Bøger udgivet af AMER PHILOSOPHICAL SOC PR

Three living species of peccary inhabit a vast area of the New World, between roughly 35 degrees of latitude north and south of the equator. They are primarily forest or woodland animals, but two species (one of them only recently discovered) have adapted to scrub-dominated ecosystems, both natural and anthropogenic. The overall distribution has contracted since the beginning of European seettlement, yet peccaries are remarkably resilient animals. In traditional societies, the peccary is hunted chiefly for meat, and within the combined distribution of the species probably no other animal has contributed more to human food supply. Europeans have valued both the meat and, on a much larger scale, the hides. This study discusses the distribution, habitat, and biology of the peccary and the peccary in human economy and society. Bibliography. Maps and illus.

This work is a study of the origins of the ancient Greek stadium, especially with regard to the archaeological evidence from the Archaic & Classical sites of Corinth, Isthmia, Halieis and Olympia. The earliest remains of the Greek "stadion" come from the Peloponnesos, a region of southern Greece, although the architectural structure eventually became well known all over the Greek and Roman world. The author also includes the ancient evidence for the initial appearance of the world "stadion" in the Greek language and its early use in the 6th and 5th centuries B.C. The primary component of this work is the most recent archaeological research from Ancient Corinth concerning the Archaic "dromos" and the Early Classical starting line and its significance for the study of Greek and Roman athletics, as well as the understanding of early Greek mathematics. Illus.

A main work on muscular action, the "Elements of Myology," by the Danish anatomist Niels Stensen (1638-1686) was written at a time when the teachings of Hippocrates, Erasistratus, Aristotle, & Galen were still the foundations upon which scholarly learning on the human body were built. In this work as in several other areas of research, Stensen described a structure vs. time relation as a dynamic process. From macroscopic observations of a number of muscles in several animal species, he described the contraction of compound muscles arranged in unipennate structures with an angle between muscle fibers & tendons. He found that the observed swelling of a muscle during contraction was not an argument for an expansion of its volume. Contents of this study: (1) Stensen's Myology in HIsotrical Perspective, by Troels Kardel, M.D.; & (2) Translations of Niels Stensen's "New Structure of the Muscles & Heart" (1663) & "Specimen of Elements of Myology" (1667) with Facsimile of First Editions" annotated by Harriet Hansen, M.A., & Aug. Ziggelaar, S.J., Ph.D. Reprint. Illus.

Early medieval astronomy, esp. in the era of Charlemagne & his successors, consisted of texts that went far beyond the boundaries of computus, which modern scholars have long believed to be the only significant context for astronomical studies of that time. The texts contained innovative diagrams where no other sign of divergence from the text could be seen. Such diagrams were found to provide an indication of understandings of the texts -- which were different from those of modern scholars. Contents: Astronomy & Its Teaching in Carolingian Europe; Functions & Locations of Planetary Diagrams; Sources & Topics of Planetary Diagrams; Plinian Diagrams; Macrobian Diagrams; Calcidian Diagrams; & Capellan Diagrams. Illus. This is a print on demand publication.

In 1629, the natural philosopher René Descartes enticed a young artisan to undertake a secretive project, one that promised to revolutionize early modern astronomy. Descartes believed he had conceived a new kind of telescope lens, shaped by the light of reason itself, & surpassing anything ever to come from the hands of the glass-working craftsmen of the era. These novel lenses would never be touched by human hands -- they would be cut by an elaborate machine, a self-regulating & automatic device. This study traces the inception, development, & finally the collapse of this ambitious enterprise, which absorbed the energies & attentions of a broad range of 17th-century savants, including Huygens, Wren, Hevelius, Hooke, & even Newton. Illus.

This installment of the "Census" provides all available biblio. info. concerning works in jyotihsastra & related fields & bio. info. concerning their authors. Jyotihsastra is traditionally divided into 3 skandhas or branches: hora or genethlialogy & other forms of horoscopic astrology, ganita or mathematics & mathematical astronomy, & samhita or divination. This vol. is devoted to those authors whose names begin with a cerebral (c, ch, j, & jh), a reflexive (t, th, d, & dh), or a dental (t, th, d dh, & n). Preceding the material relating to these authors is a section supplemental to vols. I & II. This section contains abbrev. of new periodicals & series that have been consulted, a biblio. of books & articles that have appeared or have been belatedly noticed since vol. II went to press, & a list of catalogs it has been possible to utilize. The rest of the vol. contains supplementary info. concerning 100 authors already noted in the two previous vols. & all the data currently available concerning almost 800 new authors. Reprinted 1992.

