Bøger udgivet af American Medical Publishers

An eating disorder refers to a mental disorder that involves abnormal eating behaviors resulting in a negative impact on physical and mental health. Food addiction is an eating disorder, where a person eats uncontrollably and compulsively without having hunger. There are other types of eating disorders, including bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, and avoidant/ restrictive food intake disorder. A person may experience symptoms, such as mood swings, fatigue, frequent bathroom breaks after eating, and inexplicable weight changes. Evaluation of these disorders involves blood tests, physical examination and psychological evaluation for understanding eating beliefs and behaviors. Treatments for eating disorders vary according to the type and severity of the condition. Some common treatment methods are psychotherapy, Maudsley approach, nutrition counseling and medications. This book provides significant insights into the evaluation and management of food addictions and eating disorders. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study. This book will prove immensely beneficial to medical students, mental health professionals, and nutritionists.

The branch of medicine that comprises the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the oral cavity is defined as dentistry. Implant dentistry is a subspecialty within dentistry which is involved in procedures connected to dental implants. These implants are used for supporting the recovery of a missing tooth by installing an artificial tooth root. Osseointegration, a biological process, is the basis of dental implants. The implant fixture is first placed to ensure that it will osseointegrate, and then a dental prosthetic is attached. The position and angle of adjacent teeth helps in determining the position of implants, through lab simulations, or computed tomography with CAD/CAM simulations and surgical guides known as stents. The final prosthetic can be either fixed, where the denture or teeth cannot be removed from the mouth, or removable, where the prosthetic can be removed. An abutment is attached to the implant fixture in both the cases. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of implant dentistry. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Surgery is an invasive technique that involves the physical intervention on organs or tissues for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The surgical specialty that focuses on the reconstructive surgery of the face, facial trauma surgery, oral cavity, head and neck, mouth and jaw, and facial cosmetic surgery is referred to as oral and maxillofacial surgery. Subspecialties of oral and maxillofacial surgery include cosmetic facial surgery, craniofacial surgery, microvascular reconstruction and maxillofacial regeneration. The purpose of reconstructive surgery is to rebuild the body parts for its proper functioning. Cosmetic surgery is done to improve the natural appearance of a person. Various surgical procedures performed on the craniomaxillofacial complex include dentoalveolar surgery to extract impacted teeth, orthognathic surgery for treatment of dentofacial deformity, cosmetic surgery of the head and neck for browlift, cheek augmentation, and neck liposuction. The topics included in this book on oral and maxillofacial surgery are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Through it, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this area of surgery.

Surgery is an invasive technique that involves the physical intervention on organs or tissues for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The surgical specialty that focuses on the reconstructive surgery of the face, facial trauma surgery, oral cavity, head and neck, mouth and jaw, and facial cosmetic surgery is referred to as oral and maxillofacial surgery. Subspecialties of oral and maxillofacial surgery include cosmetic facial surgery, craniofacial surgery, microvascular reconstruction and maxillofacial regeneration. The purpose of reconstructive surgery is to rebuild the body parts for its proper functioning. Cosmetic surgery is done to improve the natural appearance of a person. Various surgical procedures performed on the craniomaxillofacial complex include dentoalveolar surgery to extract impacted teeth, orthognathic surgery for treatment of dentofacial deformity, cosmetic surgery of the head and neck for browlift, cheek augmentation, and neck liposuction. The topics included in this book on oral and maxillofacial surgery are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Through it, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this area of surgery.

Surgery is an invasive technique that involves the physical intervention on organs or tissues for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The surgical specialty that focuses on the reconstructive surgery of the face, facial trauma surgery, oral cavity, head and neck, mouth and jaw, and facial cosmetic surgery is referred to as oral and maxillofacial surgery. Subspecialties of oral and maxillofacial surgery include cosmetic facial surgery, craniofacial surgery, microvascular reconstruction and maxillofacial regeneration. The purpose of reconstructive surgery is to rebuild the body parts for its proper functioning. Cosmetic surgery is done to improve the natural appearance of a person. Various surgical procedures performed on the craniomaxillofacial complex include dentoalveolar surgery to extract impacted teeth, orthognathic surgery for treatment of dentofacial deformity, cosmetic surgery of the head and neck for browlift, cheek augmentation, and neck liposuction. The topics included in this book on oral and maxillofacial surgery are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Through it, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this area of surgery.

