Bøger udgivet af AMER PHILOSOPHICAL SOC PR

This study of ideological politics in Victorian and Edwardian England centers on a referendal theory promoted by the great Lord Salisbury when he opposed William Gladstone's Liberal gov'ts. It was subsequently carried forward in the form of the referendum by Salisbury's son-in-law and ideological heir, the second Lord Selborne. Salisbury is today recognized as the most successful electorally of Conservative leaders. Selborne, though not as well known to historians, had a high contemporary reputation as an imperial proconsul who had united S. Africa. According to the referendal theory, the House of Lords had a duty to refer disputed legislation to the electorate when the House of Commons, in the lords' judgment, lacked a mandate for the measure in question. That is, the lords' political barometer was not the commons, as Gladstone contended, but the nat. at large. If this proposition prevailed, the lords could freely exercise an independent legislative veto in an age of expanding democracy. Not until the Liberals passed the Parliament Act (1911) were they able to counter the theory effectively. But well before this, Selborne's advocacy of the referendum was challenged by another Conservative leader, Lord Curzon, who had served for a decade as viceroy of India. Their rivalry is one of this study's most provocative and illuminating themes.

A supplement to "A Guide to Manuscripts Relating to the American Indian in the Library of the APS," published by the Society in 1966. In only a dozen years since the pub. of the "Guide," substantial additions to the collection reached the point where a revision or supplement to the "Guide" was desirable and even necessary. For this purpose the Library was fortunate to obtain the services of Daythal Kendall, then a graduate student in the University of Pennsylvania, whose own research on the language of the Takelma Indians eminently qualified him for the undertaking. As he states in his introduction, Dr. Kendall has not only followed the format of the predecessor vol., but has introduced into his own text cross references to the "Guide."

There is considerable evidence for Donatello's use of optical corrections that scholars have largely ignored. It may come in some degree from an unwillingness to accept the idea that such visual effects, developed only in the 16th century & not common until the Baroque, were even possible in the early Renaissance. This study, by its arguments & its photographic evidence, may reopen the discussion of optical corrections in the work of Donatello &, perhaps, in that of some of his contemporaries & followers as well. Contents: Introduction; Donatello's Sculpture in the Round; The Reliefs; Bibliography of Frequently Cited Sources; & 64 black & white photos of Donatello's sculptures.

This volume provides a thorough analysis of the Company of Stationers, drawing heavily on unpublished Company records. Author Timothy Feist places the Stationer's Co. in the context of the burgeoning "consumer society" of the 18th century & relates the almanacs' content with the political developments of the post-Revolution whig state. He argues that the almanac's creation, production, & distribution need to be understood through the commercial imperatives driving the Company, which controlled the monopoly. Feist's discussion of almanac content in the early 18th century stresses its preoccupation with order, harmony, & unity, & he skillfully links the almanacs' association of political with mathematical order.

Discusses how modernization and the birth of the nation state, with the concomitant impact of Western ideas, gave birth to a significantly different form of anti-Semitism in Romania. This type defined its national goals in a limited manner. That it did so would be critical in the 20th cent. for the survival of almost half a million Romanian Jews. Its unusual character would be hidden from view in most instances by a brutality of execution that has led observers over the course of the last hundred years or so to focus on the style rather than substance of what happened. The Romanians did not cooperate in the full execution of the Final Solution as the Nazis wanted and expected them to do. As they had done in the 19th cent., the Romanians attempted to counterpoise Great Power interests and thereby pursue their own self-interest whenever the Jewish Question came into play.

A history of the early years of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, & the life & career of James Bowdoin, the Academy's first president. The strength of the work rests in a combination of its subject matter & execution. The subject matter is both intrinsically interesting & simultaneously neglected. Neither the accomplishments of Bowdoin nor the contributions of the members of the Academy have been adequately studied, & the Manuel's careful exploration is a valuable addition to our understanding of the founding of the nation. Using primary manuscript sources, the work is, by turns, witty, learned, & often simply fascinating. An incomparable account of one of Revolutionary America's most elusive & fascinating figures.

T.B. Mitford presents a comprehensive study of all known inscriptions from the ancient city of Kourion on the island of Cyprus. These date from the 7th, perhaps the 8th cent. B.C., through the Classical, Hellenistic, and Imperial Roman periods, to the early Byzantine era. The finds are fully illustrated by photos and line drawings. Tables of syllabic signs include the signaries of Archaic Kourion, the Treasure of Kourion, Classical Kourion, Archaic and Classical Paphos, and the Common Cypriot Signary of the Classical Period. A full bibliography, a concordance of the inscriptions, and plans of archaeological sites are provided, the whole forming a richly annotated and illustrated corpus of Kourion and its environs.