Manuscript 9 of the Biblioteca Storico-Francescana of the Chiesa Nuova in Assisi is an anthology of Franciscan writings in the Occitan language. Since the appearance in 1955 of Ingrid Arthur's ed. of the Occitan version of Bonaventure's bio. of St. Francis, scholars have devoted increasing attention to MS. 9. However, studies of Occitan biblical translations have not dealt with the translations of John XII-XVII found in that manuscript. This work provides an ed. of these passages accomp. by a study of their Vulgate origin among the Spiritual Franciscans. Because of the widespread & growing interest in the manuscript as a whole, this vol. offers a general historical treatment of the religious milieu which spawned the translations & the collection containing them.

Papers from the 2nd session of the joint meeting of the American Philosophical Society and the Royal Society of London, in London.

The papers of William Shedrick Willis (1921-1983), housed at the APS, include his drafts of the manuscript "Boas Goes to Atlanta." They contain the fascinating story of Franz Boas's visit to Atlanta Univ. in 1906, and more, because Willis intended the work to be a book on Boas's work in black anthropology. Zumwalt focuses on what was to have been Willis's first chapter, "Boas Goes to Atlanta." She expands the sections on Boas's trip to Atlanta, the time he spent on the campus of Atlanta Univ., the reaction to his talk by blacks and whites, and the conflict between W. E. B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington. Winner of the John Frederick Lewis Award for 2008. Photos.

Contrary to the contention of the "dependentistas," the cacao export-led economy of the 18th century province of Caracas did not behave as an enclave economy. An analysis of the quantitative data suggests that from its beginning in the 17th century to its boom in the 18th century, the caco economy in the province of Caracas developed strong nodules (linkages) with the domestic economy that prompted the creation of new economic endeavors. Contents: Cacao & the Genesis of an Export-Led Economy; Caracas Cacao Market in Veracruz; & Caracas: Structure of the Export Sector; San Felipe: A Cacao Town: Foundation of the Town; Cacao: Intricacies of Its Market & Its Influence; & Conclusion; & Bibliography. Tables.

This is a print on demand publication. The French Revolution seethed with rumors of plots instigated by various groups from aristocrats to brigands. Many of the rumors had to do with the food supply, especially with grain, from which the vast majority of Frenchmen derived most of their nourishment. These were called "famine plots," by which was meant a secret machination to starve the people in order to achieve certain ends. Like many attitudes & practices associated with the Revolution, the famine plot persuasion was a way of making sense of the world that was deeply rooted in the collective consciousness & the material, moral & political environment of the old regime. When there was a serious & protracted disruption of the normal grain & bread supply, consumers found reasons to question the authenticity of the dearth. The conviction grew that the crisis had been contrived, that there was a criminal conspiracy afoot against the people, that popular suffering was needless, & that the plotters somehow had to be resisted. This study examines the dearths of 1725-1726, 1738-1741, 1747 & 1751-1752, & the crises of 1765-1770 & 1771-1775.

Presents 200 hitherto unpub. astronomical texts & horoscopes written in Greek on papyrus, which were excavated a century ago in the rubbish heaps of Oxyrhynchus, a district capital of Roman Egypt. Through these documents we obtain the first coherent picture of the range of astronomical activity, chiefly in the service of astrology, during the Roman Empire. The astronomy of this period turns out to have been much more varied than we previously thought, with Babylonian arithmetical methods of prediction coexisting with tables based on geometrical models of orbits. Editions of the texts are accomp. by facing translations & explanatory & philological commentaries. The intro. provides the first comprehensive treatment of astronomical papyri, explaining their contents & purpose, the underlying astronomical theories, & strategies for analyzing & dating them. Tables & graphs.

Vol. III, Part 2 contains the text of the Short Redaction of the First Continuation of Chretien's "Perceval" according to MSS L, A, and R. It is apparent that, though the principal texts are of almost the same length, they differ quite considerably in details of expression. On the other hand, they contain the same episodes and have only minor differences of narrative, except in Section IV, Episode 5. Vol. III, Part 2 contains the Glossary of the First Continuation by Lucien Foulet. It is is based on the assumption that words, expressions, and forms which are readily comprehensible to any one who knows modern French need not be included. Originally published in 1952, & 1955; reprinted 1970.

This is a print on demand publication. Contents: (I) Introduction: Phlebotomy in the Middle Ages; The Latin Treatise; Late Medieval English Medicine & Middle English Medical Texts; & The Middle English Text: Related Tracts, Date & Dialect, Manuscript; (II) "Tractatus magistri enrici de egritudinibus fleubotomandis"/"Of Phlebotomie"; (III) Appendixes: (A) "Of Blode Lytting" (from Gonville & Caius College MS. 84/166, pp. 205-06); (B) Summary of "Tactatus"/"Of Phlebotomie"; (C) ProblemWords in the Middle English Texts; & (IV) Plates.