Surgery is an invasive technique that involves the physical intervention on organs or tissues for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The surgical specialty that focuses on the reconstructive surgery of the face, facial trauma surgery, oral cavity, head and neck, mouth and jaw, and facial cosmetic surgery is referred to as oral and maxillofacial surgery. Subspecialties of oral and maxillofacial surgery include cosmetic facial surgery, craniofacial surgery, microvascular reconstruction and maxillofacial regeneration. The purpose of reconstructive surgery is to rebuild the body parts for its proper functioning. Cosmetic surgery is done to improve the natural appearance of a person. Various surgical procedures performed on the craniomaxillofacial complex include dentoalveolar surgery to extract impacted teeth, orthognathic surgery for treatment of dentofacial deformity, cosmetic surgery of the head and neck for browlift, cheek augmentation, and neck liposuction. The topics included in this book on oral and maxillofacial surgery are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Through it, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this area of surgery.

Surgery is an invasive technique that involves the physical intervention on organs or tissues for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The surgical specialty that focuses on the reconstructive surgery of the face, facial trauma surgery, oral cavity, head and neck, mouth and jaw, and facial cosmetic surgery is referred to as oral and maxillofacial surgery. Subspecialties of oral and maxillofacial surgery include cosmetic facial surgery, craniofacial surgery, microvascular reconstruction and maxillofacial regeneration. The purpose of reconstructive surgery is to rebuild the body parts for its proper functioning. Cosmetic surgery is done to improve the natural appearance of a person. Various surgical procedures performed on the craniomaxillofacial complex include dentoalveolar surgery to extract impacted teeth, orthognathic surgery for treatment of dentofacial deformity, cosmetic surgery of the head and neck for browlift, cheek augmentation, and neck liposuction. The topics included in this book on oral and maxillofacial surgery are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Through it, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this area of surgery.

Surgery is an invasive technique that involves the physical intervention on organs or tissues for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The surgical specialty that focuses on the reconstructive surgery of the face, facial trauma surgery, oral cavity, head and neck, mouth and jaw, and facial cosmetic surgery is referred to as oral and maxillofacial surgery. Subspecialties of oral and maxillofacial surgery include cosmetic facial surgery, craniofacial surgery, microvascular reconstruction and maxillofacial regeneration. The purpose of reconstructive surgery is to rebuild the body parts for its proper functioning. Cosmetic surgery is done to improve the natural appearance of a person. Various surgical procedures performed on the craniomaxillofacial complex include dentoalveolar surgery to extract impacted teeth, orthognathic surgery for treatment of dentofacial deformity, cosmetic surgery of the head and neck for browlift, cheek augmentation, and neck liposuction. The topics included in this book on oral and maxillofacial surgery are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Through it, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this area of surgery.

Surgery is an invasive technique that involves the physical intervention on organs or tissues for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The surgical specialty that focuses on the reconstructive surgery of the face, facial trauma surgery, oral cavity, head and neck, mouth and jaw, and facial cosmetic surgery is referred to as oral and maxillofacial surgery. Subspecialties of oral and maxillofacial surgery include cosmetic facial surgery, craniofacial surgery, microvascular reconstruction and maxillofacial regeneration. The purpose of reconstructive surgery is to rebuild the body parts for its proper functioning. Cosmetic surgery is done to improve the natural appearance of a person. Various surgical procedures performed on the craniomaxillofacial complex include dentoalveolar surgery to extract impacted teeth, orthognathic surgery for treatment of dentofacial deformity, cosmetic surgery of the head and neck for browlift, cheek augmentation, and neck liposuction. The topics included in this book on oral and maxillofacial surgery are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Through it, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this area of surgery.