This is a print on demand Publication. Ciriaco di Filippo de' Pizzicolli (b. 1391) was the most prolific recorder of Greek & Roman antiquities, particularly inscriptions, in the 15th cent.; he is entitled to be called the founding father of modern classical archaeology. Of his early life our knowledge rests mostly on the materials for a "Vita" put together by his friend Francesco Scalamonti, which largely reproduces Ciriaco's own records & carries his biography down to 1435. This "Vita" survives in a single manuscript published in 1792. The editors have re-edited Scalamonti's "Vita" from the original mss. with a translation. Also includes an intro. to the text & its previous pub., its authorship, its sources, & its likely date of composition. Concludes with a chronology of the events narrated in the "Vita."

The fifth installment of a projected "Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit," which will provide all available bibliographical info. concerning works in Jyotihsastra & related fields & biographical info. concerning their authors. Jyotihsastra is traditionally divided into 3 skandhas or branches: hora or genethlialogy & other forms of horoscopic astrology, ganita or math. & mathematical astronomy, & samhita or divination. This vol. contains entries on authors whose names being with the Sanskrit semivowels (y, r, l, & v). This material is preceded by additional abbrev. of journals, additional biblio., & additional manuscript catalogs, as well as entries supplemental to those in vols. I-IV of Series A. No new material after Spring of 1992.

Among the items acquired in 1996 by Jay Snider, the collector of printed Americana, are 278 partially printed, early Pennsylvania mortgage forms. The royal folio forms are bound together, as issued, in full calf stamped with tools thought to have belond to William Davies, a bookbinder who flourished in Philadelphia from 1722 to 1740. The mortgage forms include printed preambles identifying Pennsylvania's General Loan Office trustees as the mortgagees, and manuscript completions dated as early as Sept. 23, 1729. It has been established that it was printed by Benjamin Franklin and Hugh Meredith with their firsst font of pica type. This illustrated study places the Snider volume in its historical, political, biographical, and bibliographical context. Index.

A study of Francisco Jose de Caldas y Tenorio, who was born in 1768 in the Spanish colony Nueva Reino de Granada. In the first half of the 18th century France sent an expedition to the equator to learn the true figure of the Earth. However, Spain maintained strict control over the colonies' access to books and other Europeans' access to the colonies. Caldas, with a fervent interest in science and lacking the educational resources and personal contacts available in Europe, developed a scientific program based on what was available to him. The arrival of the Prussian naturalist, Alexander von Humboldt, brought to a head Caldas's discontent with his own isolation from the European community. Black and white illustrations.

This collection of memoirs by refugees from Nazi Germany is a rich source of autobiographical information on the Nazi era. Housed at Houghton Library of Harvard University, it consists of 263 files containing the memoirs of approximately 230 people who lived in Germany or Austria during the 1930s. The stories of the memoirists encompass an almost bewildering range of human experience. The authors come from Danzig and Berlin, from central Germany and the Southwest, from Munich and from Vienna. They are Jews and Catholics and Protestants, and mixtures of these all-too-neat categories in their origins and marriages. They are peddlers and professors, machinists and lawyers, private housewives and public activists. They are conservatives and liberals and Communists. The strongest common bond was their exile.

This vol. provides a new analysis of the sources concerning the clash between Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII. Indeed, any attempt to study the constitutional and political position of the French clergy during the critical years at the turn of the 13th century must include an assessment of the ecclesiastical assemblies at which many clerical decisions were taken and through which the clerical voice was being heard. Although much progress has been made in the sorting and listing of materials relating to French diocesan synods, prior to this publication there had been no comparable sifting of the sources for the provincial councils.

This is a print on demand publication. The excavation of an immense pit near the Santee River in South Carolina has produced the first Paleocene vertebrate fauna from the South Atlantic coast of the U.S., as well as a rich flora that provides extensive knowledge of the paleoenvironmental setting in which those animals flourished nearly 60 million years ago. The excavation penetrated the Late Paleocene Williamsburg Formation & yielded many specimens collected from the spoil piles, among which were the first Paleocene mammal remains from the east coast of North America. Here, eight paleobiologists interpret the discoveries systematically & compare them with Paleocene floras & faunas from elsewhere in North America & around the globe. Auhors include: Bruce Erickson (crocodilians & a snake); Robert Weems (bony fishes); Weems & Laurel Bybell (geological setting); Lucy Edwards (dinoflagellates); Robert Melchior (pollen, spores, fossil wood, & amber); Robert Purdy (sharks & rays); Howard Hutchison & Robert Weems (turtles); Robert Schoch (mammals), Glenn Sawyer (coprolites); & Erickson & Melchior (trace fossils). "One of the most significant contributions to our knowledge of early Tertiary times in this region."