Koch Centennial Memorial, March 1982, Vol. 125, No. 3 (part 2 of 2 parts). Contents: Robert Koch, Tuberculosis (TB), & the Subsequent History of Medicine; TB & Medical Science; Epidemiology of TB; Disease Transmission & Contagion Control; TB: Susceptibility & Resistance; Pathogenesis of Pulmonary TB; Microbiology of Tubercle Bacilli; The Immunology of TB; Immunoreactive Substances of Mycobacteria; BCG Vaccination; The Surgery for Pulmonary TB; Clinical Trials in Pulmonary TB; Chemotherapy for TB Today; Chemoprophylaxis; The Tuberculin Skin Test; The Atypical Mycobacteria; Impact of TB on Human Health in the World; & TB: A Portal Through Which to View the Future. Illustrations.

In the 19th century, Joseph Lister related the germ theory of fermentation to the cause of putrefaction in wounds. Listerism was adopted because its success was greater and more consistent than other methods of healing the sick. The circumstances which made this possible were a theory for explaining the scientific evidence, and a courageous person like Joseph Lister who was capable of bringing about the necessary changes. This study records how with much pain and trial and error the prevention of nosocomial infections was achieved in the 19th century. Today, we have learned we must implement again Lister's prevention techniques and other precautions in our hospitals to prevent the spread of nosocomial infections. Illus.

The International Brigades were some 32,000 foreigners who fought in the Spanish Civil War. Prof. Michael Jackson peels away some myths that have long obscured them. Some of these concern facts such as their numbers, nations, classes, ages, & political affiliations. Others examine their commitment & motivation for taking part in a war that did not directly involve their native lands. The Brigaders were both more complex & simpler than portrayed in propaganda, myth, in history because the men in the ranks were far more varied than any ideological account can accommodate & simpler because theirs was the universal experience of war. The significance of the International Brigades lies less in the ideological convictions that recruited them than in the endurance they displayed once there. Jackson's goal is to expose some of the mythology & to interpret of the experiences of the Brigadiers.

The cuneiform uranology texts: drawing the constellations, presents a newly recovered group of cuneiform texts from first millennium Babylonia and Assyria that provide prose descriptions of the drawing of Mesopotamian constellations

In this extraordinary monograph, Constable chronicles the month-to-month, quarter-to-quarter cash transactions and other business between the Rothschild ownership and their agents in Sacramento, Benjamin Davidson and Heinrich Schliemann. Presents a case study embracing both the macroeconomics of the California Gold Rush vis-a-vis international finance, and the microeconomics of the day-to-day issues of credit, cash exchange, wealth transference, insurance, and risk between 1851 and 1852. These kinds of records have disappeared in California, given the flooding and fire that destroyed Sacramento and San Francisco during this time. This rare treasure trove was found on the European side of the exchange. Illus.

This is the first in-depth study of the career of an important antebellum American architect and author. It is a contribution to the history of architecture and the history of the book. In the quarter century after 1830, Edward Shaw designed dozens of town houses in Boston, including the landmark Adam Wallace Thaxer, Jr. house on Beacon Hill (1836). Shaw also published five influential books on architecture and structural materials, one of them reprinted in several editions to 1900. Research in Boston archives has unearthed building records and drawings for unbuilt Shaw designs. Also describes the design and contents of Shaw's published works, and traces their distribution across the country, from Maine to Oregon. Illus.

"As conservators increasingly engage not only with unaltered works of art, books, and archival collections, but also with the treatment materials of their predecessors, documentation of historic conservation practices is vital to finding an ethical path forward. Our treatment decisions must take into consideration the multi-layered histories of the objects in our care, as well as the past, present, and future stewards of our cultural heritage"--

The family Callanthiidae contains two genera, Callanthias (with seven species) and Grammatonotus (with six nominal species). Authors William D. Anderson, Jr., G. David Johnson, and Carole C. Baldwin provide characters that distinguish callanthiids from other percoids and that distinguish Callanthias from Grammatonotus, descriptions of Callanthias and its seven species, a key to the species of Callanthias, and comments on other aspects of the biology of the species of the genus. The authors' initial interest in the splendid perches emanated not from their spectacular coloration but from specific features of their morphology and their bearing on possible relationships to other perciform fishes. Color illustrations.