Epilepsy is a neurological disease in which brain activity becomes aberrant, resulting in occasional seizures or episodes of unusual behavior, sensations, and loss of awareness. It is a chronic non-communicable disease that can affect both the genders across all age groups and ethnicities. Seizures refer to sudden and uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain between the brain cells. Specifically, excessive electrical discharges in a group of brain cells occurring in any part of the brain may cause seizure episodes. Seizures may vary in severity. A person may experience an extremely brief lapse in their attention or muscular jerks or may experience severe and prolonged convulsions (sudden, violent, and irregular movement of the body). Most common symptoms of epilepsy include temporary confusion, staring spells, muscle stiffness, loss of awareness, and uncontrollable jerking of arms or legs. Epilepsy can be caused due to stroke, brain tumors, head injury, drug abuse, brain infection or due to lack of oxygen during birth. It is possible to control seizures with anti-seizure medicines. In some cases, surgery may also help. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of epilepsy. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a type of disorder that appears in early childhood and is distinguished by qualitative abnormalities in social interactions. The disorder can also be characterized by impaired communication skills and restricted repetitive behaviors, activities and interests. As autism is a spectrum disorder, each autistic individual has a unique set of abilities and difficulties. The manner in which people with autism can think, learn and solve problems can range from severely impaired to highly skilled. Some people with ASD could need a lot of assistance in their daily lives, whereas others may require less assistance and in some circumstances they could even live independently. The behavioral treatments or interventions associated with autism can help both adults and children. These treatments can teach new abilities to adults and children in addressing their underlying weaknesses and reduce their core symptoms. This book elucidates the innovative models around prospective developments with respect to autism spectrum disorders. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge on this condition.

Surgery is an invasive technique that involves the physical intervention on organs or tissues for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The surgical specialty that focuses on the reconstructive surgery of the face, facial trauma surgery, oral cavity, head and neck, mouth and jaw, and facial cosmetic surgery is referred to as oral and maxillofacial surgery. Subspecialties of oral and maxillofacial surgery include cosmetic facial surgery, craniofacial surgery, microvascular reconstruction and maxillofacial regeneration. The purpose of reconstructive surgery is to rebuild the body parts for its proper functioning. Cosmetic surgery is done to improve the natural appearance of a person. Various surgical procedures performed on the craniomaxillofacial complex include dentoalveolar surgery to extract impacted teeth, orthognathic surgery for treatment of dentofacial deformity, cosmetic surgery of the head and neck for browlift, cheek augmentation, and neck liposuction. The topics included in this book on oral and maxillofacial surgery are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Through it, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this area of surgery.

The hypothalamus is a functionally significant part of the brain. It works as a neural control center for entire endocrine systems, specifically in vertebrates. It maintains the internal balance of the body, which is referred to as homeostasis. Adrenal glands and thyroid gland are the primary endocrine glands in human beings. There are some glands that signal each other in sequence, commonly known as an axis, including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The anterior pituitary regulates several endocrine glands and organs, which is a part of the central neuroendocrine function in hypothalamus. Complex homeostatic mechanisms, several hormonal and behavioral circadian rhythms, crucial behaviors and complicated patterns of neuroendocrine outputs are coordinated through hypothalamus. The extreme lateral part of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is liable for controlling food intake. This book contains some path-breaking studies on endocrine functions and hypothalamus. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical activity between the brain's nerve cells. It can lead to changes in behavior, feelings, and in levels of consciousness, muscle control, etc. Epilepsy surgery is a surgical method concerned with the treatment of the brain. It is used to remove the part of the brain where seizures take place. There are several types of epilepsy surgeries and factors such as the site of the neurons that start the seizure and the age of the patient determine the type of surgery that should be performed. Resective surgery is the most common type of epilepsy surgical method. It involves the removal of a small portion of the brain. It is often performed in an area that controls language comprehension, visual memory and emotions, known as temporal lobe. Corpus callosotomy is another type of epilepsy surgery that involves complete or partial removal of the corpus callosum. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about epilepsy surgery. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for neurosurgery students.

Pharmacology is the study of mechanisms, sources and applications of drug action. It involves the study of how organisms react to drugs, action of the drugs, and the usage of drugs as a tool for delineating biological processes in disease and health. Pharmacology is closely linked to biomedicine, but at different levels on the health spectrum. Pharmacology is concerned with assuring the appropriateness and safety, whereas biomedical science is concerned with conducting research to aid in the discovery of treatments. Biomedicine is a subfield of medical science that applies physiological and biological principles in clinical practice. It is based on molecular biology and integrates all aspects of molecular medicine into large-scale functional and structural relationships of the human genome, metabolome, transcriptome, physiome and proteome with the specific goal of developing new technologies for prediction, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. It locates issues inside the body and resolves it by medical intervention, depending on the severity of the disease. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of emerging trends in pharmacology and biomedicine. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in these fields.