This vol. has been built upon all of the known parish register & census evidence bearing upon the changing size of France's Huguenot population over the course of the period between the Edict of Nantes & its Revocation -- specifically, upon census figures or annual totals of baptisms for any Protestant church or community for which such evidence spans 40 or more years of the cent. This national investigation is offered in the hope that it can help to stimulate more of the detailed local studies of individual Protestant communities & of the relations between their members & their Catholic neighbors that are needed to illuminate these variations, as well as to highlight those regions where such studies might be particularly fruitful. Charts & tables.

Deals with the history of eyeglasses from their invention in Italy ca. 1286 to the appearance of the telescope three cent. later. "By the end of the 16th cent. eyeglasses were as common in western and central Europe as desktop computers are in western developed countries today." Eyeglasses served an important technological function at both the intellectual and practical level, not only easing the textual studies of scholars but also easing the work of craftsmen/small bus. During the 15th cent. two crucial developments occurred: the ability to grind convex lenses for various levels of presbyopia and the ability to grind concave lenses for the correction of myopia. As a result, eyeglasses could be made almost to prescription by the early 17th cent. Illus.

Aleksei Ziuzin's embassy to London in November 1613 added a new dimension to James I's schemes for an alliance with the Protestant kingdoms of the north. Editors Jansson, Bushkovitch, and Rogozhin have divided their study into 3 sections -- a long historical introduction, Ziuzin's account of the embassy, and appendices. The introduction analyzes England's later 16th and early 17th century relations with Denmark, Poland, the Empire, Sweden and Russia. By treating relations with Russia as integral to English foreign policy, the work challenges the usual linking of English interests with that of the Muscovy Company of English merchants. For the first time, documents heretofore inaccessible in the West are made available in English translation -- producing a valuable addition to English and Russian history. Now scholars can begin to understand Russian political objectives in conjunction with English foreign policy aims in the early 17th century. Besides appendices of correspondence, the book includes extensive notes, brief introductory essays by V.I. Buganov and N. Rogozhin, and a select bibliogaphy. Under the Direction of Victor Buganov, Institute of the History of Russia.

Babylonian & Assyrian early civilizations left a vast corpus of records & scribes preserved through the medium of cuneiform writing on clay tablets. Reiner looks back on the last half-century & more of work on the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary (CAD) project at the Oriental Inst. of Chicago, focusing on the reformulation of the task that took place during her years of participation in the 1950s & 1960s. This included intellectual clashes between scholars Thorkild Jacobsen & Leo Oppenheim. Benno Landsberger supported Oppenheim & helped to move the project forward. Oriental Inst. dir. Robert McC. Adams concurs in the course that has made the CAD one of the great humanistic achievements of our time.

Contents: Brief Biography of the Composer; Sources; Description of the Oboe Concertos; Facsimiles of Various Pages of the Autograph Manuscripts of the Oboe Concertos; and the actual Scores for Concerto No. 1 in E-flat; Concerto No. 2 in C; Concerto No. 3 in C, and Movement of an Oboe Concerto, in C.

Francis Reginald Wingate (1861-1953) was a major figure in the political, administrative, and military history of the Middle East from the early 1880s until the end of WWI. As dir. of military intelligence in the British-officered Egyptian Army during the Sudan campaigns; as sirdar (commander-in-chief) of that army and gov.-gen. of the Sudan during the formative period of its colonial admin.; and as high commissioner in Egypt during the latter half of the first world war and the crisis that led to the Egyptian revolution of 1919, he stands with Cromer and Kitchener as architects of the British empire in the Middle East. Yet Wingate has received much less notice than his famous contemporaries such as Gordon of Khartoum and Lawrence of Arabia. This biography corrects the historical imbalance. Illus.

Chemistry as it is known today is deeply rooted in a variety of thought & action, dating back at least as far as the fifth century B.C. In this book, Joseph Fruton weaves together the history of scientific investigation with social, religious, philosophical, & other events & practices that have contributed to the field of modern chemistry. The story begins with the influence of alchemy on early Greek numerology and philosophy, followed by the historical account of chemical composition and phlogiston. The life and work of Antoine Lavoisier receive extensive coverage in Chapter Three, with the remaining six chapters devoted to atoms, equivalents, and elements; radicals and types; valence and molectualr structure; stereochemistry and organic synthesis; forces, equilibria, and rates; and electrons, reaction mechanisms, and organic synthesis.

