Skin diseases can be caused by bacteria trapped in pores or hair follicles, conditions that affect thyroid, kidneys or immune system, and fungus or parasites living on the skin. They can also be caused by medications, such as the ones used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), genetics, and contact with environmental triggers such as allergens or another person's skin. The signs and symptoms of skin diseases vary according to the type of condition. A person with skin diseases generally experiences symptoms like abnormal pigmentation, dry skin, rashes, itchiness or pain, and red, white or pus-filled bumps. On the basis of the condition of the skin, treatments like antibiotics, laser skin resurfacing, steroid pills, creams or injections, and surgical procedures can be used. This book is a practical guide for the treatment of skin diseases. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.

Urology is a medical specialty that focuses on the diseases affecting the male and female urinary tract systems. The main organs of urinary tract include bladder, kidneys and ureters. Urological diseases are typically associated with problems of prostate, kidneys, urethra, testes, bladder and ureters. Some urologic conditions are temporary while others are chronic, and treatment of these conditions entails determining and treating the underlying symptoms or causes. Painkillers and self-care techniques are some of the potential remedies for these disorders. Other treatment options include chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, as well as the usage of antibiotics and medications for relaxing the bladder. Current clinical trials in the field of urology involve researching novel therapeutic drugs and treatments for a variety of conditions, such as overactive bladder, incontinence, urinary tract cancer, kidney stones, etc. This book aims to shed light on the translational and clinical researches in urology. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Neuroimmunology is a field that combines neuroscience, the study of the nervous system and immunology, the study of the immune system, into one discipline within this field neuroimmunology. The interaction of these two complex systems is studied the neuroimmunologists throughout development, homeostasis, and response to injuries. The adaptive and innate immune systems continuously monitor the nervous system. The immune system identifies and responds to changes in cell identity and neural connectivity during development and adult life. The immune system and nervous system require suitable degrees of cellular differentiation, organizational integrity, and neural network connectivity. Pro-inflammatory cytokines which are released by activated macrophages and monocytes during infection, can impact neural targets that control thermogenesis, behavior, sleep, and mood. Cytokines are produced in the central nervous system due to brain injury, during bacterial and viral infections, and neurodegenerative processes. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of translational neuroimmunology. It includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights on neuroimmunology and its clinical applications. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.