The compounds of natural or human-made origin that are capable of interfering with the endocrine system of an organism are called endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). These compounds disrupt the normal physiology and homeostatic processes of the organism by mimicking or inhibiting naturally occurring hormones. EDCs are found in low levels in a lot of items due to which all people are exposed to compounds having estrogenic effects in their daily lives. DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), bisphenol A (BPA), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and a range of phthalates are among the chemicals regularly found in individuals. Endocrine-disrupting substances bind classical nuclear hormone receptors by disrupting other pathways regulating hormone synthesis or action processes of the organism. EDCs severely affect the cellular and whole-body metabolism. They may also act as causative agents in a wide spectrum of metabolic disorders in humans, including obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular dysfunction. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to endocrine disruption and its effects on human health. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers engaged in this area of study.

The study of the brain and spinal cord neoplasms (tumors) is known as neuro-oncology. These tumors are dangerous and may prove to be fatal. Astrocytoma, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, ependymoma, pontine glioma, and brain stem cancers are a few types of central nervous system cancers. Diagnostic imaging of the brain and spinal cord, lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and pathologic diagnosis are the standard diagnosis methods of the diseases. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy, corticosteroids, and neurosurgical interventions are standard treatment methods within this field. Advancements in imaging technologies such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) have helped in ensuring accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, response assessment, prognosis, and surveillance of the highly complex CNS malignancies. The book consists of contributions made by international experts. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and the evolution of neuro-oncology are examined in detail within this book. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find it full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Pathogenic protozoa consist of various eukaryotic microorganisms which cause a number of parasitic diseases. Some of these diseases have clinical significance as they affect humans and include diseases like trichomoniasis, malaria, giardiasis, toxoplasmosis, amebiasis, leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. A prominent example of pathogenic protozoa are free living amoebae (FLA). They comprise opportunistic parasitic protozoa causing infections in humans as well as animals. FLA cause infections like amoebic encephalitis and Acanthamoeba keratitis. Protozoan pathogens can be identified in clinical samples by identifying the causative agent or by identifying particular immune reactions in the host. The diagnosis of the parasitic diseases caused by the protozoan pathogens is majorly dependent on microscopy. However, other methods such as techniques based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have also gained significance. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of protozoan pathogens and the recent researches on them. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information on these pathogens as well as for experts.

The branch of medicine that deals with the medical and surgical aspects of skin is called dermatology. There are various specialized fields in dermatology such as cosmetic dermatology, dermatopathology, trichology, immunodermatology, Mohs surgery, teledermatology, etc. Immunodermatology is a field that specializes in curing immune-mediated skin diseases such as lupus, bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris, etc. Another speciality known as Mohs surgery targets the excision of skin cancers, employing the technique for intraoperative assessment of deep tumor margins. A type of dermatological practice which involves telecommunication technologies to exchange medical information and treatment through audio, visual, and data communication is called teledermatology. Therapies that are used frequently in dermatology include cryosurgery for the treatment of warts, skin cancers and other dermatoses; laser therapy for the treatment of birth marks, skin disorders, tattoo removal and cosmetic rejuvenation; and photodynamic therapy for the treatment of skin cancers and precancerous growth. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of dermatology. Its aim is to present the emerging technologies within this field. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Emergency medicine refers to the medical specialty that deals with treating injuries and illnesses requiring prompt medical attention. It is a branch of medicine that focuses on the knowledge and abilities needed for diagnosing, preventing and treating injuries and illnesses in the acute phase. It also provides care for undifferentiated and unscheduled patients of all ages. Evidence-based emergency medicine is primarily focused on case reports of emergency care provided at trauma centers, on the basis of diagnostic and treatment reports of the patients. Critical care medicine, palliative care, disaster medicine, aerospace medicine, medical toxicology, sports medicine, emergency medical services, point-of-care ultrasonography and hyperbaric medicine are some subspecialties of emergency medicine. This book covers in detail some existent innovative concepts revolving around emergency medicine. The topics included in it on critical care and emergency medicine, are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Those with an interest in this field would find this book helpful.