A reference tool for those who seek an understanding of the structure of classical Tamil poetry. This poetry reflects indigenous literary and cultural traditions of southern India, and therefore, a study of it is imperative for obtaining a balanced view of India's past and present cultures. The language which produced this poetry, Tamil, is the only living language of modern India that has an uninterrupted history spanning more than two millennia, and therefore, a study of it becomes even more crucial for a thorough understanding of India's linguistic complexity. Includes a bibliography.

The friendship between Lafayette & Washington began slowly but had developed fully by late 1777. By the time Lafayette's military service in America had come to an end, they were good friends. During the course of their correspondence Lafayette discussed all manner of public & private events & aspirations with Washington. Thus his letters furnish an intimate & revealing account of great events & of the great & near-great men who were a part of them. These letters were first published in 1944 in a privately printed edition of 400 copies. The present editors have re-examined the manuscripts used for all the letters & have corrected the earlier reading wherever historical accuracy requires it. A new preface presents revised interpretations of some of the letters.

The first of 4 vols. which trace the history of the later Crusades & papal relations with the Levant from the accession of Innocent III (in 1198) to the reign of Pius V & the battle of Lepanto (1566-71). From the mid-14th cent. to the conclusion of his work the author has drawn heavily upon unpub. materials, collected in the course of 17 trips to the Archivio Segreto Vaticano & the Archivi di Stato in Venice, Mantua, Modena, Milan, Siena, & Florence, & the Archives of the Order of the Hospitallers at Malta. In addition to a history of the later crusades (to the year 1400), the book deals in passing with various items -- crusading propaganda, the postal service of the 14th cent., ecclesiastical & feudal lawsuits, social conditions in papal Avignon, & even fashions in footwear.

This is a print on demand publication. After the breakup of the Habsburg monarchy, Austrians of diverse political persuasions turned quickly toward Anschluss with the new German Republic. Between World Wars I & II the Anschluss movement figured large on the horizon of European history. Its "fulfillment" in 1938, when Hitler incorporated Austria into Germany, immediately undermined the stability & peace of Europe & the world. A year & a half after Austria's absorption into the Greater Reich, Europe was aflame. The subject of this study is the early postwar Anschluss movement of 1918-1919, led by Austria's Socialists. Illustrations.

In the beginning of the 14th cent. In France, the regime of Philip the Fair asserted the power & prerogatives of royal authority, creating tensions most pronounced in the region of Languedoc. The Franciscan friar Bernard Delicieux was one of the most controversial figures in the south of France. Politician, agitator, tribune of the people & enemy of the Inquisition, hero & leader of the Spiritual Franciscans, he engaged in the many struggles. This vol. contains an Intro. to the Inquisition's trial of 1319 against Delicieux, which ended with his condemnation, degradation from spiritual office, & imprisonment, which resulted in his death; a discussion of the charges brought against him; & Processus Bernardi Delitiosi, the Latin text of the official records of the trial.

Musicologists are increasingly focusing upon less formal private "institutions" and traditions of patronage: informal acad. and soc, the activities of individuals, and convivial aristocratic co. Early 16th-cent. Florence was characterized by the practices of a series of these vital institutions. Such informal institutions had considerable virtues as agents of patronage; their less routinized practices freed them to engage in experimentation that the more formal institutions would not support. This study reconstructs the memberships, cultural activities, and musical exper. of these informal Florentine institutions and relates them to the emergence of the madrigal, the foremost musical genre of early-modern Europe. Richly illus. with visual materials and musical examples.

In 1782, Princess Ekaterina Dashkova was appointed dir. of Russia's Imperial Acad. of Arts & Sci. by Catherine the Great. It was just two years after she had met with another personality of the Enlightenment -- Benjamin Franklin, founding pres. of Amer. first scientific acad., the Amer. Philosophical Soc. (APS). The essays in this vol., pub. as a companion to an exhib. of the same title & on the occasion of the Franklin Tercentenary of 2006, highlight Dashkova as an accomplished Enlightenment woman. They explore how she, like Franklin, took up the challenge of living according to the newest ideals of her age. Nominated by Franklin in 1789 to become the first female member of the APS, she in turn made him the first Amer. member of the Russian Acad.

In this thought-provoking book, Gossman focuses on Overbeck's "Italia and Germania" to discuss the importance of religious conversion in Romantic thought. Gossman gives excellent translations from original German sources that are not only accurate but may enable the Anglophone reader to truly grasp the spirit of the sources. This book serves as a thoughtful and elegantly written introduction to the way of thinking of one of the most important of the Nazerene painters. It treats the evolution of the Nazarene artists' preoccupation with religious issues in an engaging manner and offers a social-historical and theological context to Overbeck's painting by looking interestingly at a wide range of issues and contacts in his early Nazarene period. Illus.