When Adolf Hitler became Germany's Reich chancellor in 1933, Dr. Gerhard Schmidt knew his world was crashing around him. A highly cultured assimilated Jew, he studied medicine, trained in biochemistry, and attained a faculty position at the Univ. of Frankfurt. Two months after Hitler's rise, Dr. Schmidt lost his position, his father, and his country. He began a 7-year odyssey, with short-term research fellowships in Italy, Sweden, Canada, and the U.S. He was recruited to the Tufts Univ. School of Medicine in 1940. Dr. Schmidt remained at Tufts for the rest of his career, and was elected to the U.S. National Acad. of Sciences in 1973. He considered his post-Germany successes in science and family a victory over Nazism. Photos.

After the telescope became known in 1608-1609, a number of people in widely separate locations claimed that they had such a device long before the announcement came from The Hague; in the summer of 1608, no one had a telescope, in the summer of 1609, everyone had one. For a number of years author Rolf Willach has quietly tested early spectacle lenses in museums and private collections, and now he reports on this study, which gives an entirely new explanation of the invention of the telescope and solves the conundrum mentioned above. Willach is an optical engineer and independent scholar who worked for several years at the Inst. of Astronomy in Bern. He has written extensively on the history of the development of optics and the telescope. Illus.

"Includes papers presented at two symposia held April 1987 by the American Philosophical Society in recognition of the bicentenary of the United States Constitutionand also a Dr. Richard A. F. Penrose Memorial Lecture."--ECIP Preface.

"This book studies the astronomical texts carved on stone monuments and painted on the interior walls of buildings in the Maya area during the Classic period of their civilization (ca. AD 300-900). The periodicities of the Moon and, occasionally, how they intersect with the Venus cycle, are the principal concerns of such inscribed and painted texts"--

John Milton's 100-line hexameter poem Mansus is, on first impression, merely a poem of praise for Giovanni Battista Manso, the old Neapolitan nobleman and patron of poets whom Milton met on his Italian journey in 1638-1639. But in the first book devoted solely to Mansus, arguably the most accomplished of Milton's neo-Latin writings pertaining to his Italian period, Estelle Haan offers a series of fresh interpretations of the poem.Situating Mansus alongside Milton's seemingly voracious reading of contemporary Italian literature while abroad, Haan assesses the poem's academic, religious, topographical, and linguistic contexts and analyzes its classical, neo-Latin, Italian, and English intertexts. Read in these wider contexts, Mansus emerges as a polyvocal poem, a text about other texts-it embraces not only its addressee's Latin encomium composed in Milton's honor, but also, and essentially, Manso's published (and, possibly, unpublished) works. Haan demonstrates how Milton's poem draws upon the writings of two Italian poets who also benefitted from Manso's care and patronage, namely, Torquato Tasso and Giambattista Marino. Like them, Milton is the recipient of Manso's hospitality and courtesy and he unabashedly aligns his Neapolitan experience with theirs.Milton, paying homage to Manso's hospitality and literary work in Mansus, cleverly experiments with genre and language and simultaneously showcases his vast and intimate knowledge of Italian literature, gained while on Neapolitan soil. In her insightful study of Mansus, Haan not only shows how Milton assumes a place of his own in a Neapolitan world but also maps the literary import of Naples onto Milton during the time of his sojourn and beyond.

"This is a memoir by Luna Leopold, chief hydraulic engineer and later chief hydrologist for the U.S. Geological Survey"--

Isaiah Thomas was a leading 18th-cent. patriot, printer, publisher, and bookseller in the tradition of Benjamin Franklin. Founder of the Amer. Antiquarian Soc., he donated his library and newspaper files to the Society's archive. Here, Lacey offers a representative sampling of the illustrated publications of the Massachusetts printer to show the great variety of 18th-cent. American imprints that used images to enhance or modify the meaning of the text. She bridges the gap between several scholarly fields, including art history, literary criticism, the study of visual culture, and the history of the book. Illustrations are not judged exclusively on their artistic merit; they are analyzed for what they say about early American values, ideas, attitudes, and assumptions. Illus.

These essays have been collected and edited by the Amer. Philosophical Soc., of which Franklin was a founder, to honor the Society's 275th Anniversary. Contents: Letter to Mr. Nairne, of London, from Dr. Franklin, Proposing a Slowly Sensible Hygrometer for Certain Purposes; A Letter from Dr. B. Franklin, to Dr. Ingenhausz, Physician to the Emperor, at Vienna, on the Causes and Cures of Smokey Chimneys; Description of a New Stove for Burning of Pitcoal, and Consuming All Its Smoke, by Dr. Franklin; A Letter from Dr. Franklin, to Mr. Alphonsus le Roy, Member of Several Academies, at Paris. Containing Sundry Maritime Observations. Illus.