The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence technology have paved the way for the use of machine learning applications in health care. These applications address existing challenges in the emergency department such as triage and disposition, early detection of conditions and outcomes, emergency department operations, and therapeutic interventions. Artificial intelligence can be used in three ways in the context of emergency and critical care. The first one is to build risk stratification prediction models in critical care. The second use of AI involves utilizing unsupervised machine learning techniques to divide the varied population into homogeneous subgroups. The third use of AI is for reinforcement learning algorithms to prescribe treatment regimens in a sequential way. The dynamic treatment regime (DTR) model uses reinforcement learning to estimate a set of decision rules, one for each step of intervention. It specifies how to tailor treatments to patients considering their treatment and covariate histories. DTR lowers model complexity and is considered more appropriate for medical epidemiology. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying the role of AI in emergency medicine. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this subject.

The ear is a sensory system consisting of organs which help in hearing sounds. The main ear diseases include otosclerosis, Ménière's disease, tinnitus, barotrauma and presbycusis. Tinnitus is an ear disease which results in perception of sound in absence of any external sound. Otosclerosis is a disease caused due to the development of small bones in the ear. Ménière's disease is a condition affecting the inner parts of the ear resulting in hearing loss and pressure in the ear. The diagnosis of ear diseases generally involves a physical exam, assessment of medical and health history, and undertaking a hearing test. The requirement for imaging studies arises in case of suspicion of complications and when treatment does not work effectively. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are utilized to diagnose inner ear pathology. The drugs that are utilized to tackle the inner ear diseases include neurotrophins, corticosteroids, antioxidants, anesthetics and aminoglycoside antibiotics. This book provides comprehensive insights on ear diseases. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to diagnostic imaging and therapeutics for diseases related to the ear. Medical professionals and students actively engaged in the study and management of these diseases will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Eating disorders are a range of psychological conditions characterized by severe and persistent abnormal eating behaviors. Addiction to food is a compulsive or uncontrollable urge to eat food that does not relate to the feelings of hunger. These conditions are associated with distressing thoughts and emotions that may affect physical, psychological and social function. Some common symptoms of eating disorders include food binges, restriction of food, and purging behaviors like vomiting or over exercising. Heritability and genes play a significant role in the development of eating disorders, but people having no family history can also develop these disorders. There are several types of eating disorders including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, etc. A variety of physical and psychological evaluations, as well as lab tests are used to diagnose eating disorders. The treatment of an eating disorder is based on the type and severity the condition. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), nutrition counseling and medical nutrition therapy are some methods of treating eating disorders. This book unravels the recent studies on eating disorders and addictions. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Drug discovery is the process of identifying novel therapeutic entities, with the combination of clinical, computational, translational and experimental models. This is done through the inventive process of drug design, which discovers novel medications on the basis of information about a biological target. Drug design process involves designing of molecules, which are complementary in charge and shape of the molecular target with which they will bind and interact. This process of designing drugs utilizes bioinformatics approaches and techniques of computer modeling but is not totally dependent on them. In spite of various advances in the field of biotechnology and in the understanding of biological systems, the process of drug discovery is difficult, costly and lengthy. There is a high rate of attrition in the discovery of new therapeutics. This book contains some path-breaking studies on drug discovery and design. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the methods, challenges and applications of drug discovery and design. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Drug metabolism refers to the conversion of a drug molecule into other related compounds throughout the body. There are drug modifying enzymes (DME), such as cytochrome P450, which are involved in the modification of an administered drug during the process of drug metabolism. The liver is the primary organ involved in the modification and removal of drug compounds, along with numerous other locations within the body. The therapeutic efficacy of a drug is influenced by many factors, including pharmacokinetics. It refers to the passage of a drug through the body's biological system. There are four different phases in the passage of a drug in the human body, which includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). These pharmacokinetic qualities collectively provide deeper insights into the performance of a drug and help to establish the optimal dosage. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area of study.

A common condition that occurs when tears are unable to provide adequate lubrication to the eyes is known as dry eye disease. This inability of tears may lead to inflammation and damage to the eye's surface. The common symptoms include eye discomfort, stinging or burning or scratchy sensation in eyes, stringy mucus in or around eyes, sensitivity to light, eye redness, etc. Other symptoms include difficulty wearing contact lenses, difficulty in driving at night, watery eyes, and blurred vision or eye fatigue. There are several causes for tear film dysfunction including hormone changes, autoimmune disease, inflamed eyelid glands, or allergic eye disease. Some other reasons such as decreased tear production or increased tear evaporation may also result in this condition. Preventive measures involve taking eye breaks during long tasks, avoiding smoking, and humidifying the air. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in dry eye disease. It will help the clinicians in keeping pace with the rapid changes in its diagnosis and treatment.

Drug delivery comprises formulations, approaches, manufacturing techniques, storage technologies and systems that are involved in the transportation of a pharmaceutical compound towards the targeted site in order to attain the required therapeutic response. It is focused on changing the specificity and pharmacokinetics of the drugs through the formulation of different medical devices, drug carriers and excipients. Furthermore, it places additional weight on enhancing the duration of action and bioavailability of drugs to enhance the therapeutic outcomes. Drug delivery encompasses targeted delivery, controlled-release formulations, drug carriers, 3D printing, nanomedicine, as well as delivery of biologic drugs. The principles associated with the preparation of drugs, route administration, toxicity, metabolism and site specific targeting help in the synthesis, characterization and applications of drug delivery. They are utilized for optimizing safety and efficacy for improvement of patient compliance and convenience. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the synthesis, characterization and applications of drug delivery. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Drug design refers to a type of inventive process of discovering novel medications based on the understanding of a biological target. Drug repurposing (DR) is the process of identifying new pharmacological indications from existing and old FDA approved drugs. It also uses newly produced drugs for treating conditions that are unrelated to its intended or original therapeutic use. It also entails discovering new therapeutic applications for previously known drugs, comprising abandoned, approved, withdrawn from use and experimental drugs. Traditional drug discovery is a costly, lengthy, risky and difficult procedure. The innovative technique of drug repositioning has the potential to be used instead of traditional drug discovery because it reduces the chance of failure, high financial cost and extended drug development time. There are two basic strategies of DR including on-target and off-target. This book explores all the important aspects of pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences in the modern day. It covers repurposing techniques and methodologies for drug design. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this area.

Drug delivery encompasses the methods, manufacturing processes, technologies, formulations and storage systems used to transport a pharmaceutical compound to its target site in order to produce the intended therapeutic effect. Its goal is to modify a drug's specificity and pharmacokinetics by formulating it with various medical devices, excipients and drug carriers. Drug delivery techniques that are frequently utilized include controlled, targeted and steady drug delivery. Since the introduction of systems of medical applications, a variety of drugs are being used to treat a number of diseases through the administration of various conventional forms of drug delivery, including lotions, ointments, suppositories, solutions, pills, mixtures, pastes, powders, tablets, etc. The three main mechanisms of drug delivery are swelling, diffusion and erosion. This book aims to understand the evaluation, formulation and mechanisms of drug delivery. It covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around this domain. Those with an interest in this field of study would find this book helpful.

Drug delivery is the method of administering a pharmaceutical compound to achieve a desired therapeutic effect in humans or animals. The principles associated with the route of administration, drug preparation, metabolism, site-specific targeting, and toxicity are used in the process of drug delivery. The primary focus of these principles is to optimize safety and efficacy in order to improve a patient's convenience and compliance. The systems of drug delivery are characterized by the transportation of drug directly to the site, while avoiding non-diseased tissue. The recent developments in drug delivery systems include several topics such as controlled-release formulations, targeted delivery, nanomedicine, drug carriers, 3D printing, and the delivery of biologic drugs. Controlled or modified-release formulations have the potential to alter the timing and rate at which a drug is liberated. This further helps to produce adequate or sustained drug concentrations. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of drug delivery. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects and the recent researches on the formulation, characterization and systems of drug delivery. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.